Oxford Resources for IB

Physics – 2023 Edition

Answers
Theme B – The particulate nature of matter

B.1 – Thermal energy transfers

Practice questions – Page 202

1 a. Resistivity of a metal
b. Measure your property from (a) at 0 °C in ice-water mixture, measure the property at 100 °C in boiling
water. Plot both data points on graph of property versus temperature. Draw a straight line between
them. Measure property at intermediate unknown temperature and read off temperature from graph.

Practice questions – Page 204

2 A
Initial Temp = 100 + 273 = 373 K ; Final Temp = 373 + 470 = 843 K => the temp doubles (approximately)
=> change is energy is E => answer A
3 B
Ek O = Ek N (as they are at the same temperature => mv2 = constant => v2 O / v2 N = m N / m O
=> answer B

Practice questions – Page 209

4 a. The molecules of each liquid initially have a different average kinetic energy. During intermolecular
collisions, energy is transferred from fast moving molecules of one liquid to slow moving molecules of
the other liquid. As a result, the molecular energy is averaged, and the mixture approaches an
equilibrium temperature.
b. B
mc (delta T) = constant => c liquid / c metal = m (delta T) metal / m (delta T) liquid = 100 x 60 / 150 x 10 =
4 => answer B
5 D
c = constant => m (delta T) = constant => m1 x 10 = 600 x 20 => m1 = 1200 g => answer D
6 460 J kg−1 K−1
c = Q / m (delta T) = 8.3 kJ / (0.3 kg x 60 K) = 0,46 kJ/ (kg K)
7 380 J kg−1 K−1
m = constant => c (delta T) = constant
=> c B = c A x delta T A / delta T B = 920 x 67 / 163 = 378 J / (kg K)
8 a. 85.0 °C
Delta T = Q / (m c) = 640 / (0.08 x 127) = 63 => T final = T initial + 22 = 85

© Oxford University Press 2023 1

 b.
m c (delta T) = constant => delta T water / delta T lead = m c lead / m c water = (0.08 x 127) / (0.16 x
4200) = 0.015
9 a. 130 s
P = E / t => t = E / P = m c deltaT / P = 0.9 x 4200 x 75 / 2200 = 128 s
b. 310 W
P = E / t = m c delta T / t = 0.9 x 4200 x 75 / 150 = 1890 => P lost = 2200 – 1890 = 310 W
10 1200 W
P = E / t = m c delta T / t = 0.5 x 4200 x 35 / 60 = 1225 W

Practice questions – Page 213

11 The specific heat capacity of water is large. So, in winter, the rate of cooling of the water is slow, as larger
amounts of energy must be transferred from the water compared to the land. The specific heat capacity of
the air (which largely carries the energy away) is constant so the lakes cool slower.
12 a. 17 kJ
Q = mL = 0.05 kg x 330 kJ/kg = 16.5 kJ
b. 200 g
Q = m c delta T => m = Q / ( c delta T) = 16500 / (4200 x 20) = 0.196 kg
c. A mixture of water and ice at 0 °C
in equilibrium
13 a. 0.13 kg – not correct – they forgot to take into account the (m c delta T) ice-water
Q ice = Q water => (mL) ice + (m c delta T) ice-water = (m c delta T) water => m ice = 0.50 x 4200 x 20 /
(330000 + 4200 x 10) = 42000 / 372000 = 0.1129 kg = 0.11 kg
b. 0.11 kg – not correct – they forgot to take into account the (m c delta T) ice-water
Q ice = Q water => (m c delta T) ice + (mL) ice + (m c delta T) ice-water = (m c delta T) water => m ice =
0.50 x 4200 x 20 / (2100 x 18 + 330000 + 4200 x 10) = 42000 / 409800 = 0.1025 = 0.10 kg
14 9.7 s
E = Q = m c delta T + m L = 0.005 x 210 x 170 + 0.005 x 52000 = 178.5 + 260 = 438.5 J
P = E / t => t = E / P = 438.5 / 45 = 9,74 s
15 a. 76 g
P = E / t => E = P x t = 1000 W x 10 s = 10000 J
E = Q = m c delta T => m = E / ( c delta T) = 10000 / (126 x 1040) = 10000 / 131040 = 0.076 kg
b. 66 kJ kg−1
E = P x t => t = 5 s for melting the sample => E = 1000 x 5 = 5000 J
E = Q = m L => L = E / m = 5000 / 0.076 = 65789 J/kg = 66000 J/kg
c. Increases at a lower rate than for t < 10 s
P = constant => (m c delta T) / t = constant & m = constant => (c x delta T) / t = constant => if c increases
then ( delta T / t ) decreases so the Temp increases at a lower rate

Practice questions – Page 219

16 a. 3.1 kW m−2

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 Delta Q / (delta t x A) = k x delta T / delta X = 0.50 x 25 / 0.004 = 3125 = 3100 W/m^2
b. 58 W m−2 – it is not clear from the question, but here they mean only air
Delta Q / (delta t x A) = k x delta T / delta X = 0.023 x 25 / 0.01 = 3125 = 57.5 W/m^2

17 a. 38 W
P = delta Q / delta t = k x A x delta T / delta X = 240 x 3,14 x 0,01^2 x 300 / 0.60 = 37.68 W
b. 6.8 g – it should read 6.9 g
E = P x t = 37.68 W x 60 s = 2260.8 J
E = Q = m L => m = E / L = 2260.8 / 330000 = 0.00685 kg

Practice questions – Page 220–221

18 a. 130 W
P = Q / t = m c delta T / t = 0.3 x 4200 x 6.2 / 60 = 130.2 W
b. 382 W m−1 K−1
k = P x delta X / (A x delta T) = 130.2 x 0.1 / (0.00125 x 27.3) = 13.02/ 0.034125 = 381,54
19 a. around 0.044−0.045 K s−1
Gradient = delta T / delta t = 20 / 450 = 0.044 K/s
b. 9.2−9.4 W
delta Q / delta t = m c delta T / delta t = 0.55 x 380 x 0.044 = 9.196 W
c. 0.11 W m−1 K−1
k = (delta Q / delta t) x delta X / (A x delta T) = 9.196 x 0.002 / (0.008 x 21) = 0,109

Practice questions – Page 229

20 Tmin = 4100 K, Tmax = 7300 K
T min = b / lamba = 2.9 x 10^(-3) / 7 x 10^(-7) = 4143 K
T max = b / lamba = 2.9 x 10^(-3) / 4 x 10^(-7) = 7250 K
21 a. 2000 K
P = sigma x A x T^4 => T = (P / (sigma x A))^(1/4) = (45 / (5.67 x 10^(-8) x (0.0471 x (-3)))^(1/4)
= (16.85 x 10^(12))^(1/4) = 2.026 x 10^(3) = 2026 K
A = 2 PI r x h = 2 x 3.14 x 0.025 x 10^(-3) x 0.3 = 0.0471 x 10^(-3)
b. 1400 nm
lambda = b / T = 2.9 x 10^(-3) / 2000 = 1450 x 10^(-9)
22 a. 180 °C
P = sigma x A x (Tplate^(4) – Tair^(4)) => Tplate^(4) = (P + sigma x A x Tair^(4)) / sigma x A
= (50 + 10.44) / 5.67 x 10^(-8) x 0.025 = 426 x 10^(8) => Tplate = 4.54 x 10^(2) = 454 K
=> T plate = 545 – 273 = 181.4
Tair = 20 + 273 = 293 => sigma x A x Tair^(4) = 5.67 x 10^(-8) x 0.025 x 293^(4) = 10.44 W
b. 11 W
P = sigma x A x Tplate^(4) - sigma x A x Tair^(4) = 70.95 – 10.44 = 60.51
=> delta P = 60.51 – 50 = 10.51 W
Tair = 20 + 273 = 293 => sigma x A x Tair^(4) = 5.67 x 10^(-8) x 0.025 x 293^(4) = 10.44 W
Tplate = 200 + 273 = 473 => sigma x A x Tair^(4) = 5.67 x 10^(-8) x 0.025 x 473^(4) = 70.95 W
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Practice questions – Page 231
23 8.6 × 10–8 W m–2
b = L / ( 4 Pi d^2) = 76000 x 3.83 x 10^26 / (4 PI 5.2^2 x 10^36) = 857 x 10^(-10) = 8.6 x 10^(-8)
24 5.5 × 1017 m
I = P / ( 4 Pi d^2) => d^2 = P / ( 4 Pi I) = 3.8 x 10^(26) / (4 x 3.14 x 10^(-10)) = 30.3 x 10^34
=> d = 5.5 x 10^(17) m
25 a. 4P
At the stars are at the same temperature and are both considered to be black-bodies, they have the
intensity (W / m^2) => P1 / ( 4 Pi R1^2) = P2 / ( 4 Pi R2^2) => P2 = P1 x R2^2 / R1^2 = P1 x 4

b.
If sphere 2 has temp T when it radiates 4P => 4P = sigma x A x T^4 => sigma x A = 4 P / T^4
In order to radiate P => Tnew^4 = P / sigma x A = P / (4 P / T^4) = (¼) x T^4 => Tnew = (¼)^¼ x T

B.2 – Greenhouse effect

Practice questions – Page 235

1 350 K
P = e A sigma T^4 => T^4 = P / ( e A sigma) = 1100 / ( 0.90 x 1.4 x 5.67 x 10^(-8)) = 154 x 10^8
=> T = 3.52 x 10^2 = 352 K
2 0.84
e = P / (A sigma T^4) = 100 / (0.181 x 5.67 x 10^(-8) x 328^4) = 0.842
A = 4 Pi r^2 = 4 x 3.14 x (0.12)^2 = 0.181 m^2
T = 55 + 273 = 328 K
3 a. 31 W, absorbed by the cube
P (one side of the cube) = e A sigma (T air^4 - Tcube^4) = 0.75 x 0.15^2 x 5.67 x 10^(-8) x (323^4 - 273^4) =
5.1W
P total = 6 x P(one side) = 6 x 5.1 = 30.6 W
Tcube = 0 + 273 = 273 K
Tair = 50 + 273 = 323 K
b. 2.9 × 10–3 K s–1
P = m c (delta T / delta t) => delta T / delta t = P / (m c) = 31/ (28 x 380) = 2.91 x 10^(-3)
c. There are additional ways of transferring energy between the cube and the environment e.g. thermal
conduction.

Practice questions – Page 236

4
The intensity received in January is greater by 6.9% than in July.
Apply the inverse square law: I ~ 1 / d^2

5 2.2 kW
© Oxford University Press 2023 4
P = efficiency x I x A = 0.10 x 1360 x 16 = 2176 W

Practice questions – Page 240

6 300 W m−2
Assume that S for Earth is the same as Earth for Moon.
I abs = (1 – a) x S = (1 – 012) x 340 = 299.2
7 0.25
I abs = P / A = 43000 / 64 = 671.875 ; I abs = (1-a) x I sun => (1 – a) = I abs / I sun = 0.747 => a = 0.253
8 24
I abs Dy / I abs Er = (1 – a Dy) x I sun / (1 – a Er) x I sun => as I sun cancels out =>
=> the ratio = (1 – 0.04) / (1 – 0.96) = 0.96 / 0.04 = 24

Practice questions – Page 243

9 The radiation emitted from the Earth’s surface is mostly in the infrared range, and hence can be absorbed
by the molecules of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The gases re-emit this radiation in all
directions, partly back towards the surface.
10 The symmetric mode does not cause the positive and negative charges to be displaced relative to each
other within a molecule. Hence, the molecule oscillating in this mode is unlikely to interact with the electric
field of the wave. The opposite is true for the anti-symmetric mode.

Practice questions – Page 251

11 a. Increase by 1.2 K
If k = 0.40 => T^4 = I1 / (sigma x (1 – k)) = 238 / ( 5.67 x 10^(-8) x (1 – 0.40)) = 69.95 x 10^8
=> T = 289. 2 K => delta T = 289.2 - 288 = 1.2 K
b. Water has a lower albedo and absorbs more energy than sea ice, leading to a further increase in the
temperature. This is known as positive feedback loop. Clouds have a greater albedo than the surface
and so reduce the average intensity reaching the surface, countering the effect of warming. This is
an example of negative feedback. But if the clouds contain more water vapor, this results in more
absorption.
12 a. 390 W m−2
Assuming Earth's surface as black body
I = e x sigma x T^4 = 1 x 5.67 x 10^(-8) x 288^4 = 390.01
b. E.g. evaporation of surface water, thermal conduction to the air above the surface. convection
c. 104 W m−2
Radiation going towards surface = radiation leaving the surface => 161 + 333 = 390 + I
=> I = 161 + 333 – 390 = 104

B.3 – Gas laws

Practice questions – Page 254

1 1.7 MPa
P = F / A = 1.2 kN / (7.0 x 10^(-4) m^2) = 0.17 x 10^7 Pa
2 a. 50 kPa
P = F / A = 2.5 N / (5.024 x 10^(-5) m^2) = 0.498 x 10^5 Pa

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A = pi x (d/2)^2 = 3.14 x 16 x 10^(-6) m^2 = 5.024 x 10^(-5) m^2
b. 0.10 mm
A = F / P = 2.5 / (300 x 10^6) = 8.33 x 10^(-9) m^2
A = pi x (d/2)^2 => d = 2 x (A / pi)^(½) = 2 x (8.33 x 10^(-9) m^2 / 3.14)^(½) = 1.03 x 10^(-4) m = 0.10 mm

Practice questions – Page 256

3 Gold: 3.67 × 1022
Copper: 3.79 × 1022
About 3% more of copper atoms than gold.
n Au = 12 g / 197 g/mol = 0.0609 mol => N Au = n Au x NA = 0.0609 mol x 6.022 x 10^23 atoms / mol = =
0.367 x 10^23 atoms
n Cu = 4.0 g / 63.5 g/mol = 0.0630 mol => N Cu = n Cu x NA = 0.0630 mol x 6.022 x 10^23 atoms / mol = =
0.379 x 10^23 atoms
% difference = (3.79 - 3.67) / 3.79 = 0.032 = 3%
4 1.6 × 1015 molecules 10^12 (???)
n = 1 x 10^(-6) g / 385 g/mol = 2.60 x 10^(-9) mol
=> N = n x NA = 2.60 x 10^(-9) mol x 6.022 x 10^23 molecules / mol = 0.0156 x 10^14 molecules
= 1.6 x 10^12 molecules
5 0.02 μg
n = 8 x 10^14 atoms / 6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol = 1.33 x 10^(-9) mol
Mass = n x molar mass = 1.33 x 10^(-9) mol x 14 g / mol = 18.6 x 10^(-9) g = 0.019 x 10^(-6) g

Practice questions – Page 261

6 C
P / T = constant => P final = P initial x T final / T initial = 2.0 MPa x (200+273) / (100+273) = 2.5 MPa
7 D
PV = nRT => PV1 = nRT1 and PV2 = nRT2 => P(V2 – V1) = nR(T2 – T1) => n = P(V2 – V1) / R(T2 – T1)
8 a. 1.2 × 105 Pa
PV / T = constant => P1 x V1 / T1 = P2 x V2 / T2
=> P2 = P1 x V1 x T2 / (V2 x T1) = 1.0 x 10^5 x 150 x (150 + 273) / (180 x (25 + 273)) = 1.18 x 10^5 Pa
b. 0.17 g
n = P1V1 / RT1 = 1.0 x 10^5 x 150 x 10^(-6) / (8.31 x (25 + 273)) = 0.00605 mol
Mass = n x molar mass = 0.00605 mol x 28 g / mol = 0.169 g
9 a. 8.2 × 10–2 mol
n = PV / RT = 1.0 x 10^5 x 2.0 x 10^(-3) / (8.31 x (22 + 273)) = 0.815 mol
b. 9.4 × 104 Pa
V = constant => P1/T1 = P2/T2 => P2 = P1 x T2 / T1 = 1.0 x 10^5 x (4 + 273) / (22 + 273) = 0.938 x 10^5
c. 49 N (50 N due to roundings)
P = F / A => F = P x A = (Pair – P) x A = (1 – 0.938) x 10^5 Pa x (80 x 10^(-4)) m^2 = 49.6 N
10 a. 3 × 10–7 mol
n = PV / RT = 1.0 x 10^(-7) x 7000 / (8.31 x 290) = 2.9 x 10^(-7) mol
b. 25 million particles
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 N = n x NA = 2.9 x 10^(-7) mol x 6.022 x 10^23 particles / mol = 17.46 x 10^16 particles in 7000 m^3 or 7
V = 7000 m^3 = 7000 x 10^6 cm^3
N (in 1 cm^3) = 17.46 x 10^16 particles / (7 x 10^9) cm^3 = 2.49 x 10^7

Practice questions – Page 267

11 These estimates assume a room of dimensions 4.5 m × 3 m × 3 m.
a. 40 m3
V = L x W x H = 4.5 x 3 x 3 = 40.5 m^3
b. 1027
Assume atmospheric pressure P = 1 x 10^5 Pa and T = 300 K
n = PV / RT = 1.0 x 10^5 x 40 / (8.31 x 300) = 0.016 x 10^5 mol = 1.6 x 10^3 mol
N = n x NA = 1.6 x 10^3 mol x 6.022 x 10^23 particles / mol = 9.66 x 10^26 particles
c. 0.1 m3 (0.014 m^3)
V (1 molecule) = (4/3) pi r^3 = (4/3) x 3.14 x (1.5x 10^(-10))^3 = 14.13 x 10^(-30) m^3 / molecule
T total = N x V1 = 14.13 x 10^(-30) m^3 / molecule x 9.66 x 10^26 particles = 136.5 x 10^(-4) = 0.014 m^3
12 a. 1.5 × 10–21 J (1.5 x 10^(-24) J)
Assume oxygen molecule – mass = 2 x 16 u = 2 x 16 x 1.66 x 10^(-27) kg = 53.1 x 10^(-27) kg
From MP5: Delta Ep = m x g x delta H = 53.1 x 10^(-27) kg x 9.81 N/kg x 3.m = 1563 x 10^(-27)
= 1.56 x 10^(-24) J
Or From Theme D.1: Delta Ep = G x M x m x delta H / R^2
= 6.67 x 10^(-11) x 5.97 x 10^24 x 53.1 x 10^(-27) x 3 / 6371000^2 = 1.56 x 10^(-24) J
b. 20%
Ek = (3/2) kB T = (3/2) x 1.38 x 10^(-23) x 300 = 621 x 10^(-23) = 6.2 x 10^(-21)
% change = 1.5 x 100 / 6.2 = 24 % (if the book's answer is used)
13 In an inelastic collision, energy is removed from the moving particles and transferred away to the
environment. The effective temperature of the particles would decrease as they lose kinetic energy and slow
down. The assumption of elasticity is very good.

Practice questions – Page 268

14 1300 m s−1
P = (1/3) x rho x v^2
=> v = ( 3 x P / rho) ^(½) = (3 x P x V / m)^(½) = (3 x 1.1 x 10^5 x 1300 / 240)^(½) = 1336 m/s
15 483 m s−1
Rho oxygen = rho air x 0.231 = 1.16 x 0.231 = 0.268 kg/m^3
v = ( 3 x P / rho) ^(½) = (3 x 20.8 x 10^3 / 0.268)^(½) = 482.5 m/s
16 2300 m s−1
v = ( 3 x P / rho) ^(½) = (3 x 9 x 10^6 / 5.2)^(½) = 2279 m/s
17 a. 0.44 kg m−3
Rho = m / V = 2.2 x 10^(-4) / 5.0 x 10^(-4) = 0.44 kg / m^3

b. 410 m s−1
v = ( 3 x P / rho) ^(½) = (3 x 2.5 x 10^4 / 0.44)^(½) = 412 m/s
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 c. 44 g mol−1
PV = nRT => n = PV / RT = 2.5 x 10^4 v 5.0 x 10^(-4) / (8.31 x 300) = 5.01 x 10^(-3) mol
Molar mass = mass / n = 2.2 x 10^(-4) kg / 5.01 x 10^(-3) mol = 0.0439 kg = 44 g

Practice questions – Page 269

18 a. 0.047 mol
Delta E = (3/2) x N x kB x delta T => N = delta E / ((3/2) x kB x delta T) = 50 / (3/2 x 1.38 x 10^(-23) x 85) =
2.8 x 10^22 atoms
n = N / NA = 2.8 x 10^22 atoms / 6.022 x 10^23 = 0.0471 mol
b. i. 1.9 × 10–3 kg
mass = n x molar mass = 0.0471 mol x 40 g / mol = 1.88 g
ii. 310 J kg−1 K−1
Q = m c delta T => c = Q / ( m x delta T) = 50 / (1.9 x 10^(-3) x 85) = 309.5 J / (kg x K)
19 a. 3.76 × 1023
N = mass total / mass atom = 2.50 x 10^(-3) / (6.65 x 10^(-27)) = 3.759 x 10^23 atoms
b. 10.3 K
Delta E = (3/2) x N x kB x delta T
=> delta T = delta E / ((3/2) x N x kB) = 80 / (3/2 x 3.76 x 10^23 x 1.38 x 10^(-23)) = 10.28 K

B.4 – Thermodynamics

Practice questions – Page 276

1 D
Delta U = Q – W = 30J - (-50J) = 80 J ; W is negative as work is done on the system
2 a. 0
As the volume is constant no work has been done on or by the system (no movement of the piston = no
work)
b. 53 K
Q = delta U = (3/2) n x R x delta T => delta T = 40 J / (1.5 x 0.060 x 8.31) = 53.48 K
Obs: Average Ek = (3/2) kB T => Total Ek = N x (3/2) x R/Na x T = (3/2) n R T
3 26 J
No energy exchange => Q = 0 => W = - delta U = (3/2) n R delta T = - 1.5 x 0.030 x 8.31 x 70 = 26.2 J
4 a. i. 5.0 J
delta U = (3/2) n R deltaT = 1.5 x 0.008 x 8.31 x 50 = 4.986 J = 5.0 J
ii. −2.0 J, energy removed from the gas
Work is done on the gas as the piston is compressed => W = - 7.0J
Q = 5.0 - 7.0 = - 2.0 J
b. 5.0 J
The same calculation as in a i) => delta U = 5.0 J
W = 0 as the volume is constant => Q = delta U = 5.0J

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Practice questions – Page 279
5 a. 7.2 × 10–3 mol
PV = n RT => n = PV / RT = 1.2 x 10^5 x 1.5 x 10^(-4) / ( 8.31 x 300) = 7.22 x 10^(-3) mol
b. i. 2.0 × 10–4 m3
W = P x delta V => delta V = W / P = 6.0 / (1.2 x 10^5) = 5.0 x 10^(-5) = 0.5 x 10^(-4)
=> V final = V initial + delta V = 1.5 x 10^(-4) + 0.5 x 10^(-4) = 2.0 x 10(-4) m^3
ii. 400 K
P delta V = n R delta T => delta T = P delta V / (n R)
= 1.2 x 10^5 x 0.5 x 10^(-4) / (7.2 x 10^(-3) x 8.31) = 100.3 K
=> T final = T initial + delta T = 300 K + 100 K = 400 K
iii. 15 J
Q = delta U + W = 3/2 n R deltaT + W = 1.5 x 7.2 x 10^(-3) x 8.31 x 100 + 6.0 = 14.97 J
6 a. −40 J
W = P x delta V = 1.0 x 10^5 x (1.4 - 1.8) x 10^(-3) = -40 J
b. 330 K
P = constant => T/V = constant
=> T initial = V initial x T final / V final = 1.8 x 10^(-3) x 260 / (1.4 x 10^(-3)) = 334 K
c. −60 J
Energy is removed from the gas => Q < 0 => Q = -100 J
Q = delta U + W => delta U = Q – W = -100 - (-40) = -100 + 40 = - 60J

Practice questions – Page 282–283

7 a.

Q/J ∆U / J W/J
AB 0 970 −970
BC −1570 −1570 0
CA 1000 600 400

For AB: Q = 0 (as AB is adiabatic) and thus (delta U) = - W = + 970 J

For BC: W = 0 as the volume does not change and thus Q = delta U = -1570J
For CA: Q = delta U + W; Delta U => internal energy increases on AB (by 970) and decreases on BC (by
– 1570) => on CA internal energy must increase by 600 (1570 – 970) so the system is back in the same
position at A. ; W = Q – delta U = 1000 – 600 = 400 J

b. 570 J

Q total = Q AB + Q BC + Q CA = 0 + (-1570) + 1000 = - 570 J => 570 J leaves the gas (as the value is
negative)
8 a. 4.55 × 105 Pa
PV = constant => PB = PA VA / VB = 2.00 X 10^5 x 5.00 x 10^(-3) / (2.20 x 10^(-3) = 4.545 x 10^5 Pa
b. 200 K
Use P V5/3 = constant => PB (VB)5/3 = PC (VC)5/3 => PC = 4.55 x 10^5 x (2.20 x 10^(-3))5/3 / (5.00 x 10^(-3))5/3
= 1.16 x 10^5 Pa (or read pressure from the graph if the question has as command term: determine)

© Oxford University Press 2023 9

 PV/T = constant => TC = PC VC TB / PB VB
= 0.58 x 10^5 x 5.00 x 10^(-3) x 346 / (4.55 x 10^5 x 2.20 x 10^(-3) = 200.4 = 200 K
OR use
T V2/3 = constant => TB (VB)2/3 = TC (VC)2/3 => TC = 346 x (2.20 x 10^(-3))2/3 / (5.00 x 10^(-3))2/3 = 200.2
9 a. 3.10 × 10–4 m3
P V5/3 = constant => PB (VB)5/3 = PA (VA)5/3
=> (VB)5/3 = 2.00 x 10^5 x (6.00 x 10^(-4))5/3 / (6.00 x 10^5)= 1.16 x 10^5 = 6.60 x (10^(-4))5/3
=> VB = 3.10 x 10^(-4) m^3
b. The change in temperature is proportional to the change in the internal energy. The internal energy
increases because the work is done on the gas and no energy is transferred.
As Q = 0 => delta U = - W
c. 174 J (work done by the gas)
W = P x delta V = 6.00 x 10^5 x (6.00 - 3.10) x 10^(-4) = 17.4 x 10 = 174 J
d. 75 J
WAB = - 99J and WBC = 174J and WCA = 0 (as V = constant) => W net = 174 – 99 = 75 J
e. 435 J
On AB: 0 = delta Uab + Wab => 0 = 99 J – 99 J
On BC: Qbc = delta Ubc + Wbc => Qbc = delta Ubs + 174J
On CA: Qca = delta Uca + 0 => -360J = delta Uca + 0
Conservation of internal energy when the gas returns back to A=>
=> delta Uab + delta Ubc + delta Uca = 0 => 99J + delta Ubc – 360J = 0 => delta Ubc = 261J
On BC: Qbc = delta Ubc + 174J = 261 + 174 = 435 J

Practice questions – Page 285

10 a. 8.2 kJ
Energy input = Qh = W + Qc = 5.8 + 2.4 = 8.2 kJ
b. 0.71
Efficiency = (Qh – Qc) / Qh = W / Qh = 5.8 / 8.2 = 0.707
c. 1000 °C (1270 K) (due to rounding of the answer to 2 sig fig)
Tc = 273 + 100 = 373 => efficiency = 1 – Tc / Th => Th = Tc / ( 1 – 0.71) = 373 / 0.29 = 1286 K = 1013 oC
= 1000 oC
11 a. i. AB
As it is an isothermal process in which temp stays constant and the gas expands due to the energy
that is transferred to the gas Q = W
ii. CD
As it is an isothermal process in which temp stays constant and the gas is compressed while energy
is transferred from the gas - Q = - W
b. i. 2.40 kJ
Efficiency = work / energy input = W / Qh => energy input = Qh = 960 / 0.40 = 2400 J = 2.4 kJ
ii. 1.44 kJ
W = Qh – Qc => Qc = Qh – W = 2400 – 960 = 1440 J = 1.44 kJ
12 By reducing Tc to about 30 °C
© Oxford University Press 2023 10
Tc = 273 + 150 = 423 K
Efficiency = 1 – Tc / Th => Th = Tc / (1 – 0.3) = 423 / 0.7 = 604 K
For an efficiency of 0.5 => what Tc is needed?
Tc = Th (1 – 0.5) = 604 x 05 = 302 K = 29 oC

Practice questions – Page 289–290

13 a. i. 2.7 × 105 Pa
PV = constant => PA Va = Pb Vb => Pb = PA Va / Vb = 9.00 x 10^4 x Va / (1/3 Va) = 3 x PA
= 27 x 10^4 = 2.7 x 10^5 Pa
ii. 832 K
A-C is adiabatic => TV^2/3 = constant => Tc = Ta (Va / Vc)^2/3 = 400 x (3)^2/3 = 832 K
iii. 175 J
At B: Vb = Va/3 = 0.4 x 10^(-3) m^3; Pb = 2.7 x 10^5 Pa; Tb = Ta = 400 K
=> n = PV/RT = 0.0325 mol
At C: Vc = Vb ; Pc = ? ; Tc = 832 K
Between B and C => V = constant => Wbc = 0 => Q = delta U = (3/2) n R delta T
= (3/2) x 0.0325 x 8.31 x 432 = 174.96 = 175 J
b. i. 56.0 J
Wnet = delta U – Wab = 175 – 119 = 56 J
ii. 0.320
Efficiency = Wnet / E input = 56 / 175 = 0.32
14 a. i. 5.1 × 105 Pa
Assume A -> B -> C the 3 points of the cycle adiabatic -> isothermal -> isovolumic
PV^5/3 = constant => PA (Va)^5/3 = Pb (Vb)^5/3
=> Pb = PA (Va / Vb)^5/3 = 1.0 x 10^5 x (8/3)^5/3 = 5.13 x 10^5 Pa
ii. 615 K
A-B is adiabatic => TV^2/3 = constant => Tb = Ta (Va / Vb)^2/3 = 320 x (8/3)^2/3 = 615.4 K
b. 1.9 × 105 Pa
PV = constant => Pb Vb = Pc Vc => Pc = Pb Vb / Vc = 5.1 x 10^5 x 3/8 = 1.91 x 10^5 Pa
c.

d. 0.27
© Oxford University Press 2023 11
Efficiency = 1 – Qc / Qh = 1 –110 / 150 = 1 – 0.73 = 0.27
OR
Efficiency = W net / energy input
Energy input = 150J
A->B: 0 = delta Uab + Wab
At A: n = PV/ RT = 1.0 x 10^5 x 8.0 x 10^(-4) / (8.31 x 320) = 0.03 mol
delta Uab = (3/2) n R delta T = (3/2) x 0.03 x 8.31 x (615 – 320) = 110J => Wab = -110J
B->C: Qbc = 0 + Wbc => Wbc = Qbc = 150 J
C->A: Qca = delta Uca = 0
=> Work net = 150J – 110J = 40 J
Efficiency = 40 / 150 = 0.27

B.5 – Current and circuits

Practice questions – Page 301

1 a. 16 C
delta q = I x delta t = 8.0 x 10^3 x 2.0 x 10^(-3) = 16 C
b. 1.0 × 1020
Ne = (delta q) / e = 16 C / (1.6 x 10^(-19) C) = 1.0 x 10^20
2 75 minutes
delta t = (delta q) / I = 5400 C / 1.2 A = 4500 sec = 75 min (the answer can be given in seconds if the
question does not ask for a specific unit)

Practice questions – Page 304

3 5.1 × 108 J
W = V x q = 3.2 x 10^7 V x 16 C = 51.2 x 10^7 = 5.12 x 10^8 J
4 a. 1.1 × 104 C
W = 0.9 x 60 kJ (as it starts at 10%) = 0.9 x 60 x 10^3 J = 54 x 10^3 J
q = W / V = 54 x 10^3 J / 5.0 V = 10.8 x 10^3 C = 1.1 x 10^4 C

b. 2.0 hours
delta t = (delta q) / I = 1.1 x 10^4 C / 1.5 A = 7333 sec = 122.2 min = 2.03 h

Practice questions – Page 306

5 C
V = W / q = 8100 J / 450 C = 18 V => I = P / V = 270 W / 18 V = 15 A => C
6 a. 2.1 kW
Q = m c deltaT = 1.2 x 4200 x 25 = 126000 J => P = Q / t = 126000 J / 60 sec = 2100 W = 2.1 kW
b. 9.1 A
I = P / V = 2100 W / 230 V = 9.13 A
7 a. 36 A
I = P / V = 16000 W / 450 V = 35.5 A
© Oxford University Press 2023 12
 b. 500 km
E = P x t => t = E / P = 3.6 x 10^8 / 16000 = 225000 sec = 375 min = 6.25 h
v = d / t => d = v x t = 80 km/h x 6.25 h = 500 km
c. 5.75 kW
P = V x I = 230 V x 25 A = 5750 W
d. 18 hours
P out = Pin x efficiency
Pout = E / t => t = E / Pout = (3.6 x 10^8) / (5750 x 0.95) = 65903 sec = 1098 min = 18.3 h

Practice questions – Page 309

8 a. 6.6 A
I = V / R = 230 / 35 = 6.57 A
b. 1.5 kW
P = V x I = 230 x 6.6 = 1518 W = 1.5 kW
9 a. 0.67 A
P = E / t = 60 J / 20 s = 3 W => I = P / V = 0.67 A
or
q = W / V = 60 J / 4.5 V = 13.3 C => I = q / t = 13.3 C / 20 s = 0.67 A
b. 6.8 Ω
R = V / I = 4.5 V / 0.67A = 6.72 ohm (or 6.75 without roundings in a.)
c. 13 C
q = W / V = 60 J / 4.5 V = 13.3 C

Practice questions – Page 314

10 D
Rx / Ry = (rho Lx / pi (¼) dx^2) / (rho (½) Lx / pi (¼) 4 dx^2) = 1 / (1/8) = 8 => D
11 a. 880 Ω
R = rho L / A = rho L / (pi (¼) d^2) = 7.4 x 10^(-7) x 1.5 / (3.14 x (¼) x 16 x 10^(-10)) = 884 ohm
b. i. 0.26 A
I = V / R = 230 / 880 = 0.26 A
ii. 60 W
P = V x I = 230 x 0.26 = 59.8 = 60 W
12 a. 0.17 Ω
R = V / I = 0.25 / 1.5 = 0.167
b. 2.6 × 10–8 Ω m
rho = R x A / L = 0.17 x 7.9 x 10^(-7) / 5.0 = 0.26 x 10^(-7) = 2.6 x 10^(-8) ohm meter
13 1.6 mm
d^2 = rho x L / (pi x (¼) x R) = 1.7 x 10^(-8) x 12 / (3.14 x (¼) x 0.10) = 260 x 10(-8)
=> d = 16.1 x 10^(-4) m = 1.6 x 10^(-3) = 1.6 mm
14 1.8 × 10–6 Ω m
Gradient of the graph = R / L = 8 / 2 = 4
© Oxford University Press 2023 13
rho = (R / L) x A = (R /L) x pi x(¼) x d^2 = 4 x 3.14 x (¼) x (0.75)^2 x 10^(-6) = 1.77 x 10^(-6) ohm meter

Practice questions – Page 319

15 a. 220 Ω
1/Rp = 1/200 + 1/300 = 5 / 600 => Rp = 600/5 => R total = Rs = Rp + 100 = 1100/5 = 220 ohm
b. 150 Ω
Rs = 200 +100 = 300 => 1/ R total = 1/Rp = 1/Rs + 1/300 = 1/300 + 1/300 = 2/300
=> R total = 300/2 = 150 ohm
16 a. current = 30 mA, p.d. = 3.0 V
I total = V / R total = 6.6 / 220 = 0.03 A = 30 mA
For R= 100 => V = I total x R = 0.03 x 100 = 3.0 V
b. current = 22 mA, p.d. = 2.2 V
For the serie part od the circuit V = 6.6 V (as it is in parallel to the 300 ohm resistor)
=> Is = V / Rs = 6.6 / 300 = 0.022 A = 22 mA => For R= 100 => V = I s x R = 0.022 x 100 = 2.2 V
17 a. i. 0.40 A
as they are in parallel each lamp has the same voltage of 12V => I = V / R = 12 / 30 = 0.40 A
ii. 3.0 Ω
1 / Rp = 1/30 + 1/30 + ….. + 1/30 (ten times) = 10 / 30 => Rp = 30 / 10 = 3.0 ohm
iii. 4.0 A
The ammeter reads the total current => answer in I. x 10 = 0.40 x 10 = 4.0 A
OR
I total = V / Rp = 12 / 3.0 = 4.0 A
b. The current in each of the nine remaining lamps is unchanged, the current in the ammeter is the sum
of the individual currents in all lamps so it decreases by 10%.
18 a. i. 2.0 V
read from the graph for 20 mA => 2.0 V
ii. 1.0 V
As the diode and the R are in series: V total = V resistor + V diode
=> V resistor = V total – V diode = 3.0 V – 2.0 V = 1.0 V
b. 50 Ω
R = V resistor / I = 1.0 / 20 mA = 50 ohm (assume the value for current given in a.)

Practice questions – Page 323

19 a. 4.13 μA
The minimum current is when the LDR has the highest resistance (in the darkness)
=> R total = 10000 + 1200000 = 121000 => I = V / R total = 5.00 / 121000 = 4.13 x 10^(-6) A
b. 41.3 mV
V resistor = I x R = 10000 x 4.13 x 10^(-6) = 0.0413 V = 4.13 mV
c. i. 80.6 Ω
I = V resistor / R = 4.96 / 10000 = 0.496 mA
V LDR = V total – V resistor = 5.00 - 4.96 = 0.04 V

© Oxford University Press 2023 14

 => R LDR = VLDR / I = 0.04 V / 0.496 mA = 80. 645 ohm
ii. 0.496 mA
Has been calculated above (in I.) but it can also be checked with the total resistance and total
voltage => I = V total / R total = 5.00 / (10000 + 80.6) = 0.496 mA
20 A
As Temperature goes up => R thermistor goes down => R total goes down => As V total is constant => I total
goes up => reading on the ammeter goes up
If I goes up => for the fixed resistor V = I x R and thus V goes up => reading on the voltmeter goes up
=> answer A is correct
21 From 0.30 A to zero
If the slider is on the A side => the 30 ohms resistor is in parallel with R AB and thus gets 9.0V
=> I = V / R = 9.0 / 30 = 0.3 A
If the slider is on the B side => the 30 ohms resistor is in parallel with a conductive wire (this can be seen as a
short circuit) => V is zero => current is zero
=> range is from 0.3 A (at side A) to zero (at side B)

Practice questions – Page 324

22 8.9 V
P = E / t = 0.533 W
P = V^2 / R => V^2 = P x R = 0.533 x 150 = 80 => V = 8.94 V
23 a. 65 Ω
P = R x I^2 => R = P / I^2 = 800 / (3.5)^2 = 65.3
b. 230 V
P = V x I => V = P / I = 800 / 3.5 = 228.5 V = 230 V
c. 1.2 mm
R = rho x L / A => A = rho x L / R = 1.5 x 10^(-6) x 48 / 65 = 1.11 x 10^(-6) m^2
A = pi (¼) d^2 => d^2 = 4 A / pi = 4 x 1.11 x 10^(-6) / 3.14 = 1.41 x 10^(-6) = 141 x 10^(-8) m^2
=> d = 12 x 10^(-4) m = 1.2 mm
24 270 W
The question assumes that the resistance of the heater does not depend on the temperature.
=> R = V^2 / P = constant => P / V^2 = constant
=> P2 = V2^2 x P1 / V1^2 = 110^2 x 1200 / 230^2 = 274.5 W
25 C
If L is half => R is half => P = V^2 / R and V constant => P is double => 400 W => C
26 D
There are two identical resistors with resistance R
R parallel = R/2
R series = 2 R
P parallel = V^2 / (R/2) & P series = V^2 / 2R
=> P parallel / P series = 2R / (R/2) = 4 => D

© Oxford University Press 2023 15

Practice questions – Page 327
27 a. 2.0 Ω
I = VR / R = 4.9 / 100 = 0.049 A
Vr = emf – VR = 5.0 - 4.9 = 0.1 V => r = Vr / I = 0.1 / 0.049 = 2.04 = 2.0 ohm
b. 4.5 V
R total = 20 + 2 = 22 => I = V / R total = 5.0 / 22 = 0.23 A
VR = R x I = 20 x 0.23 = 4.5 V
28 B
When the resistance of the external load increases, the emf is distributed accordingly => more V goes to R
compared to the internal resistance r => answer B
Obs:
For C => the only way to increase the current for a given fixed cell is to decrease R
For D => the terminal pd when there is no current is the emf
29 a. 9.0 V
The intercept with the vertical axis gives the V for zero current which is the emf => 9.0 V
b. 1.2 Ω
From the graph we read that at I = 400 mA => V = 8.5 V => Vr = emf – V = 9.0 - 8.5 - 0.5 V
=> r = Vr / I = 0.5 V / 0.4 A = 1.25 ohm = 1.2 ohm
Or
Use the graph to find the gradient:
Emf = r x I + V => V = - r x I + emf => from this relationship one can see that the Y intercept is emf and the
gradient is (- r)
Gradient = (9.0 - 8.5) / (0 – 0.4) = - 0.5 / 0.4 = 1.25 = 12. ohm
c. 17 Ω
From the graph at I = 500 mA => V = 8.4 V => R = V / I = 8.4 / 0.5 = 16.8 = 17 ohm

End-of-theme questions – Pages 330–331

1 a.
b. Transmitted intensity = 0.7 × 1400 = 980 W m–2. The exposed surface is ¼ of the total surface so the
average intensity is

c. 256 K
P = e sigma A T^4 => T^4 = (P/A) / ( e sigma) = 245 / (0.7 x 5.67 x 10^(-8)) = 61.7 x 10^8 => T = 280K
The book took into account e=1 (as if Earth is a black body) => the calculation above done with e=1 gives
T= 256K
2 a. Intensity = 5.67 × 10–8 × 2894 = 396 W m–2
Use I = P / A = e sigma T^4
b. The oceans emit short-wave infrared radiation that is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere and re-emitted in all directions, partly back towards oceans.
© Oxford University Press 2023 16
 c. i. 104 W m–2
Conservation of energy => Radiation going towards surface = radiation leaving the surface
=> 170 + 330 = 396 + I => I = 170 + 330 – 396 = 104
(or 100 W/m^2 if the rounded answer in a) is used)
ii. E.g. evaporation, thermal conduction to the air above the ocean.
3 a. i. 2.3 × 106 J kg–1
P = E / t => E = P x t => m L = P x t => L = P x t / m = 1600 x 200 / (1 – 0.86) = 2.28 x 10^6 J/kg
ii. All of the added energy is used to increase the intermolecular potential energy of the molecules;
the temperature is related to the average kinetic energy so remains constant.
b. 86 °C
Q gained by pasta = Q lost by water => mp cp (T - (-10)) = mw cw (100 – T)
=> 0.3 x 1.8 (T +10) = 0.86 x 4.2 (100 – T) => 0.54T + 5.4 = 361.2 - 3.612T
=> 4.152 T = 355.8 => T = 85.6 oC

c. i.
ii. 3200 W
R parallel = R/2 = 30/ 2 = 15 ohm => P parallel = V^2 / R = 220^2 / 15 = 3227 W = 3200 W
OR if the resistance goes down by a factor of 2 => the power goes up by a factor of 2
4 a. The total random kinetic energy of the particles of the gas.
(as the ideal gas does not have potential energy)
b. i. 3.0 × 103 Pa
PV= nRT => P = nRT / V = 0.24 x 8.31 x 300 / 0.20 = 2992 Pa = 3000 Pa
ii.

c. The average kinetic energy depends on the temperature only and must be the same for both gases
since their temperature is the same.

© Oxford University Press 2023 17

5 a. i.
Use P V ^(5/3) = constant => PB = PA x VA^(5/3) / ( 1.5 x VA)^(5/3)
ii. 1.31
BC is isothermal => PV = constant => PB x 1.5 x VA = PC VC => VA / VC = 250 / (127 x 1.5) = 1.31
b. i. 940 J
Delta U = (3/2) n R delta T = 1.5 x 0.3 x 8.31 x (-150) = - 561 J
W = P delta V = 250 kPa x (-1.5 x 10^(-3)) = - 375 J
Q = delta U + W = - 561 – 375 = - 936 => 940 J of energy is given out by the system
ii. Thermal energy is removed from the gas hence S decreases.
iii. The total entropy of the system and the surroundings is the same or increased, and the 2nd law
is not violated.
6 a. When there is a current in the cell, the potential drops across the internal resistance.
b. 7.2 Ω
p.d. across the internal resistance r = emf – V = 21.0 - 14.5 = 6.5 V
r = V / I = 6.5 / 0.9 = 7.22 ohm
c. 0.12
P input = I x A = 680 W/m^2 x 0.35 m x 0.45 m = 107 W
P output = V x I = 14.5 x 0.9 = 13.05 W
Efficiency = P output / P input = 13 / 107 = 0.12
7 a. 5.4 × 10–3 m
R = rho x L / A => A = rho x L / R = 7.2 x 10^(-7) x 12.5 / 0.10 = 900 x 10^(-7) m^2
A = pi x r^2 => r^2 = A / pi = 287 x 10^(-7) => 5.35 x 10^(-3) m
b. 38 lamps
P max = V x I = 24 x 8 = 192 W; P lamp = 5 W => N lamps = P max / P lamp = 192 / 5 = 38.4 = 38 lamps
c. E.g. the brightness of each lamp stays the same when adding more lamps in parallel; the p.d. across
each lamp is the operating value in the parallel arrangement but not in series.
8 a. Current is not directly proportional to the potential difference, so the resistance of X is not constant.
b. 85 Ω
From the graph, for I = 20 mA => V = 2.3 V => Rx = V / I = 2.3 V / 20 mA= 115 ohm
In the circuit: V = I (R + Rx) => (R + Rx) = V / I = 4 V / 20 mA = 200 ohm
=> R = 200 – Rx = 200 – 115 = 85 ohm
c. 0.080 W
P = V x I = 4 V x 20 mA = 0.080 W

© Oxford University Press 2023 18