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Cambridge O Level Functions

Chapter 6
Straight-line graphs
Exercise 6.1
1. Find the length of the line segment joining each pair of points.
a. (2, 0) and (5, 0) b. (- 7, 4) and (- 7, 8) c. (2, 1) and (8, 9)

d. (-3, 1) and (2, 13) e. (5, -2) and (2, - 6) f. (4, 4) and (-20, -3)

g. (6, -5) and (1, 2) h. (-3, -2) and (- 1, - 5) i. (- 7, 7) and (5, - 5)

2. Calculate the lengths of the sides of the triangle PQR.

Use your answers to determine whether or not the triangle is right-angled.

a. P(3, 11), Q(5, 7), R(11, 10)

b. P(-7, 8), Q(- 1, 4), R(5, 12)

c. P(-8, -3), Q(-4, 5), R(-2, -6)

3. A(-1, 0) B(1, 6) and C(7, 4)

Show that triangle ABC is a right-angled isosceles triangle.

4. The distance between two points P(10, 2b) and Q(b, -5) is 5√ 10
Find the two possible values of b.
5. The distance between two points P(6, -2) and Q(2a, a) is 5.
Find the two possible values of a.
6. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment joining each pair of points.
a. (5, 2) and (7, 6) b. (4, 3) and (9, 11) c. (8, 6) and (-2, 10)

d. (-1, 7) and (2, -4) e. (-7, -8) and (-2, 3) f. (2a, -3b) and (4a, 5b)

7. The coordinates of the midpoint of the line segment joining P(-8, 2) and Q(a, b) are (5, -3)
Find the value of a and the value of b.
8. Three of the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are A(-7, 6) B(-1, 8) and C(7, 3)
a) Find the midpoint of AC. b) Find the coordinates of D.
9. The point P(2k, k) is equidistant from A(-2, 4) and B(7, -5)
Find the value of k,
10. In triangle ABC, the midpoints of the sides AB, BC and AC are P(2, 3) Q(3, 5) and R(-4, 4)
respectively. Find the coordinates of A, B and C.
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Parallel and perpendicular lines
Exercise 6.2
1. Find the gradient of the line segment AB for each of the following pairs of points.
a. A(1, 2) and B(3, -2) d. A(1, -9) and B(4, 1)
b. A(4, 3) and B(5, 0) e. A(-4, -3) and B(5, 0)
c. A(-4, 4) and B(7, 4) f. A(6, -7) and B(2, -4)

2. Write down the gradient of lines perpendicular to a line with gradient

−1 2 1 1
a. 3 b. c. d. 1 e. −2
2 5 4 2
3. Two vertices of a rectangle ABCD are A(3, -5) and B(6, -3) .
a) Find the gradient of CD.
b) Find the gradient of BC.
4. A(-1, -5) B(5, -2) and C(1, 1). ABCD is a trapezium.
AB is parallel to DC and angle BAD is 90°. Find the coordinates of D.
5. The midpoint of the line segment joining P(-2, 3) and Q(4, -1) is M. The point C has
coordinates (-1, -2). Show that CM is perpendicular to PQ.
6. A(-2, 2), B(3, -1) and C(9, -4)
a) Find the gradient of AB and the gradient of BC.
b) Use your answer to part a to decide whether or not the points A, B and C are collinear.

7. The coordinates of three points are A(-4, 4), B(k, -2) and C(2k + 1, -6). Find the value of k if
A, B and C are collinear.
8. The vertices of triangle ABC are A(-k, - 2) B(k, - 4) and C(4, k - 2). Find the possible values
of k if angle ABC is 90°:
9. A is the point (-2, 0) and B is the point (2, 6). Find the point C on the x-axis such that angle
ABC is 90°.
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Equations of straight lines
Exercise 6.3
1. Find the equation of the line with
a. gradient 3 and passing through the point (6, 5)
b. gradient -4 and passing through the point (2, -1)
−1
c. gradient and passing through the point (8, -3)
2
2. Find the equation of the line passing through
a. (3, 2) and (5, 7) b. (-1, 6) and (5, -3) c. (5, -2) and (-7, 4)
3. Find the equation of the line
a. parallel to the line y = 2x + 4, passing through the point (6, 2)
b. parallel to the line x + 2y = 5, passing through the point (2, - 5)
c. perpendicular to the line 2x + 3y = 12, passing through the point (7, 3)
d. perpendicular to the line 4x - y = 6, passing through the point (4, - 1)

4. P is the point (2, 5) and Q is the point (6, 0). A line l is drawn through P, perpendicular to
PQ, to meet the y-axis at the point R.
a. Find the equation of the line l
b. Find the coordinates of the point R.
c. Find the area of triangle OPR where O is the origin.
5. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining the points
a. (1, 3) and (-3, 1) b. (-1, -5) and (5, 3) c. (0, -9) and (5, -2)
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6. The perpendicular bisector of the line joining A(-1, 4) and B(2, 2) intersects the x-axis at P
and the y-axis at Q.
a. Find the coordinates of P and of Q.
b. Find the length of PQ.
c. Find the area of triangle OPQ where O is the origin.
7. The line l1 has equation 3x + 2y = 12.
The line l2 has equation y = 2x - 1.
The lines l1 and l2 intersect at the point A.
a. Find the coordinates of A.
b. Find the equation of the line through A which is perpendicular to the line l1.
8. The coordinates of three points are A(1, 5) B(9, 7) and C(k, -6).
M is the midpoint of AB and MC is perpendicular to AB.
a. Find the coordinates of M.
b. Find the value of k.
9. The coordinates of triangle ABC are A(2, -1) B(3, 7) and C(14, 5). P is the foot of the
perpendicular from B to AC.
a Find the equation of BP.
b Find the coordinates of P.
c. Find the lengths of AC and BP.
d Use your answers to part c to find the area of triangle ABC.
10. The coordinates of triangle PQR are P(-3, -2), Q(5, 10) and R(11, -2)
a Find the equation of the perpendicular bisectors of
i. PQ ii. QR.
b Find the coordinates of the point which is equidistant from P, Q and R.
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Areas of rectilinear figures
Exercise 6.4
1. Find the area of these triangles.
a) A(-2, 3), B(0, -4), C(5, 6) b) P(-3, 1), Q(5, -3), R(2, 4)
2. Find the area of these quadrilaterals.
a) A(1, 8), B(-4, 5), C(-2, -3), D(4, -2) b) P(2, 7), Q(-5, 6), R(-3, -4), S(7, 2)
3. Triangle PQR where P(1, 4), Q(-3, -4) and R(7, k) is right-angled at Q.
a) Find the value of k. b) Find the area of triangle PQR
4. A is the point (-4, 0) and B is the point (2, 3). M is the midpoint of the line AB.

Point C is such that ⃗

MC= (−63 ).
a) Find the coordinates of M and C. b) Show that CM is perpendicular to AB.
c) Find the area of triangle ABC.
5. Angle ABC is 90° and M is the midpoint of the line
AB. The point C lies on the y-axis.
a) Find the coordinates of B and C.
b) Find the area of triangle ABC.

6. A is the point (- 4, 5) and B is the point (5, 8)

The perpendicular to the line AB at the point A crosses the y-axis at the point C.
a) Find the coordinates of C. b) Find the area of triangle ABC.

7. AB is parallel to DC and BC is perpendicular to

AB.
a) Find the coordinates of C.
b) Find the area of trapezium ABCD.
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8. ABCD is a square. A is the point (-2, 0) and C is the point (6, 4).
AC and BD are diagonals of the square, which intersect at M.
a) Find the coordinates of M, B and D. b) Find the area of ABCD.
9. The coordinates of three of the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are A(-4, 3), B(5, -5) and
C(15, -1)
a) Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the diagonals.
b) Find the coordinates of the point D.
c) Find the area of parallelogram ABCD.

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Converting from a non-linear equation to linear form
Exercise 6.5
1. Convert each of these non-linear equations into the form Y = mX + c where a and b are
constants. State clearly what the variables X and Y and the constants m and c represent.
a) y = ax2 + b b c) y = ax2 - bx d) y(a - x) = bx
b) y = ax +
x
b g) x = axy + by 1 b
e) y=a √ x + h) =a √ x−
√x f) y =
a y √x
2 + b
x

2. Convert each of these non-linear equations into the form Y = mX + c where a and b are
constants. State clearly what the variables X and Y and the constants m and c represent.
a) y = 10ax + b b) y = eax - b c) y = axb d) y = abx
e) xa yb = c2 f) xay = b
g) a = e(x2 + by) h) y = aebx

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Converting from linear form to a non-linear equation
Exercise 6.6
1. The graphs show part of a straight line obtained by plotting y against some function of x.
For each graph, express y in terms of x.
a) b) c)

d) e) f)

2. For each of the following relations

i. express y in terms of x ii. find the value of y when x = 2
a. b. c.

d. e. f.
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y 3
3. Variables x and y are related so that, when 2 is plotted on the vertical axis and x is plotted
x
on the horizontal axis, a straight-line graph passing through (2, 12) and (6, 4) is obtained.
Express y in terms of x.

4. Variables x and y are related so that, when y2 is plotted on the vertical axis and 2x is plotted
on the horizontal axis, a straight-line graph which passes through the point (8, 49) with
gradient 3 is obtained.
a) Express y2 in terms of 2x
b) Find the value of x when y = 11.
y
5. Variables x and y are related so that, when is plotted on the vertical axis and x is plotted
x
on the horizontal axis, a straight-line graph passing through the points (2, 4) and (5, -2) is
obtained.
a) Express y in terms of x.
y
b) Find the value of x and the value of y such that =3
x
6. Variables x and y are related so that, when ey is plotted on the vertical axis and x2 is plotted
on the horizontal axis, a straight-line graph passing through the points (3, 4) and (8, 9) is
obtained.
a) Express ey in terms of x.
b) Express y in terms of x.
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7. Variables x and y are related so that, when lg y is plotted on the vertical axis and x is plotted
on the horizontal axis, a straight-line graph passing through the points (6, 2) and (10, 8) is
obtained.
a) Express lg y in terms of x.
b) Express y in terms of x, giving your answer in the form y = a10bx
8. Variables x and y are related so that, when lg y is plotted on the vertical axis and lg x is
plotted on the horizontal axis, a straight-line graph passing through the points (4, 8) and (8,
14) is obtained.
a) Express y in terms of x, giving your answer in the form y = a xb
b) Find the value of x when y = 51.2
9. Variables x and y are related so that, when ln y is plotted on the vertical axis and ln x is
plotted on the horizontal axis, a straight-line graph passing through the points (1, 2) and (4,
11) is obtained.
a) Express ln y in terms of x.
b) Express y in terms of x.
10. Variables x and y are such that, when ln y is plotted on the vertical axis and ln x is plotted
on the horizontal axis, a straight-line graph passing through the points (2.5, 7.7) and (3.7,
5.3) is obtained.
a) Find the value of ln y when ln x = 0.
b) Given that y = a xb, find the value of a and the value of b.

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Finding relationships from data
Exercise 6.7
1.
x 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
y 1.00 3.0 3.67 4.00 4.20
0

The table shows experimental values of the variables x and y.

a) Copy and complete the following table.
x
xy
b) Draw the graph of xy against x.
c) Express y in terms of x.
d) Find the value of x and the value of y for which xy = 2
2.
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
y 0.111 0.154 0.176 0.18 0.200
9

The table shows experimental values of the variables x and y.

a) Copy and complete the following table.
1
x
1
y
1 1
b) Draw the graph of against .
y x
c) Express y in terms of x.
d) Find the value of x when y = 0.16.
3.
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 12.8 7. 6.4 6. 6.4
6 2
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The table shows experimental values of the variables x and y.
a) Draw the graph of xy against x2
b) Use your graph to express y in terms of x.
c) Find the value of x and the value of y for which xy = 12.288.
4. The mass, m grams, of a radioactive substance is given by the formula m = m0 e-kt, where t is
the time in days after the mass was first recorded and m0 and k are constants.
The table below shows experimental values of t and m.
t 10 20 30 40 50
m 40.9 33.5 27.4 22.5 18.4

a) Draw the graph of ln m against t.

b) Use your graph to estimate the value of m0 and k.
c) Estimate the value of m when t = 27.
5.
x 10 100 1000 10000
y 15 75 378 1893

The table shows experimental values of the variables x and y.

The variables are known to be related by the the equation y = k xn where k and n are
constants.
a) Draw the graph of lg y against lg x.
b) Use your graph to estimate the value of k and n.
6.
x 2 4 6 8 10
y 12.8 32. 83.9 214.7 549.8
8

The table shows experimental values of the variables x and y.

The variables are known to be related by the equation y = a×bx where a and b are constants.
a) Draw the graph of lg y against x.
b) Use your graph to estimate the value of a and the value of b.
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7.
x 2 4 6 8 10
y 4. 13.3 36.2 98.3 267.1
9

The table shows experimental values of the variables x and y.

The variables are known to be related by the equation y = a×enx where a and n are constants.
a) Draw the graph of ln y against x.
b) Use your graph to estimate the value of a and the value of n.
8.
x 2 4 6 8 10
y 30.0 44.7 66.7 99.5 148.4

The table shows experimental values of the variables x and y.

The variables are known to be related by the equation y = eax + b where a and b are constants.
a) Draw the graph of ln y against x.
b) Use your graph to estimate the value of a and the value of b.
c) Estimate the value of x when y = 50
9.
x 2 4 6 8 10
y 0.10 0.33 1.08 3.48 11.29

The table shows experimental values of the variables x and y.

The variables are known to be related by the equation y = 10a×bx where a and b are
constants.
a) Draw the graph of lg y against x.
b) Use your graph to estimate the value of a and the value of b.
c) Estimate the value of x when y = 5.
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