Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research
AL Noor University College
Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences Medical Physics 1st class, 2nd Semester Lectures 1 Thermodynamic system
Assistant Professor Dr. Sanaa Mahmood Al-Delaimy Academic Year (2023-2024) A thermodynamic system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space that is of interest. The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings, and the surface that separates the system and the surroundings is called the boundary. Thermodynamic systems are classified as: Open systems, Closed systems, Isolated systems. Open System, If the thermodynamic system has the capacity to exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings, it is said to be an open system. Example: Consider a beaker in the presence of reactants in an open beaker. Here the boundary is an imaginary surface enclosing the beaker and reactants. Example: A steam turbine, a pool filled with water, where the water can enter or leave the pool. Closed System, A system which has the ability to exchange only energy with its surroundings and cannot exchange matter is known as a closed system. Example: Reactants placed in a closed vessel made of materials like steel, copper, and silver are an ideal example of a closed system since the material of the vessel is conducting in nature. Example: A cylinder in which the valve is closed is an example of a closed system. When the cylinder is heated or cooled, it does not lose its mass. Isolated System, A system which cannot exchange matter or energy with the surroundings is known as an isolated system. Example: Reactants are present in a thermos flask or an insulated vessel, where neither energy nor matter is exchanged with the environment. Comparison of Thermodynamic System Types Each thermodynamic system comes with its unique attributes and are more suited for some forms of analysis over others. Here is a comparative look at their traits:
System Type Mass Transfer Heat Transfer Work Exchange
Isolated No No No Closed No Yes Yes Open Yes Yes Yes
Why is thermodynamic system important?
Understanding the thermodynamic system can significantly enhance your understanding of engineering. At its most basic, a thermodynamic system is a section of the universe that has been set aside for study. It involves elements in physics and engineering, especially relating to the conversion and transfer of energy. An Overview of Thermodynamic System Formula At the heart of thermodynamics lie fundamental laws that govern the interactions of heat, work, and energy. These laws give rise to a series of thermodynamic formulae that are integral to determining system behavior. The First Law of Thermodynamics, The first law of thermodynamics states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only altered in form. For any system, energy transfer is associated with mass crossing the control boundary, external work, or heat transfer across the boundary. These produce a change of stored energy within the control volume. also known as the law of energy conservation, is represented as Δ𝑈=𝑄−𝑊. Here, Δ𝑈 denotes the change in internal energy of the system. 𝑄 stands for the heat added to the system. 𝑊 represents the work done by the system. The Second Law of Thermodynamics introduces a new property called Entropy (S), and it is given by 𝑑𝑆=𝑑𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑇, where 𝑑𝑄𝑟𝑒𝑣 is the infinitesimal reversible heat transfer and 𝑇 the absolute temperature. Enthalpy (H), another essential thermodynamic potential, is typically used in processes at constant pressure. It is defined by 𝐻=𝑈+𝑃𝑉, wherein 𝑈 is the internal energy, 𝑃 the pressure, and 𝑉 the volume. What is entropy and enthalpy? In simple terms, Entropy is the degree of disorder or uncertainty in the system. Entropy is the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. Because work is obtained from ordered molecular motion, the amount of entropy is also a measure of the molecular disorder, or randomness, of a system. Enthalpy is a central factor in thermodynamics. It is the total heat contained in the system. This means if the energy is added, the enthalpy increases. Enthalpy is a state function whose change indicates the amount of heat transferred from a system to its surroundings or vice versa, at constant pressure. The change in the internal energy of a system is the sum of the heat transferred and the work done. The Third Law of Thermodynamics stipulates that as the temperature approaches absolute zero, the entropy of a system approaches a minimum. In a series circuit, the total voltage drop equals the applied The zeroth law of thermodynamics is one of the four voltage, and the current through every element is the same. The principal laws of thermodynamics. It provides an independent charge on every capacitor plate is determined by the charge on the definition of temperature outermost plates without and is limited by reference to entropy,capacitance the total equivalent which is defined in the second law. The law was established by Ralph H. of the circuit. Fowler in the In order 1930s, to find thelong after thefor capacitance first, second, and capacitors third laws in series, had let’s start been with widely recognized. the relation says that the capacitance is the ratio of the total The zeroth charge to thelaw states that if two thermodynamic systems are both voltage: in thermal equilibrium with aCthird = Q/Vsystem, then the two systems Where Q is theequilibrium are in thermal charge in Coulomb, with eachVother. is the Voltage in Volt and C is the capacitance in Farad. Two systems are said to be in thermal equilibrium if they are linked by a wall permeable only to heat, and they do not change over time.
Is the human body a thermodynamic system? Yes, the human body is a thermodynamic system. It consists of countless biochemical reactions driven by the laws of thermodynamics to convert energy, maintain temperature, and keep cells functioning properly.
There are many properties of thermodynamic system such as,
Density, Pressure, Temperature, Specific Volume, Specific Entropy, Thermal conductivity, Thermal Expansion, Compressibility and many more.
Important Questions on the First Law of Thermodynamics: 1) Isothermal process means that ΔU=0. True or False? 2) Which among the following laws is the basis of the first law of thermodynamics? a) Heat added into work done = Internal Energy b) Heat rejected into work done = Internal Energy c) Heat added divided by work done = Internal Energy d) Heat added plus work done = Internal Energy 3) Find the change in internal energy of a system if 415cal of heat is given to the system, and the system does 35cal of work. 4) If a gas of volume 30m3 is contained in a rigid container and 60J of heat is provided to it. Then, calculate the change in internal energy. Assume that the gas exerts 1atm of pressure on the walls. 5) A certain amount of air is compressed in a cylinder. The change in internal energy of the air is 10KJ. Work required for the compression is 500KJ. What is the amount of heat transfer? 6) In a thermal process, a system absorbs 500KJ of heat and does 87KJ of work on its surroundings. What is the change in its internal energy? 7) A system does 1.80×108J of work while 7.50×108J of heat transfer occurs to the environment. What is the change in internal energy of the system assuming no other changes (such as in temperature or by the addition of fuel)? 8) Suppose a woman does 500 J of work and 9500 J of heat transfer occurs into the environment in the process. What is the decrease in her internal energy, assuming no change in temperature or consumption of food? (That is, there is no other energy transfer.) شك ار الصغائكم
