AS 2321 :201 4

AS 2321 :201 4

Short-link chain for lifting purposes

This Australian Standard® was prepared by Committee ME-025, Lifting Tackle. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 22 August 201 4.
This Standard was published on 1 5 September 201 4.

The following are represented on Committee ME-025:

• Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

• Australian Die Casting Association
• Australian Industry Group
• Australian Maritime Safety Authority
• Crane Industry Council of Australia
• Department of Defence (Australia)
• Department of Trade and Investment (NSW)
• Engineers Australia
• Institute of Quarrying Australia
• National Association of Testing Authorities Australia
• WorkCover New South Wales
• Worksafe Victoria

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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR AS 2321 .

Standards Australia wishes to acknowledge the participation of the expert individuals that
contributed to the development of this Standard through their representation on the
Committee and through the public comment period.

Keeping Standards up-to-date

Australian Standards® are living documents that reflect progress in science, technology and
systems. To maintain their currency, all Standards are periodically reviewed, and new editions
are published. Between editions, amendments may be issued.

Standards may also be withdrawn. It is important that readers assure themselves they are
using a current Standard, which should include any amendments that may have been
published since the Standard was published.

Detailed information about Australian Standards, drafts, amendments and new projects can
be found by visiting www.standards.org.au

Standards Australia welcomes suggestions for improvements, and encourages readers to

notify us immediately of any apparent inaccuracies or ambiguities. Contact us via email at
[email protected] , or write to Standards Australia, GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001 .
 AS 2321 :201 4

Australian Standard ®

Short-link chain for lifting purposes

Originated as AS 2321 —1 979.

Previous edition 2006.
Fourth edition designated as AS 2321 :201 4.

COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia Limited
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright Act 1 968.
Published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited, GPO Box
476, Sydney, NSW 2001 , Australia
ISBN 978 1 74342 836 8
AS 2321:2014 2

PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee ME-025, Lifting Tackle,
to supersede AS 2321 —2006.
The obj ective of all lifting tackle standards is to provide manufacturers, users, regulatory
and accrediting authorities and importers with a basis for identifying products which are
safe and fit for their purpose. AS 2321 is a Standard for Grade L(3), Grade P(5),
Grade T(8) and Grade V(1 0) short link chains for lifting purposes.
NOTE: Each chain grade is referred to by a letter or one of three numbers shown below:
(a) L, 3, 30 or 300.
(b) P, 5, 50 or 500.
(c) T, 8, 80 or 800.
(d) V, 1 0, 1 00 or 1 000.
This edition includes the following changes from the previous edition:
(a) Revision to link tolerances.
(b) Revision to chain marking.
(c) Addition of Grade V(1 0, 1 00, 1 000).
(d) Provision for a bend test.
(e) Delete Grades M and S.
(f) Clarification of elongation requirements.
(g) Get more
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V materials.
(h) Cognisance of ISO 3 076, Round steel short link chains for general lifting purposes—
Medium tolerance slings for chain slings—Grade 8 .
(i) Includes the basis for calculation of dimensions and tolerances of Grade T chain.
(j ) Includes the basis for working load limit and test requirements for Grades T and
V chain.
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables are deemed to be requirements
of this Standard.
The terms ‘ normative’ and ‘ informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘ normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an ‘ informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.
 3 AS 2321:2014

CONTENTS
Page
1 SCOPE ............................................. ................................................... ...................... .. 4
2 INNOVATION ................................................... ................................................... ..... 4
3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ......................................... ......................................... 4
4 DEFINITIONS ....................................... ................................................... .................. 5
5 COMPETENT PERSONS REQUIREMENTS ...................................... ...................... 6
6 DIMENSIONS ........................................ ................................................... ................. 7
7 MATERIAL .......................................... ................................................... ................. 1 1
8 MANUFACTURE ....................................... ................................................... ........... 1 3
9 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES INCLUDING TESTING AND VERIFICATION ... 1 4
10 MARKING ................................................... ................................................... ......... 1 5
11 TEST CERTIFICATE ....................................... ................................................... ..... 1 5

APPENDICES
A INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRIES AND ORDERS .............. 1 7
B CAUTIONS IN USE AND APPLICATIONS ...................................... ...................... 1 8
C STANDARDS FOR COMPONENTS USED IN LIFTING SYSTEMS ..................... 20
D CHAIN FINISHES OTHER THAN SELF-COLOUR ............................................... 21
E TEST FORCES AND CONDITIONS FOR THEIR APPLICATION ........................ 22
F DETERMINATION OF ELONGATION........................................ ........................... 26
G BEND TEST .............................................. ................................................... ............. 28
H BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................... ................................................... ............. 30
AS 2321:2014 4

STANDARDS AUSTRALI A

Australian Standard
Short-link chain for lifting purposes

1 SCOPE

This Standard specifies requirements for non-calibrated short-link chain for lifting
purposes, which is manufactured from welded round-steel short links.
NOTES:
1 This is a Standard to which chain is manufactured.
2 Guidance on information that should be supplied with enquiries and orders is given in
Appendix A.
3 Guidance on care and use of chain is given in Appendix B.
4 Standards for components that are used in lifting systems are listed in Appendix C.
2 INNOVATION

It is not intended that this Standard should impose any unnecessary restriction on the use of
new or unusual methods that meet its intent.

3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:

NOTE: Documents
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listed and
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Bibliography
chats in
Appendix H.
AS
1 41 8 Cranes, hoists and winches
1 41 8.1 Part 1 : General requirements
1 442 Carbon steels and carbon-manganese steels—Hot-rolled bars and semi-finished
products
1 444 Wrought alloy steels—Standard, hardenability (H) series and hardened and
tempered to designated mechanical properties
1 544 Methods for impact tests on metals
1 544.2 Part 2: Charpy V-notch
1 627 Metal finishing—Preparation and pretreatment of surfaces
1 627.6 Part 6: Chemical conversion treatment of metals
1 733 Methods for the determination of grain size in metals
1 789 Electroplated zinc (electrogalvanized) coatings on ferrous articles
(batch process)
21 93 Calibration and classification of force-measuring systems
AS/NZS
4680 Hot-dip galvanized (zinc) coatings on fabricated ferrous articles
ISO
3076 Round steel short link chains for general lifting purposes—Medium tolerance
sling chains for chain slings—Grade 8

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 5 AS 2321:2014

4 DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.

4.1 Barrel

The straight side of a link, which may include the weld zone adj oining the curved ends.
4.2 Bend test

A test applied to a self-colour sample of chain to assist in the verification of the integrity of
the weld. (Refer to Appendix G and Clause 9.3.)
4.3 Breaking force

The maximum force that a test sample of a chain withstands during a destruction test.
NOTE: Minimum forces that test samples of a chain are required to withstand are detailed in
Tables E1 and E2.
4.4 Competent person

A person who has, through a combination of training, education and experience, acquired
knowledge and skills enabling that person to correctly perform a specific task.
NOTE: Requirements for competent persons are specified in Clause 5.
4.5 Design factor

The numerical value, generally expressed as a ratio, to express the relationship of the
minimum breaking force, in kilonewtons, to the working load limit (WLL), in tonnes, of the
chain.
NOTE: Design factor = Minimum breaking force
.

(9 . 8 1 × WLL )

4.6 Finished condition

The condition of chain after completion of all processing.

4.7 Gauge length

The portion of the tensile test sample containing the number of links for the purpose of
undertaking a specified destructive test.
4.8 Mean diameter ( dm )

The mean of two measurements, at right angles to each other, of a section (of the material
of a chain link) clear of the weld.
4.9 Nominal stress

Force divided by two times the cross sectional area of the straight section of the link.
Refer to Appendix E, Table E2, Note 4, for an example.
4.1 0 Nominal chain size ( d)

The designated size of a chain.

4.1 1 Nominal material size ( dn )

The nominal diameter of the material from which a chain is made.

4.1 2 Non-calibrated chain

Chain manufactured to specified link dimensions, tolerances and mechanical properties, but
not to a dimensional accuracy, over a series of links (which would be required where the
chain is to operate on a sprocket or a pocketed or toothed wheel).

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AS 2321:2014 6

4.1 3 Processing

Any treatment of a chain subsequent to welding including heat treatment, proof-testing and
protective coating.
4.1 4 Proof force

The minimum force to which the whole of a chain is subj ected to (refer to Clause 9.1 and
Tables E1 and E2 of Appendix E).
4.1 5 Self-colour

A surface finish arising from the essential manufacturing operations, usually being a closely
adhering oxide film due to the heat treatment and subsequent handling.
4.1 6 Shall

Indicates that a statement is mandatory.

4.1 7 Should

Indicates a recommendation.
4.1 8 Tensile test sample

A length of chain that is representative of the lot from which it has been taken and
containing the gauge length and any adj oining links that may be necessary to engage with
the j aws of the tensile testing machine.
4.1 9 Total elongation

The elongation at the point of fracture of a chain expressed as a percentage of the gauge
length, and comprising plastic elongation and elastic elongation. (See Appendix F.)
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4.20 Type test

The test to validate any new design changes in specification, to material chemistry, to
material supplier and/or to process.
4.21 Working load limit (WLL)

The maximum load that is permitted to be applied to the chain.

NOTE: The WLL may be derated for particular conditions of use.
5 COMPETENT PERSONS REQUIREMENTS

5.1 General

Competent persons shall be suitably trained, qualified by knowledge and practical

experience, and with the necessary instruction to enable assessments of short link chain for
lifting purposes to be carried out. They shall be able to detect and evaluate defects and
weaknesses that may affect the intended performance of the equipment.
5.2 Competency standards and procedures

Competency standards and procedures relating to the role and duties of competent persons
shall include the requirements of this Standard. They shall incorporate an established
competency-based training course. Documentation of competency standards and procedures
shall be maintained.

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 7 AS 2321:2014

5.3 Visual acuity

The competent person shall have satisfactory near and medium range vision. The visual
acuity of a competent person shall be tested periodically, with a maximum duration of
2 years between each test, by an optometrist or suitably trained person. The competent
person shall be able to demonstrate clear near vision. Near vision acuity (Jaeger No. 1 ) shall
permit reading a minimum of Times Roman 4.5 points vertical height at not less than
300 mm with one or both eyes, either corrected or uncorrected.
NOTE: AS 3978 gives guidance on visual acuity for visual inspections.
6 DIMENSIONS

6.1 General

The chain shall comprise links that conform to one of the nominal sizes, dimensions and
tolerances specified in Clauses 6.2 and 6.3.
6.2 Grades L, P and T

Figure 1 illustrates Type 1 (smooth welds) and Type 2 (asymmetric welds) of Grades L, P
and T chain links.
Table 1 sets out the dimensions (including tolerances) of Grades L, P and T chain links.

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AS 2321:2014 8

d w

w 3 w 4

d n

( a ) Ty p e 1 (S m o o t h wel d s)

e
d w

w 3
w 1

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d n

( b ) Ty p e 2 (Asym m e t ri c we l d s)

LEG EN D:

p pi tch (i n te rn al l i n k l en g th)

d n
m e as u re d d i am eter of th e m ateri al , exc e p t at th e wel d

d w
m easu red d i am eter of th e m ateri al at th e we l d (t y p e 1 ) o r we l d di m en si on

p e rp e n d i c u l a r t o t h e p l a n e o f t h e l i n k (t y p e 2 )

G di m en si on i n o t h e r p l a n e s (t y p e 2 )

e l en g th af fe c te d by wel d i n g , on e i t h e r s i d e of th e c e n t re of th e l i n k

w 1
i n tern al l i n k wi d th away fro m th e wel d (t y p e 2 )

w 3
extern al l i n k wi d th over th e wel d (t y p e s 1 an d 2)

w 4
i n tern al l i n k wi d th at th e wel d (t y p e 1 )

FI GURE 1 CHAI N LI NK—DI MENSIONS (GRADES L, P AND T)

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 9 AS 2321:2014

TABLE 1

DIMENSIONS OF LINKS (GRADES L, P and T)

(Refer to Figure 1 )

millimetres
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Pitch Width
(internal link length) Weld diameter
Nominal Internal External Internal
size Diameter
tolerance Type 2 Types 1 Type 1 Types 1 Type 2
p Tolerance and 2 and 2
w1 w3 w4 dw G
dn
min. max. min. max. max.
4 +0. 08 / − 0. 24 12 ± 0. 4 5.0 1 4. 8 5.2 4. 4 5.0
6 +0. 1 2/ − 0. 3 6 18 ± 0. 5 7. 5 22. 2 7. 8 6. 6 7. 5
7 +0. 1 4/ − 0. 42 21 ± 0. 6 8.8 25 . 9 9. 1 7. 7 8.8

8 +0. 1 6/ − 0. 48 24 ± 0. 7 1 0. 0 29. 6 1 0. 4 8.8 1 0. 0

10 +0. 20/ − 0. 60 30 ± 0. 9 1 2. 5 3 7. 0 1 3.0 1 1 .0 1 2. 5
13 +0. 26/ − 0. 78 39 ±1 . 2 1 6. 3 48 . 1 1 6. 9 1 4. 3 1 6. 3

16 +0. 3 2/ − 0. 96 48 ±1 . 4 20. 0 5 9. 2 20. 8 1 7. 6 20. 0

18 ± 0. 9 54 ±1 . 6 22. 5 66. 6 23 . 4 1 9. 8 22. 5
19 ± 0. 95 57 ±1 . 7 23 . 8 70. 3 24. 7 20. 9 23 . 8
20 ±1 . 0 60 ±1 . 8 25 . 0 74. 0 26. 0 22. 0 25 . 0
22 ±1 . 1 66 ± 2. 0 27. 5 81 .4 28 . 6 24. 2 27. 5
26 ±1 . 3 78 ± 2. 3 3 2. 5 96. 2 33.8 28 . 6 3 2. 5
28 ±1 . 4 84 ± 2. 5 35.0 1 04. 0 3 6. 4 3 0. 8 35.0
32 ±1 . 6 96 ± 2. 9 40. 0 1 1 8.0 41 . 6 35.2 40. 0
36 ±1 . 8 1 08 ±3 . 2 45 . 0 1 33.0 46. 8 3 9. 6 45 . 0

40 ± 2. 0 1 20 ±3 . 6 5 0. 0 1 48 . 0 5 2. 0 44. 0 5 0. 0
45 ± 2. 25 135 ± 4. 1 5 6. 3 1 67. 0 58.5 49. 5 5 6. 3

NOTE: B asis for calculation—Dimensions and tolerances:

(a) Diameter tolerance For nominal sizes less than 1 8 mm, the diameter of the material in the finished
chain link should not differ from the nominal diameter by more than +2%, − 6%, except at the weld.
For nominal sizes 1 8 mm and greater, the diameter of the material in the finished chain link should not
differ from the nominal diameter by more than ± 5 %, except at the weld.
(b) Pitch and tolerance The values for the nominal pitch, p are based on 3 × dn. The calculated values are
rounded to 1 mm.
The pitch tolerances are based on ± 3 %. The calculated values are rounded to 0. 1 mm.
(c) Width The values for the internal width of Type 2 w1 are based on 1 . 25 × dn. The calculated values are
rounded to 0. 1 mm.
The values for the external width of Types 1 and 2 w 3 are based on 3 . 7 × dn . The calculated values of
<1 00 mm are round to 0. 1 mm. The calculated values of ≥ 1 00 mm are rounded to 1 mm.
The values for the internal width of Type 1 w 4 are based on 1 . 3 × dn. The calculated values are rounded
to 0. 1 mm.
(d) Weld diameter The values for the weld diameter of Type 1 or for the weld diameter perpendicular to
the plane of the link of Type 2 dw are based on 1 . 1 × dn . The calculated values are rounded to 0. 1 mm.
The value for the dimension in other planes of Type 2 G are based on 1 . 25 × dn. The calculated values
are rounded to 0. 1 mm.

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AS 2321:2014 10

6.3 Grade V

Figure 2 illustrates the dimensions required for Grade V chain links. Table 2 sets out the
dimensions of Grade V chain links in V 200 category. Table 3 sets out the dimensions of
Grade V chain links in V 400 category.

w 1
w 3

d n

LEG EN D:

p = pi tch (i n te rn a l l i n k l en g th)

w 1
= i n tern al l i n k wi d th away fro m we l d

w 3
= extern al l i n k wi d th over t h e wel d

dn
= m e as u re d d i am eter of th e m ateri al ,

exc e p t at th e wel d

FI GURE 2 CHAI N LINK—DI MENSIONS (GRADE V)

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TABLE 2

GRADE V(1 00) DIMENSION CHART—V 200 INFORMATION

(Refer to Figure 2)

millimetres
Pitch Internal width
(internal length,
dn maximum) Minimum Maximum
p w1 w1
5 1 5.5 6. 5 7. 5
6 1 8.5 7. 8 9. 0
7 22. 9 9. 1 1 0. 9
8 26. 4 1 0. 4 1 2. 7
10 3 2. 0 1 3.0 1 5.2
13 41 . 6 1 6. 9 1 9. 5

16 51 .2 20. 8 24. 0
20 64. 0 26. 0 3 0. 0
22 70. 4 28 . 6 33.0
26 8 0. 3 33.8 3 9. 0
32 98 . 9 41 . 6 48 . 0

NOTE: Tolerance for dn —refer to manufacturer’ s specifications.

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 11 AS 2321:2014

TABLE 3

GRADE V(1 00) DIMENSION CHART—V 400 INFORMATION

(Refer to Figure 2)

millimetres
Pitch Internal width External width
dn (internal link length) (minimum) (maximum)
p Tolerance w1 w3
4 12 ± 0. 4 5.2 1 4. 8
5 15 ± 0. 5 6. 5 1 8.5
6 18 ± 0. 5 7. 8 22. 2

7 21 ± 0. 6 9. 1 25 . 9
8 24 ± 0. 7 1 0. 4 29. 6
10 30 ± 0. 9 1 3.0 3 7. 0
13 39 ±1 . 2 1 6. 9 48 . 1
16 48 ±1 . 4 20. 8 5 9. 2
18 54 ±1 . 6 23 . 4 66. 6
19 57 ±1 . 7 24. 7 70. 3
20 60 ±1 . 8 26. 0 74. 0
22 66 ± 2. 0 28 . 6 81 .4

23 69 ± 2. 1 29. 9 85.1
26 78 ± 2. 3 33.8 96. 2
28 84 ± 2. 5 3 6. 4 1 04. 0
32 96 ± 2. 9 41 . 6 115

NOTE: Tolerance for dn —refer to manufacturer’ s specifications.

7 MATERIAL

7.1 General

The steel used in chain manufacture shall be such that, after suitable heat treatment and in
its finished condition, the chain complies with the mechanical properties specified in this
Standard for the chain grade.
7.2 Requirements of steel

Chain shall be manufactured from a hot-rolled material that is specified in Tables 4 and 5,
from wire drawn from such a material, or from material processed to meet the intent of this
Standard.
7.3 Deoxidation

The steel shall be fully killed and shall be made in conformity with a suitable deoxidation
process in order to obtain an austenitic grain size of 6 or finer when tested in accordance
with AS 1 733.
The steel shall be stabilized to ensure that the manufactured chain, when suitably
heat-treated, is protected against strain-age embrittlement in service.
7.4 Weldability

The steel shall be of reliable weldable quality.

7.5 Traceability

The steel shall be suitably identified to ensure that the steel manufacturer, steel heat number
and rolling number can be all traced.

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AS 2321:2014 12

TABLE 4

MATERIAL AND HEAT TREATMENT

1 2 3 4 5 6 8
Requirements of steel
Special requirements
Grade of chain
[see Clause 10.2(b)] Type of Steel Product check analysis, percent Heat
steel specification Phosphorus Sulfur Carbon treatment
max. max. max.
L Fully killed, AS 1 442 0. 05 0 0. 05 0 0. 3 0 S tress relieve
fine-grained or normalize

P Fully killed, AS 1 442 0. 045 0. 05 0 0. 3 0 Harden and

fine-grained AS 1 444 temper

T Fully killed, AS 1 444 0. 03 0 0. 03 0 0. 3 0 Harden and

fine-grained temper

V 200 Fully killed, AS 1 444 0. 025 0. 025 0. 3 5 Harden and

fine-grained temper

V 400 Fully killed, AS 1 444 0. 020 0. 020 0. 3 5 Harden and

fine-grained temper

NOTES :
1 To ensure the chain is stabilized against strain-age embrittlement during service, the steel typically
contains at least 0. 025 % aluminium, but not more than 0. 05 % aluminium.
2 Materials other than those specified in AS 1 442 or AS 1 444 are not precluded, provided they meet the
intent of this S tandard.

7.6
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Grade T(80) requirements

The specified nominal stress at breaking force of this grade is 800 MPa.
7.7 Grade V(1 00) requirements

The specified nominal stress at breaking force of this grade is 1 000 MPa. Grade V(1 00)
chain can be produced by using materials that are suitable for 200°C or 380°C operating
ranges. Each temperature range has specific minimum alloying elements requirements.
V 200 refers to Grade V(1 00) chain that has a maximum operating temperature of 200°C,
V 400 refers to Grade V(1 00) chain that has a maximum operating temperature of 380°C.

TABLE 5

GRADE V(1 00) MATERIALS

Nickel, Chromium, Molybdenum,

Grade min. min. min.
percent percent percent
V 200 0. 40 0. 40 0. 1 5

V 400 0. 70 0. 5 0 0. 3 0

7.8 Toughness type test

The manufacturers shall be able to demonstrate by type test that the material specification
used for Grade T and V chains, in its heat treated condition, has been tested in accordance
with AS 1 544.2, Charpy impact test.
No individual value may be below 28 J when tested at − 20°C, or at a lower temperature if
specified.
NOTE: If the chain links are too small to extract a suitably sized specimen in accordance with
AS 1 544.2, the impact test requirements of ISO 3076 may be used as substitute.
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 13 AS 2321:2014

Alternative Grade V(1 00) materials can be used provided—

(a) the type test requirements, all mechanical properties as well as the impact test
requirements of this standard are fully complied with; and
(b) a comparative risk assessment in using the specified material and the alternative
material has been completed, which analyses both the interaction of the material with
the chain manufacturing process as well as the application of the finished chain
during use and no additional risks are identified.
7.9 Chain operating at low temperatures

Where the chain is to be used at temperatures colder than − 1 0°C, the user shall seek advice
from the manufacturer.

8 MANUFACTURE

8.1 Welding

Chain shall be manufactured by welding and finished to the required dimensions, as

specified in Figures 1 and 2, and Tables 1 , 2 and 3. The links and welds shall not show
fissures, notches or similar faults that are detrimental to the chain. The thickness of the
weld material shall be not less than the diameter of the material of the link.
For smooth welded chain, fins caused by welding shall be removed and the weld shall be
smoothly finished all round. For asymmetric welded chain, the fins caused by welding shall
be removed from the outside of the link surface, leaving the proj ections on the inside and
thus forming a smooth exterior asymmetric weld.
The positioning of the weld at the centre of the straight barrel and the tolerances imposed
on protrusions at the weld should provide the required clearances.
8.2 Heat treatment

8.2.1 General
Chain Grades P, T and V shall be hardened from a temperature above the AC3 point,
quenched and tempered prior to being tested for mechanical properties.
8.2.2 Tempering for Grade V
The tempering temperature shall be at least 200°C for V200 and 380°C for V400.
The tempering conditions shall be at least as effective as the tempering temperature
maintained for a period of 1 hour. This requirement is the responsibility of the chain
manufacturer.
When proposed for verification, samples of chain shall be tested after they have been
reheated to and maintained for 1 h at the tempering temperature and then cooled to room
temperature. These samples shall comply with the requirements of Appendix E, F and G.
NOTE: For chains with a surface finish other than natural black, samples required for verification
shall be taken and reheat treated prior to the surface finishing process.
8.3 Visual examination after manufacturing proof force testing

After the manufacturing proof force test (see Clause 9.1 ), the chain shall be inspected by a
competent person, under suitable lighting and appropriate ergonomic conditions to ensure
the links and welds are free from fissures, notches or similar defects that are detrimental to
the chain.

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AS 2321:2014 14

Alternative visual inspection systems may be employed if these have been adequately
verified to reliably detect detrimental faults at a minimum to the same standard as that can
be expected from a visual inspection by a competent person. Records of the verification
process proving the above requirement as well as all subsequent compliance checks shall be
kept.
Any final coating shall be applied after the manufacturing proof force test and examination,
as such coating would impede the visual inspection of the chain.
8.4 Links inserted in the course of manufacture

Links inserted in a length of chain during manufacture shall be processed to provide

dimensional and mechanical properties complying with those specified for the adj oining
links. If any link has been inserted after the application of the manufacturing proof force as
detailed in Clause 8.1 , then the portion of chain affected by such processing shall then be
again subj ected to the manufacturing proof test and then re-examined by a competent
person.
8.5 Kinking

Chain shall be designed and manufactured so that it will not kink or lock in service.
8.6 Chain finishes

Chain finishes other than self-colour shall comply with Appendix D.

9 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES INCLUDING TESTING AND VERIFICATION

9.1 Manufacturing proof force test

All the chainGet

shall be subj
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without sustaining damage that could affect its integrity.
9.2 Breaking force and total elongation

A breaking force and total elongation test shall be undertaken on one tensile test sample for
every lot or 200 m of chain comprising the lot, whichever is less, and achieve the minimum
break force and the minimum total elongation, applied under the conditions and forces
specified in Appendix E. The method of determining the elongation is given in Appendix F.
Where a chain fails to meet testing requirements retesting of the same lot may be
undertaken in accordance with Appendix E.
9.3 Bend test

The details of the test for Grade T and V only, test equipment and the required deflection
are given in Appendix G.
Single link samples shall withstand the deflection specified in Appendix G for the specific
nominal size of chain and shall be free from visible defects such as cracks. Following the
removal of the force used to deflect the chain link, the link shall be examined by a
competent person.
The bend test shall be undertaken on one test sample for every lot or 200 m of chain
comprising the lot, whichever is less.
NOTE: If a bend test is carried out on a chain link with a surface coating this may be removed
after the bend test to enable a proper visual examination to be carried out.

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 15 AS 2321:2014

9.4 Type testing requirements

Compliance of each design with the requirements of Clause 8 shall be demonstrated by the
following:
(a) For type testing, the chain shall comply with all testing requirements of Clauses 9.1 ,
9.2 and 9.3 above. These tests determine the adequacy of the design for achieving the
required performance.
(b) Each change in the manufacturing process, grade of material, design and size other
than length necessitates separate type testing, to demonstrate compliance with the
requirements of Clause 9.
(c) Toughness type test, refer to Clause 7.8.
(d) Records of type testing including results of verification and validation shall be kept.
9.5 Verification

Effective quality control necessitates systematic testing of each lot or batch to ensure
continuing compliance with the requirements of Clauses 9.1 to 9.3.

1 0 MARKING

1 0.1 General

Each length of chain shall be permanently and legibly marked at intervals of not more than
20 links or 1 m, the marking being either raised or indented. Where the marking is indented,
the marks shall be without sharp edges and the depth and location of the marks shall be on
the parallel barrel opposite the weld, but shall not reduce the strength of the chain.
1 0.2 Information

The following information shall be marked:

(a) Manufacturer’ s identification.
(b) Quality grade, i.e. one of the following:
(i) L, 3, 30 or 300.
(ii) P, 5, 50 or 500.
(iii) T, 8, 80 or 800.
(iv) V, 1 0, 1 00 or 1 000.

11 TEST CERTIFICATE

The testing shall be recorded on a test certificate, which shall bear the following
information:
(a) Nominal size of chain.
(b) Grade.
(c) Surface finish.
(d) Quantity.
(e) Batch or lot number.
(f) Manufacturing proof force, in kilonewtons, applied for the testing specified in
Clause 8.1 .
(g) Breaking force, in kilonewtons (i.e. confirmation that the specified minimum
breaking force was met or exceeded).

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AS 2321:2014 16

(h) Total ultimate elongation at fracture, as a percentage (i.e. confirmation that the
specified minimum total ultimate elongation that been met or exceeded).
(i) A declaration that the chain complies with this Standard.
(j ) The name and address of the manufacturer or supplier.
(k) The name and address of the testing establishment.
(l) An approved signatory.
(m) Type of certificate (e.g. NATA, certifying authority, supplier).
NOTE: The manufacturer should retain the test certificate for not less than 1 0 years.
(n) Any other information requested by the customer.

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 17 AS 2321:2014

APPENDIX A
INFORMATION TO BE SUPPLIED WITH ENQUIRIES AND ORDERS
(Informative)

The following information should be supplied with enquiries and orders for chain:
(a) Nominal size of chain.
(b) Grade.
(c) Quantity.
(d) Application.
(e) Surface finish.
(f) WLL.
(g) Any additional testing such as non-destructive testing.
(h) Type of certificate (e.g. NATA, certifying authority, supplier).
(i) Whether a copy of the test certificate is to be supplied.
(j ) Any special environmental conditions. Refer to Appendix B.

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AS 2321:2014 18

APPENDIX B
CAUTIONS IN USE AND APPLICATIONS
(Informative)

B1 WORKING LOAD LIMIT (WLL)

Do not use a chain in a manner that will exceed the WLL of the chain for the particular
conditions of use. The WLL for each chain is based on the following design factors:
(a) For Quality Grade L.................................................. ................................................ 5.
(b) For Quality Grades P, T and V ................................................. ................................. 4.
General conditions of use are equivalent to a group classification for crane mechanisms of
M3 as specified in AS 1 41 8.1 .

B2 HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT

Hydrogen embrittlement is a dangerous condition that should be prevented.

In certain environments, such as where acid pickling or cathodic cleaning is carried out,
hydrogen embrittlement can occur in steels that are quenched and tempered, because of the
absorption of atomic hydrogen generated at steel surfaces.

B3 CORROSIVE ENVIRONMENT

A risk assessment
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undertaken
fromwhere chain Sharing
Standard is used Group
in acidic,
andalkaline or other
our chats
corrosive environments. The manufacturer or supplier should be contacted to determine the
best grade of chain for the particular application.

B4 EFFECTS OF HOT ENVIRONMENTS

The strength of all grades of chain is adversely affected by excessively elevated

temperatures. Where the temperatures are likely to exceed 200°C, contact the manufacturer
for the required reduction in working load limit.

B5 LOW TEMPERATURE

Where the chain is to be used at temperatures colder than –1 0°C, the user needs to seek
advice from the manufacturer (refer to Clause 6.9).

B6 HEAT TREATMENT

Chain in its finished condition should never be heat-treated.

B7 GALVANIZING AND OTHER METALLIC COATINGS

Chains should not be hot-dip galvanized, electroplated or diffusion coated except by the
manufacturer. Hot-dip galvanizing and diffusion coating can reduce the breaking load and
WLL should be derated accordingly.

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 19 AS 2321:2014

B8 PRESERVING THE CHAIN

The useful life of chains is considerable and may be easily maximized by observing the
following precautions:
(a) Care :

(i) Never heat or heat-treat chain.

(ii) Lightly oil chain prior to prolonged storage.
(iii) Store chain in clean dry places.
(iv) Protect from any weld spatter and arc strikes.
(b) Use :

(i) Ensure that chain is free of any significant damage or wear.

(ii) Ensure that chain is evenly loaded in use.
(iii) Ensure that chain is free of twists and knots and is protected from any sharp
corners when used.
(iv) Ensure that chain is loaded gradually without shock.
(v) Avoid crushing chain.

B9 INSPECTION
It is important to regularly inspect chain, in particular, observing the following:
(a) If necessary, chain should be cleaned before it is inspected.
(b) Every chain link should be individually inspected for any signs of wear, twisting,
stretching, nicks or gouging.
(c) Any worn links should be measured to determine the degree of wear, which should
not exceed that allowed for by the manufacturer.
(d) Chain links having any defects should be clearly marked to indicate rej ection and the
chain withdrawn from service.
(e) Any damaged chain should be destroyed.
(f) A chain inspection record should be provided for each chain.
(g) The results of each inspection and repair should be entered on the chain inspection
record.
(h) Check markings on chain. Refer to Clause 1 0.
(i) Refer to dimension charts in Tables 2 and 3.
(j ) Additional information is available in AS 3775.2.

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AS 2321:2014 20

APPENDIX C
STANDARDS FOR COMPONENTS USED IN LIFTING SYSTEMS
(Informative)

The following is a list of Australian Standards for components used in lifting systems:
AS
1 1 38 Thimbles for wire rope
1 353 Flat synthetic-webbing slings
1 353.1 Part 1 : Product specification
1 353.2 Part 2: Care and use
1 438 Wire-coil flat slings
1 438.1 Part 1 : Product specification
1 438.2 Part 2: Care and use
1 666 Wire-rope slings
1 666.1 Part 1 : Product specification
1 666.2 Part 2: Care and use
2076 Wire-rope grips for non-lifting applications
2089 Sheave blocks for lifting purposes
231 7 Collared eyebolts
231 8 Get morefor
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applications
231 9 Rigging screws and turnbuckles
2321 Short-link chain for lifting purposes
2740 Wedge-type sockets
2741 Shackles
2759 Steel wire-rope—Use, operation and maintenance
2841 Galvanized steel wire strand
3569 Steel wire ropes—Product specification
3585 End fittings for flat-webbing and round slings
3775 Chain slings—Grade T
3775.1 Part 1 : Product specification
3775.2 Part 2: Care and use
3776 Lifting components for Grade T chain slings
3777 Shank hooks and large-eye hooks—Maximum 60 t
41 42 Fibre ropes
41 42.1 Part 1 : Care and safe usage
41 42.2 Part 2: Three-strand hawser-laid and eight-strand plaited
4497 Roundslings—Synthetic fibre
4497.1 Part 1 : Product specification
4497.2 Part 2: Care and use
4991 Lifting devices

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 21 AS 2321:2014

APPENDIX D
CHAIN FINISHES OTHER THAN SELF-COLOUR
(Normative)

For certain uses, corrosion-preventive coatings may be required by the purchaser. However,
it is to be noted that the links of finished chain have been cold worked during proof testing
and, particularly where previously hardened and tempered, are in a metallurgical condition
that could be adversely affected when subsequently electroplated, heated or otherwise
processed. Further, even when chain is free from cold working and has not been heated or
otherwise processed, the breaking strength of a chain may still be reduced by coatings,
particularly hot-dip galvanizing, which appears to perform as a lubricant at the interfaces.
The polishing of chain, or the lubrication by grease or other materials, has a similar effect,
but generally less than that from hot-dip galvanizing.
The following conditions apply:
(a) Any coating shall have one of the following conditions of finish:
(i) Galvanized to AS/NZS 4680.
(ii) Phosphated to AS 1 627.6 in Classes A1 , A2 or B.
(iii) Zinc electroplated to AS 1 789 with a classification of Fe/Zn 1 2c. Any chromate
conversion coating shall be appropriate for the application of the coated
component.
(iv) Any other finish, such as painting, oiling, diffusion processes or powder
coating.
(b) Any coatings shall be applied by the manufacturer or in compliance with the
instructions of the manufacturer.
(c) Where a coating reduces the ultimate strength, the coated chain shall be destructively
tested to determine the amount of ultimate strength degradation. In the event of the
breaking strength of a coated chain failing to meet the minimum specified for the
chain, the working load limit shall be reduced to retain the specified design factor.

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AS 2321:2014 22

APPENDIX E
TEST FORCES AND CONDITIONS FOR THEIR APPLICATION
(Normative)

E1 TENSILE TEST SAMPLE

(a) A tensile test sample shall contain not less than the following number of links:

Nominal size, mm Number of links

≤6 9
>6 ≤1 7 7
>1 7 5
(b) Gauge length shall be determined and recorded (see Clause 4.7 and Figure E1 ).

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En g ag ed
Li n k

G a u g e le n g th

FI GURE E1 GAUGE LENGTH

E2 CONDITIONS

The following conditions apply to the application of test forces to a chain:

(a) The testing machine shall be calibrated in accordance with AS 21 93 and shall be
capable of Class A results when testing mechanical properties (see Clause 8) and
Class C results when proof testing (see Clause 8.1 ).
(b) Except for proof-loading and any application of temporary protective coatings for
storage purposes, manufacturing processes shall be completed.
(c) A test sample shall be engaged in the tensile testing machine in a manner such that
the load acts along the axis of the chain to simulate the normal operating condition
without twist and without damage to the engaging links. The specified minimum
proof force shall be applied. After the load has been released, the gauge length of the
test sample shall be determined, as specified in Paragraph E1 (b). A gradually
increasing load shall then be applied until the chain achieves the minimum break
strength and minimum total elongation specified in Tables E1 and E2. The elongation
may be determined in accordance with Appendix F.

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 23 AS 2321:2014

Where any test sample fails to fulfil the test requirements, two further test samples,
selected from the sample lot of chain, shall be retested and corrective actions with
respect to the fail sample shall be taken. The lot complies when the original tensile
test or the additional retests are satisfactory.
(d) The lot shall be proof tested with a force that is not less than the relevant one
specified in Tables E1 and E2, in a tensile testing machine, in such a manner that the
load acts along the axis of the chain to simulate the normal operating condition,
without twist and without damage to the engaging links. A greater proof force may be
applied, provided it does not impair the integrity of the finished chain.

TABLE E1

CHAIN SIZES, WLL AND TEST FORCES GRADE L, P AND T

1 2 36 7 4
8 9 5 10
Minimum test forces
Nominal Grade L Grade P Grade T
chain
size, d WLL Manufacturing Breaking WLL Manufacturing Breaking WLL Manufacturing Breaking
mm proof proof proof
tonnes kN kN tonnes kN kN tonnes kN kN
4 0. 1 6 3.2 7. 9 0. 3 2 6. 3 1 2. 6 0. 5 1 2. 6 20. 1
6 0. 3 6 7. 1 1 7. 8 0. 72 1 4. 2 28 . 3 1 .1 28 . 3 45 . 2
7 0. 49 9. 7 24. 2 0. 98 1 9. 3 38.5 1 .5 38.5 61 . 6
8 0. 65 1 2. 7 31 .7 1 . 28 25 . 2 5 0. 3 2 5 0. 3 8 0. 4
10 1 1 9. 8 49. 5 2. 00 3 9. 3 78. 6 3.2 78 . 5 1 26
13 1 .7 33.5 83.7 3.38 66. 5 133 5.3 133 21 2
16 2. 5 8 5 0. 7 1 27 5.1 2 1 01 202 8 201 3 22
18 3 . 28 64. 2 1 61 6. 5 0 1 28 25 5 10 25 4 407
19 3 . 67 71 . 9 1 80 7. 29 1 43 28 6 1 1 .5 28 4 45 4

20 4. 03 79. 2 1 98 8 . 03 1 58 315 1 2. 5 314 5 03

22 4. 8 9 95 . 8 240 9. 68 1 90 380 15 380 608
26 6. 8 3 134 335 1 3.53 266 531 21 . 2 531 8 49
28 8 1 57 3 93 1 6. 00 314 628 25 61 6 98 5
32 1 0. 3 4 203 5 07 20. 5 1 403 8 05 31 .5 8 04 1 290
36 1 3 . 09 25 7 642 25 . 94 5 09 1 01 8 40 1 020 1 63 0
40 1 6. 1 5 317 792 3 2. 03 629 1 25 7 50 1 260 201 0
45 20. 43 401 1 002 40. 5 5 796 1 5 91 63 1 5 90 25 40

NOTES :
1 The minimum total elongation shall be as follows:
(a) For Quality Grade L chain, 20%.
(b) For Quality Grade P and T chains, 1 7%.
(c) For Quality Grade V chain, 20%.
2 The listed values for manufacturing proof and breaking force are rounded to values <1 00 kN to 0. 1 kN and
>1 00 kN to 1 kN.
3 Calculation for WLL and test requirements for Grades T and V—
(a) calculation for WLL, in tonnes—
1 NS
2× ×π × × d n2
4 4
WLL =
g × 1 000
where
NS = nominal stress at minimum breaking force for grades T and V only

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AS 2321:2014 24

(b) calculation for manufacturing proof force, in kN—

1 NS
2× ×π × × d n2
4 1 .6
MPF =
1 000

(c) calculation for breaking force, in kN—

1
2× × π × NS × d n2
4
BFmin =
1 000

4 The nominal stress in the chain at minimum breaking force shall be as follows:
(a) For Quality Grade L chain, 3 1 5 MPa.
(b) For Quality Grade P chain, 5 00 MPa.
(c) For Quality Grade T chain, 8 00 MPa.
(d) For Quality Grade V chain, 1 000 MPa.
Example of calculation of nominal stress, using 1 0 mm Grade V(1 000) as an example—
1 57 kN
1 000 MPa =
⎛1 0 2 × π ⎞
⎜ ⎟× 2
⎜
⎝
4 ⎟
⎠

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 25 AS 2321:2014

TABLE E2
CHAIN SIZES, WLL AND TEST FORCES GRADE V(1 00)
WLL Minimum test forces
Chain size tonnes kN
mm
Single-leg Manufacturing proof Breaking
4 0. 63 1 5.7 25 . 1
5 1 .0 24. 5 3 9. 3
6 1 .4 35.3 5 6. 5
7 1 .9 48 . 1 77. 0
8 2. 5 62. 8 1 01
10 4. 0 98 . 1 1 57
13 6. 7 1 66 265
16 10 25 1 402
18 1 2. 5 318 5 09
19 14 354 5 67
20 16 3 93 628
22 19 475 760
23 21 51 9 831
26 26. 5 664 1 060
28 31 .5 770 1 23 0
32 40 1 005 1 61 0

NOTES :
1 The minimum total elongation shall be as follows:
(a) For Quality Grades L chain, 20%.
(b) For Quality Grades P and T chains, 1 7%.
(c) For Quality Grades V chain, 20%.
2 The WLLs of Grade V(1 00) chain in the table above is based on nominal dimensions. S ome
manufacturers may have higher WLLs.
3 The listed values for manufacturing proof and breaking force are rounded to values <1 00 kN
to 0. 1 kN and >1 00 kN to 1 kN.
4 Calculation for WLL and test requirements for Grades T and V—
(a) calculation for WLL, in tonnes—
1 NS
2× ×π × × d n2
4 4
WLL =
g × 1 000
where
NS = nominal stress at minimum breaking force for grades T and V only
(b) calculation for manufacturing proof force, in kN—
1 NS
2× ×π × × d n2
4 1 .6
MPF =
1 000

(c) calculation for breaking force, in kN—

1
2× × π × NS × d n2
4
BFmin =
1 000

5 The nominal stress in the chain at minimum breaking force shall be as follows:
(a) For Quality Grade L chain, 3 1 5 MPa.
(b) For Quality Grade P chain, 5 00 MPa.
(c) For Quality Grade T chain, 8 00 MPa.
(d) For Quality Grade V chain, 1 000 MPa.
Example of calculation of nominal stress, using 1 0 mm Grade V(1 000) as an example—
1 57 kN
1 000 MPa =
⎛1 0 2 × π ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ×2
⎜ 4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

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AS 2321:2014 26

APPENDIX F
DETERMINATION OF ELONGATION
(Normative)

F1 DETERMINATION OF PLASTIC ELONGATION OF BROKEN TEST SAMPLE

The total elongation (plastic plus elastic) of chain always exceeds the plastic elongation by
the elastic elongation.
Where the plastic elongation alone is measured and found to be no less than that specified
in Note 1 of Table E2, Appendix E, then the chain is to be regarded as complying with this
Standard.
The procedure is to determine the total pitch of the gauge length in accordance with
Paragraph E2(c), Appendix E.
The test sample is to be loaded gradually and smoothly until breakage occurs as shown in
Figure F1 .
The plastic elongation, expressed as a percentage, is determined as follows:

Plastic elongation (%) =

⎡⎛ N ( A + B ) ⎞⎟ − 1 ⎤ × 1 00
⎢ ⎜⎜
⎣⎝ GL ( N − 1 ) ⎟⎠ ⎥⎦
where
N =Get
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fromsample (Figure
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links, 7 of
which comprise the test sample)
GL = gauge length, see Paragraph E2(c), Appendix E
The maximum load obtained during this procedure is the actual breaking load.

A B

FI GURE F1 DETERMI NATI ON OF PLASTI C ELONGATI ON

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 27 AS 2321:2014

F2 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ELONGATION OF UNBROKEN TEST

SAMPLE
The procedure is to determine the total pitch of the gauge length in accordance with
Paragraph E2(c) Appendix E, and, with the tension maintained between 8% and 1 2% of the
specified minimum proof load, to mark the position of the moving head. The load is then
increased, gradually and smoothly, until the head has moved the required minimum total
elongation, this movement being—
Specified minimum total elongation (%) × 0.01 × GL (see Paragraph F1 )
If the specified minimum breaking load has not been reached when the elongation achieves
the specified minimum, then the loading is to be continued until the specified minimum
breaking load is attained.
NOTE: This procedure presumes no significant elastic strain between the points of engagement of
the sample and the movement indicator. Where such strain is significant, it is to be determined
and appropriate allowance made.
F3 DETERMINATION OF TOTAL ULTIMATE ELONGATION
The determination of total elongation using autographic instrumentation produces a
load/extension diagram similar to Figure F2.
NOTE: Where the recorded extension is that of the moving head, appropriate allowances are to be
made for the elastic strain of the test sample holding system where such strains are found to be
significant.
The elongation is based on the total elongation at fracture (E) shown in Figure F2. This is
then expressed as a percentage of the gauge length (see Paragraph E2(c), Appendix E) of
the sample where—
⎛ Total elongation (E) ⎞
Elongation (%) = ⎜
⎜
⎟ × 1 00
⎟
⎝ Gauge length (GL) ⎠

B re a ki n g F o rc e (B F )

S p e c i fi e d Minimum

B re a ki n g F o rc e

(B F m i n )

M an u fac t u ri n g P ro o f

F o rc e (M P F )

Wo r k i n g Lo ad Li m i t

(WLL)

To t a l el on g ati on a t fra c t u re (E )

FI GURE F2 TYPI CAL LOAD/EXTENSI ON DI AGRAM

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AS 2321:2014 28

APPENDIX G
BEND TEST
(Normative)

G1 GRADE T AND V

Using a test fixture as in Figure G1 below, a test force is applied through the Anvil
sufficient to deflect the single link as per Table G1 .

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90?

LEG EN D:
d n ?= ? n o m i n a l s i z e c h a i n , m m
f? = ?b e n d d e f l e c t i o n , m m

FI GURE G1 BEND DEFLECTI ON ‘ f’

The values of the bend deflection f been calculated using the following formula:
f = 0.8 × dn , in mm
The values given in Table G1 have been rounded to 0.1 mm up to 1 0 mm. Values greater
than 1 0 mm are rounded to 1 mm.

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 29 AS 2321:2014

TABLE G1

BEND DEFLECTION ( f)
REQUIREMENTS

Nominal size Bend deflection

( dn ) ( f) min.
mm mm
4 3.2
5 4
6 4. 8

7 5.6
8 6. 4
10 8
13 10
16 13
18 14
19 15

20 16
22 18
24 19
25 20
26 21
28 22
32 26
36 29
40 32
45 36

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AS 2321:2014 30

APPENDIX H
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(Informative)

ASTM
A973/
A973M-07 Standard Specification for Grade 1 00 Alloy Steel Chain
DIN PAS
1 061 :2006 Round steel link chains for chain slings, Grade 1 0
EN
81 8 Short link chain for lifting purposes—Safety
Part 1 : General conditions of acceptance
Part 2: Medium tolerance chain for chain slings—Grade 8
Part 3: Medium tolerance chain for chain slings—Grade 4
Part 4: Chain slings—Grade 8
Part 5: Chain slings—Grade 4
Part 6: Chain slings—Specification for information for use and maintenance
to be provided by the manufacturer
JIS
B881 6 Chain slings for lifting purposes

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 31 AS 2321:2014

NOTES
AS 2321:2014 32

NOTES

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Standards Australia
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