HUMAN CULTURAL

EVOLUTION

UCSP
 INTRODUCTION
It is a saying that "human has no contentment". As the environment
changes, we continuously grow and find ways to make maximize our effort
as we live. It is very evident in the different stages of human cultural
evolution: Palaeolithic Period, Neolithic Period, and Age of Metal.
PALAEOLITHIC
PERIOD The term "Palaeolithic" was
coined by archaeologist John
Lubbock in 1865. It is derived
the from Greek word, palaios,
which means "old"; and, lithos,
"stone", In short, the
Palaeolithic Period, which
happened 2.5 million years
ago, is also known as "Old
Stone Age".
In the Palaeolithic period, the Earth was extremely cold and
ocean levels were much lower than they are now. Due to the cold
climate, much of the Stone Age is also called the Ice Age.

During these years, people were nomads and able to use simple
tools and weapons made of unpolished stone. The caves served as
their shelter.

Similarly, this was the time when people discovered to use the
fire, through the use of stone, for their protection against cold
temperature and to cook their own food.

Human beings in this time were grouped together in small

societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and
fishing, hunting or scavenging wild animals.
Also in this era, according to study of Dr. Jesus T. Peralta of
NCCA, respect is given to age, and individual prowess and ability
are recognized. There are no leaders that could be said to be
above everybody else and whose commands are obeyed without
question. In some cases, one who is known for good decisions is
consulted when a problem arises; or well-known hunter will be
asked to lead a hunting group.
 NEOLITHIC PERIOD
Likewise, the term "Neolithic" also comes from the same archaeologist
and from the Greek word "neo" which means new and "lithos" meaning
stone or in short, the "New Stone Age" which was happened for about
10,000 B.C. In this period, the Cro Magnon disappeared and the new
people who are considered the modern man appeared.
The Neolithic Revolution is also called as the First Agricultural
Revolution. During this period, there was a wide-scale transition
of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering
to of agriculture and settlement kind of society which eventually
led to population increase. People depend on domesticated plants
and animals. They learned to create such crafts as pottery and
weaving. They likewise developed boat as means of
transportation and for fishing as well.

From being nomads during the early stage, human began to

develop a sedentary type of society of which they built-up
villages and towns.
Furthermore, they were never contented of their
accomplishments. They kept on discovering things for their own
convenience. So, they discovered metals, and they gradually
abandoned stone as the basic element for their instrument and
tools.
 AGE OF METALS

This period was known as Age of Metals (4000 B.C 1500 B.C). The used of
metal such as bronze, copper, and iron produced a new historical
development from the cradle civilization of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia
including the India, and China which later spread throughout Asia.
 THREE STAGES DISTINGUISHED WITHIN THIS
AGE DUE TO THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF METALS
THAT WERE USED:

THE
COPPER was the first known metal, it is of a low
COPPER
AGE hardness and it was used to make ornaments

THE BRONZE is an alloy of copper and tin and it is

BRONZE
AGE harder and stronger than copper.
 THREE STAGES DISTINGUISHED WITHIN THIS
AGE DUE TO THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF METALS
THAT WERE USED:

The discovery and development of iron

smelting allowed for stronger and more
durable tools and weapons compared to
THE IRON
bronze. Iron tools improved agricultural
AGE
practices, leading to population growth and
urbanization. Several eastern Mediterranean
peoples discovered this metallurgy and
progressed rapidly.
 THREE STAGES DISTINGUISHED WITHIN THIS
AGE DUE TO THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF METALS
THAT WERE USED:

During this age, agricultural tools were developed

with bronze, such as plows and sickles, military
weapons like swords, spears and shields, as well as
THE IRON
household utensils like jars, bowls and cups.
AGE
Likewise, a more developed social, cultural,
political, and economic system were improved.
Tribes, empires, and state were recognized at this
point.
 During this age, agricultural tools were developed
with bronze, such as plows and sickles, military
weapons like swords, spears and shields, as well as
THE IRON
household utensils like jars, bowls and cups.
AGE
Likewise, a more developed social, cultural,
political, and economic system were improved.
Tribes, empires, and state were recognized at this
point.
RE-YALLL
OR
FAKEHH
"Neolithic" also comes from the same
archaeologist and from the Greek word "neo"
which means new and "lithos" meaning stone or in
short, the "New Stone Age"
 RE-YALLL

"Neolithic" also comes from the same

archaeologist and from the Greek word "neo"
which means new and "lithos" meaning stone or in
short, the "New Stone Age"
Writing systems were first developed
in Europe.
 FAKEHHH

Writing systems were first developed

in Europe.
The Neolithic Revolution marked the
transition from nomadic hunter-
gatherer societies to settled
agricultural communities.
 RE-YALLL

The Neolithic Revolution marked the

transition from nomadic hunter-
gatherer societies to settled
agricultural communities.
EARLY CIVILIZATION AND RISE OF THE STATE
THE FERTILE CRESCENT
 EARLY CIVILIZATION AND RISE OF THE STATE

THE FERTILE CRESCENT

ONE OF THE EARLIEST CIVILATIONS WAS FOUND IN THE

FERTILE CRESCENT WHICH IS KNOWN AS MESOPOTAMIA
CIVILIZATION. THE WORD MESOPOTAMIA IS A GREEK WORD
FOR "LAND BETWEEN TWO RIVERS" WHICH IS OFTEN
REFERRED TO AS THE CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION. IT IS THE
REGION OF THE WESTERN ASIA LOCATED BETWEEN THE TIGRIS
AND EUPHRATES RIVERS.
 CUNEIFORM

MOREOVER, IT IS IN MESOPOTAMIA THAT

HISTORY WRITING APPEARED AS EARLY
AS OVER 5,000 YEARS AGO. THIS
INVENTION WAS SO IMPORTANT THAT IT
MARKS THE END OF THE PRE-HISTORY
AND THE BEGINNING OF HISTORY. ONE OF
THE FIRST WRITING SYSTEMS, THE
CUNEIFORM, IS ONE OF THE MOST
IMPORTANT CIVILIZATIONS IN THE
HISTORY OF MESOPOTAMIAN CULTURE.
 CUNEIFORM

EVERY CITY IN MESOPOTAMIA HAD ITS

OWN GOVERNMENT, RULERS, WARRIORS,
PATRON GOD, AND FUNCTIONED LIKE AN
INDEPENDENT COUNTRY.
MESOPOTAMIAN CITIES WERE UR, URUK,
KISH, LAGESH. THERE IS A TEMPLE AT THE
CENTER OF EACH CITY CALLED A
ZIGGURAT (A MASSIVE, TIERED, PYRAMID-
SHAPED STRUCTURE).
There were also what we called Mesopotamian warrior-gods (2.400-
2.500 B.C.) who governed and protected the people under its
government. Military commanders eventually became monarchs
creating a new structure of government called a Dynasty. It is a
series of rulers descending from a single-family line. The Akkadian
Empire lasted about 200 years. In 2350-2150 B.C., The Babylonian
Empire overtook Sumerians around 2000 B.C., they built their capital,
Babylon, on the Euphrates River.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
NILE RIVER

Another ancient states and civilizations

was the Egyptian civilization. It emerged
more than 5,000 years ago along the
River Nile in the north-east of Africa. The
Ancient Egyptians lived near the River
Nile because of its fertile land suitable for
growing crops and domestication of
animals. Each year, water from the Nile
rose and flooded the area. When the
water went back, it left mud that made
the fields fertile.
PHARAOH

Egyptians called their king a pharaoh.

The pharaoh was all powerful: He passed
laws, He ruled the country, He owned
most of the land, and He controlled trade
and led the armies. Egyptians believed
that the pharaohs were gods.
EUROPEAN CONTINENT

• In the European continent, several states

and civilization grew tremendously over
centuries. In England, around 1500s, most of
the people lived in small villages. They paid
tithes to their feudal landlords. Henry VII
won the War of the Roses in England, which
led into what is known as the Tudor dynasty,
and begun the development of the English
nation-state.
• In Spain in the year 1492, Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella took Spain
back from the Muslim. It became the era of Spain as a global power.
• In France, Louis XIV of France created an absolute monarchy. France became the
dominant power in Europe. When The French Revolution broke out, it created the modern
French nation-state, which sparked nationalism around Europe.
• In 1914, when various nation-states started to claim their power and superiority over all
the nations in the world, the World War I begun until 1918. In 1919, Treaty of Versailles
ended the World War I. It divided several multinational empires that led to the creation
of several new nation-states.
• In 1939, the World War II started until 1945. The end of World War II led to the
formation of United Nations in 1945.
 THE STATE OF THE PEOPLE:

Democratic State In the recent decade after the two World

Wars, people are becoming more active in their government
and state affairs, in which people become the source of
political power and government rules. This evolution in the
government is known as the process of democratization, or
simply democracy the rule of the people.
Democratization is the transition to a more democratic
political regime, including substantive political changes
moving in a democratic direction. It may be the transition
from an authoritarian regime to a full democracy, a
transition from an authoritarian political system to a semi-
democracy or transition from a semi- authoritarian political
system to a democratic political system.
WHAT IS DEMOCRACY?
What is democracy?

a democracy is a form of
government where the citizens of
the nation have the power to vote.
There are several different types
of democracies;
REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
a representative democracy is a
system where citizens choose
government representatives
among their citizenship.

DIRECT DEMOCRACY

• direct democracy is when the

citizens form a governing body and
vote directly on issues.
CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY

constitutional democracy limits the

powers of government through the
nation's constitution.
saluhin mo ako,
pagod na utak
ko!
The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest
Egyptian pyramid. It served as the tomb
of pharaoh Khifi(Khufu), who ruled during
the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom.
FALSE

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest

Egyptian pyramid. It served as the tomb
of pharaoh Khifi(Khufu), who ruled during
the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom.
In Egypt, the Sphinx represents a mythical
creature with the body of a lion and the
head of a human.
TRUE

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest

Egyptian pyramid. It served as the tomb
of pharaoh Khifi(Khufu), who ruled during
the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom.
The Fertile Crescent is also known as "the
land between two rivers".
FALSE

The Fertile Crescent is also known as "the

land between two rivers".
The Sumerian Civilizations rised in the
middle of 4 rivers, namely: Ur, Uruk,
Lagesh and Kish.
FALSE

The Sumerian Civilizations rised in the

middle of 4 rivers, namely: Ur, Uruk,
Lagesh and Kish.
 THANK YOU

For your participation & curiosity!