SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Mathematics
Quarter 1 - Module 7
(Week 8)
Logarithmic Functions, Equations,
and Inequalities

i
Introductory Message
Welcome to General Mathematics on Logarithmic functions, Equations, and
Inequalities.

This module was designed to provide you with opportunities for guided and
independent learning at your own pace and time. You will enable to process the
contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

This will give you an idea of the skills or
What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in
(Objectives) the module.

This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
What I Know
lesson to take.
(Pre-Test)
This is a brief drill or review to help you
What’s In link the current lesson with the previous
(Review/Springboard) one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be
introduced to you in various ways; a story,
What’s New
(Presentation of the Lesson) a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity, or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of
the lesson. This aims to help you discover
What is It
(Discussion) and understand new concepts and skills.
This section provides activities which will
What’s More help you transfer your new knowledge or
(Application) skill into real life situations or concerns.

What I Need to Remember This includes questions or blank

(Generalization) sentence/paragraph to be filled into
process what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This comprises activities for independent

(Enrichment Activities) practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
(Post Test) level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
This contains answers to all activities in
Answer Key the module.

At the end of this module, you will also find:

References This is the list of all sources used in developing
this module.

ii
The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of
the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in this module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with
it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you
are not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

About the Module

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
about Logarithmic Functions. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.

This module is divided into three lessons, namely:

Lesson 22 – Representing Real-Life Situations using Logarithmic Functions
Lesson 23 – Logarithmic Function, Equation, and Inequalities
Lesson 24 – Solving Logarithmic equation, and Logarithmic inequalities

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• represent real-life situations using logarithmic functions and solve problems
involving logarithmic functions;
• distinguish between logarithmic function, logarithmic equation, and logarithmic
inequality; and
• solve logarithmic equation, and logarithmic inequalities.

Adapted from Project Ease Modules and General Mathematics Learner Materials SHS

iii
 What I Know (Pre-Test)

Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What is the inverse of exponential function?

A. Linear function C. Polynomial function
B. Quadratic function D. Logarithmic function

2. Which of the following is equivalent to 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 16 = 4?

A. 24 = 16 C. 162 = 4
B. 42 = 16 D. 164 = 2
1
3. Which of the following is equivalent to (125)3 = 5?
1
A.𝑙𝑜𝑔125 5 = C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 5 = 125
3 3
1 1
B. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 125 = D. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 =
3 3

4. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 𝑥 is asymptomatic to which of the following lines?

A. 𝑦 = 𝑥 C. 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
B. 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 D. 𝑦 = 1

5. The graphs of 𝑦 = 10𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 are symmetric with respect to what
line?
A. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 C. 𝑦 = 𝑥
B. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 D. 𝑦 = 2𝑥

6. What point is common to the graphs of functions in the form 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥?

A. (0,0) C. (0,1)
B. (1,1) D. (1,0)

7. Write 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑦 3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑧 as a single logarithm.

𝑥 2 ∗𝑦 3 𝑥 2 +𝑦 3
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 ( ) C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 ( )
𝑧 𝑧
B. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑥 + 𝑦 3
2 − 𝑧) D. none of the above

8. Express 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 18 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 4 as a single number.

A. 16 C. 3
B. 9 D. 2

9. Given: 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 2 = 0.3010, 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 3 = 0.4771, and 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 5 = 0.6990, what is 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1.2?
A. 0.2054 C. 1.1132
B. 0.0791 D. -0.5553

10. Determine the value of x if 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 𝑥 = −2.

A. 14 C. 49
1 1
B. D.
4 49

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 Lesson Representing Real-Life Situations
22 using Logarithmic Functions

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to represent real-life situations
using logarithmic functions and solve problems involving logarithmic functions.

What’s In

Activity 22.1: Inverse Functions

Instructions: Give the Inverse of the given relations below. Copy and answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
Relations
(-2, 1) (0, -3) (1, 4) (3, 1) (-3, 7)
Inverses

What’s New

In the previous module, you have learned about inverse functions. Recall that
when the domain of one function is the range and the range is the domain of the
other then they are inverses. Also remember that to determine the inverse of a
function given an equation you have to interchange x and y then solve for y. Look at
the illustration below on how to find the inverse of the exponential function, y = ax.

Exponential Function Inverse function

y=a x x = ay
You will notice that the inverse of the exponential function shows that “y is
the exponent to which the base a is raised in order to obtain the power x”.

The inverse of the exponential function above is called logarithmic function.

The function is defined by the equation y = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 ( a>0, a ≠ 1, x > 0)

Exponent

x = ay or y = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 ( a>0, a ≠ 1, x > 0)

Base
Power
2
The equation of a logarithmic function is read as “y is the logarithm of x to the
base a”. Take note that in the notation, a is the base, x is the power and y is the
exponent to which a is raised to obtain x.

Examples:
a. The logarithmic equation, 2 = log749 is read as “2 is the logarithm of 49 to
the base 7” or “the logarithm of 49 to the base 7 is 2” which means that
the exponent of 7 to get 49 is 2.

b. The logarithmic equation log6108 = 3 is read as “the logarithm of 108 to

the base 6 is 3” or “3 is the logarithm of 108 to the to the base 6”
meaning the exponent of 6 is 3 to get 108.

Notice from the notation above that y = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 is equivalent to x = ay. Thus, an
equation in exponential form can be expressed in logarithmic form and vice-versa.

Definition:

Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers such that b ≠ 1. The logarithm of

a with base b is denoted by 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙, and is defined as

c = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 if and only if x = ac

Reminders:
1. In both the logarithmic and exponential forms, b is the base. In the
exponential form, c is an exponent; this implies that the logarithm is an
exponent. Hence, logarithmic and exponential functions are inverse.
2. In the logarithmic form, 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙, x cannot be negative.
3. The value of 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 can be negative.

Definition:

Common logarithms are logarithms with base 10; 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙, is a short notation
for 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒙.

Natural logarithms are logarithms to the base e (approximately 2.71828)

and are denoted by “ln”. In other words, lnx is another way of writing
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙.

What is It
Example 1: Rewriting exponential equations to logarithmic form.

Exponential Equations Logarithmic form

1. 53 = 125 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 = 𝟑
1 𝟏
2. 7−2 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 = −𝟐
49
𝟒𝟗

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 3. 102 = 100 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟐
2 2 4 𝟏
4. ( ) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 =
3 9 𝟑
5. (0.1)−4 = 10000 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟎.𝟏 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = −𝟒
6. 40 = 1 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟒 𝟏 = 𝟎
7. 7𝑏 = 21 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟕 𝟐𝟏 = 𝒃
8. 𝑒 2 = 𝑥 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙 = 𝟐
9. (−2)2 = 4 𝒍𝒐𝒈−𝟐 𝟒 = 𝟐
10. 35 = 243 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟑 𝟐𝟒𝟑 = 𝟓

Example 2: Rewriting the logarithmic equations to exponential form.

Logarithmic equations Exponential form
1. log 𝑚 = 𝑛 𝟏𝟎𝒏 = 𝒎
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81 = 4 𝟑𝟒 = 𝟖𝟏

3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔√5 5 = 2 (√𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟐
64
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 = −3 𝟑 −𝟑 𝟔𝟒
4 27 ( ) =
𝟒 𝟐𝟕
1 𝟏
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 2 = 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟐
2
6. 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 0.001 = −3 −𝟑
𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏
7. ln 8 = 𝑎 𝒆𝒂 = 𝟖

Example 3: Finding values of the logarithmic expressions.

Logarithmic expressions value

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 32 5

2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 729 3

3. log 0.001 -3
4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 16 -4
2
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔7 1 0
6. 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 5 1

NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

Activity 22.2: Rewrite the following exponential equations in logarithmic

form, on a separate sheet of paper. Copy and answer.

Exponential Equations Logarithmic form

1. 90 = 1
2. 112 = 121
2 4 16
3. ( ) =
3 81

4
Activity 22.3: Rewrite the following logarithmic equations in exponential
form on a separate sheet of paper.

Logarithmic equations Exponential form

1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 729 = 6
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 100,000 = 5
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 125 = −3
5

Activity 22.4: Find the value of the following logarithmic expressions.

Logarithmic expressions value
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 128
2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔25 625
3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔8 1

What’s More
Applications on Real-life situations:

Some of the most common applications in real-life of logarithms are the

Richter scale, sound intensity, and pH level.
In 1935, Charles Richter proposed a logarithmic scale to measure the intensity
of an earthquake. He defined the magnitude of an earthquake as a function of its
amplitude on a standard seismograph. The following formula produces the same
results, but it is based on the energy released by an earthquake.

Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter scale

𝟐 𝑬
The magnitude R of an earthquake is given by: 𝑹= 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟒.𝟒𝟎
where: E (in joules) is the energy released by the earthquake. The quantity 𝟏𝟎𝟒.𝟒𝟎
joules (J) is the energy released by a very small reference earthquake.

The formula indicates that the magnitude of an earthquake is based on the

logarithm of the ratio between the energy it released, and the energy released
by the reference earthquake.

Example 4: Suppose that an earthquake released approximately 1012 joules

of energy. (a) What is its magnitude on a Richter scale? (b) How much more
energy does this earthquake release than the reference earthquake?

2 1012 2
Solution: (a) Since 𝐸 = 1012 , then 𝑅 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔107.6
3 104.40 3

Since by definition, 𝑙𝑜𝑔107.6 is the exponent by which 10 must

be raised to obtain 107.6 , then 𝑙𝑜𝑔107.6 = 7.6
𝟐
Thus, 𝑹 = (7.6) ≈ 5.1
𝟑

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 1012
(b) This earthquake releases = 𝟏𝟎𝟕.𝟔  39810717 times more
104.40
energy than the reference earthquake.

Magnitude Description
1.0 Scarcely Perceptible - Perceptible to people under favorable
circumstances
2.0 Slightly Felt - Hanging objects swing slightly.
3.0 Weak - Vibration is felt like one passing of a light truck. Hanging objects
swing moderately.
4.0 Moderately Strong - Felt generally by people indoors and by some
people outdoors.
5.0 Strong - Strong shaking and rocking felt throughout building. Hanging
objects swing violently.
6.0 Very Strong - Some people lose their balance. Heavy objects or
furniture move or may be shifted.
7.0 Destructive - People find it difficult to stand in upper floors. Some cracks
may appear. Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides are
observed. Trees are shaken strongly.
8.0 Very Destructive - Many well-built buildings are considerably damaged.
Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause man-made structure to sink,
tilt or topple. Fissures and faults rapture may be observed
9.0 Devastating - Most buildings are totally damaged. Bridges and elevated
concrete structures are toppled or destroyed. Landslides and
liquefaction with lateral spreading and sand boil are widespread.
10.0 Completely Devastating - Practically all man-made structures are
destroyed. Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale subsidence
and uplifting of landforms and many ground fissures are observed.
Changes in river courses occur

Sound Intensity
𝑰
In acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of sound is 𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
where: I (is the sound intensity in watts/m2(the quantity
𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔/𝒎𝟐 is least audible sound a human can hear)

Example 5: The decibel level of sound in a quiet office is 10 –6 watts/m2. (a) What is
the corresponding sound intensity in decibels? (b) How much more intense is this
sound than the least audible sound a human can hear?

10−6
Solution: (a) 𝐷 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔106 . Since by definition 𝑙𝑜𝑔106 , is the
10−12
exponent by which 10 must be raised to obtain 106 , then 𝑙𝑜𝑔106 = 6.

Thus, D = 10(6) = 60 decibels.

𝟏𝟎−𝟔
(b) This sound is = 106 = 1,000,000 times more intense than the least
𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐
audible sound a human can hear

6
 Acidity and the pH scale

The pH level of water-based solution is defined as 𝒑𝑯 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈[𝑯+ ],

where: 𝑯+ is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter. Solutions

with a pH of 7 are defined neutral; those with pH < 7 are acidic, and those with
pH > 7 are basic.

Example 6: A liter (L) solution contains 0.00001 moles of hydrogen ions. Find its pH
level.

Solution: Since there are 0.00001 moles of hydrogen ions in 1 liter, then the
concentration of hydrogen ions is 10–5 moles per liter.

The pH level is –log 10–5. Since log 10–5 is the exponent by which 10 must be raised
to obtain 10–5, then log 10–5= –5. Thus, pH = –log 10–5 = – (–5) = 5.

pH Level of Common Solutions

pH Common Solutions pH Common Solutions

0 Battery Acid 8 Sea Water, Eggs
1 Concentrated Sulfuric Acid 9 Baking Soda
2 Lemon Juice, Vinegar 10 Milk of Magnesia
3 Orange Juice Soda 11 Ammonia Solution
4 Tomato Juice, Acid Rain 12 Soapy Water
5 Black Coffee, Banana 13 Bleach, Oven Cleaner
6 Urine, Milk 14 Liquid Drain Cleaner
7 Pure Water

What I Need To Remember

Definition:

Let a, b, and c be positive real numbers such that b ≠ 1. The logarithm of a

with base b is denoted by 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙, and is defined as

c = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 if and only if x = ac

Reminders:
1. In both the logarithmic and exponential forms, b is the base. In the
exponential form, c is an exponent; this implies that the logarithm is
an exponent. Hence, logarithmic and exponential functions are
inverses.
2. In the logarithmic form, 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙, x cannot be negative.
3. The value of 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙 can be negative.

7
 Common logarithms are logarithms with base 10; 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒙, is a short notation for
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 𝒙.

Natural logarithms are logarithms to the base e (approximately 2.71828) and

are denoted by “ln”. In other words, lnx is another way of writing 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒆 𝒙.

quantity 10−12 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠/𝑚2 is least audible sound a human can hear)

Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter scale
𝟐 𝑬
The magnitude R of an earthquake is given by: 𝑹= 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟒.𝟒𝟎

where: E (in joules) is the energy released by the earthquake (the quantity 104.40
joules are the energy released by a very small reference earthquake).
Sound Intensity
𝑰
In acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of sound is 𝑫 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐

where: I (is the sound intensity in watts/m2(the quantity 10−12 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠/𝑚2 is least
audible sound a human can hear)

Acidity and the pH scale

The pH level of water-based solution is defined as 𝒑𝑯 = −𝒍𝒐𝒈[𝑯+ ],

where: 𝑯+ is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter. Solutions with
a pH of 7 are defined neutral; those with pH < 7 are acidic, and those with
pH > 7 are basic.

What I Can Do

Activity 22.5: Solving word problems involving Logarithmic Functions

Instructions: Copy and solve the following word problems on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. What is the magnitude in the Richter scale of an earthquake that released

1014 joules of energy? How much more energy does this earthquake release
than that of the reference earthquake?

2. Suppose the intensity of sound of a jet during takeoff is 100 watts/m2. What
is the corresponding sound intensity in decibels? How much more intense is
this sound than the least audible sound a human can hear?

3. What is the magnitude in the Richter scale of an earthquake that released

1016 joules of energy?

4. A liter solution contains 10–8 moles of hydrogen ions. Determine whether the
solution is acidic, neutral, or basic.

8
 Lesson Logarithmic Function, Equation, and
23 Inequalities

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to distinguish between logarithmic
function, logarithmic equation, and logarithmic inequality.

What’s In

Let us recall:
Exponential Exponential Exponential
Equation Inequality Function
Definition An equation involving An inequality involving Function of the form
exponential exponential f(x) = bx, where b > 0,
expressions expressions b ≠ 1.
2 1 f(x) = (1.8)𝑥 or
Examples 72𝑥− 𝑥 = 52𝑥 - 5𝑥+1 ≤ 0
343 y = (1.8) 𝑥

What’s New
The definitions of Logarithmic equations, inequalities and functions are shown
below.

Logarithmic Logarithmic Logarithmic

Equation Inequality Function
Definition An equation involving An inequality involving Function of the form
logarithms. logarithms. 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙
(𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏)
𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 x
Examples 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 2 = 4 𝑙𝑛𝑥 2 > (𝑙𝑛 𝑥)2

A logarithmic equation or inequality can be solved for all x values that satisfy
the equation or inequality.
A logarithmic function expresses a relationship between two variables (such as x
and y) and can be represented by a table of values or a graph.

Example: Determine whether the given expression is a logarithmic function, a

logarithmic equation, a logarithmic inequality or neither.

Given: Answers:
1. g(x) = log 5 x logarithmic function
2. y = 2log 4 x logarithmic function
3. log(4x) = − log(3x + 5) logarithmic equation
4. xlog 2 (x) − 1 > 0 logarithmic Inequality
5. logx(x − 3) = log 4 logarithmic equation

9
 What’s More

Activity 23.1: Logarithmic Function, Equation, or Inequality

Instructions: Identify whether the given expression is a logarithmic function,

equation, inequality. Copy and answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Given: Answers:
1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (2𝑥 − 1) > 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 + 2
2. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔0.25 𝑥
3. 2 + 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥
4. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 𝑥
5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑝 − log 3 = 1

What I Need To Remember

Logarithmic Logarithmic Logarithmic

Equation Inequality Function
Definition An equation involving An inequality involving Function of the form
logarithms. logarithms. 𝑓(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙
(𝒂 > 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟏)

A logarithmic equation or inequality can be solved for all x values that satisfy
the equation or inequality.

A logarithmic function expresses a relationship between two variables (such as x

and y) and can be represented by a table of values or a graph.

10
 Lesson Solving Logarithmic equations, and
24 Logarithmic inequalities

What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to solve logarithmic equations, and
logarithmic inequalities.
What’s In
Let us review the Laws of Exponents for easy reference.
For any real numbers a and b, and any positive real numbers m and n,

a. 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
b. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
c. (𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
𝑎𝑚
d. = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 , a ≠ 0
𝑎𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
e. ( ) = ,b≠0
𝑏 𝑎𝑛
f. 𝑎 =1
0

What’s New

Definition: Let b and x be real numbers such that b > 0 and b ≠ 1, the basic
properties of logarithms are as follows:
Property 1: logb1 = 0
Property 2: logbbx = x
Property 3: If x > 0, then 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 = x

Example 1: Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of the following
logarithmic expressions.

1
a. log10 b. lne3 c. log464 d. log5( ) e. 5𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2 f. log1
125

Solution: Properties of Logarithms

a. log10 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 101 = 1 Property 2
b. lne3 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑒 3 =3 Property 2
c. log464 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 4 3 =3 Property 2
d. log5(
1
) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 5−3 = -3 Property 2
125
e.5𝑙𝑜𝑔5 2 =2 Property 3
f. log1 =0 Property 1

11
Example 2: Suppose you have seats to a concert featuring your favorite musical
artist. Calculate the approximate decibel level associated if a typical concert’s sound
intensity is 10-2 watts/m2. (Refer to Lesson 22 for a discussion of sound intensity).
I
Solution: D = 10log −12
10

10−2
D = 10log
10−12

D = 10log (1010)
D = 10(10) (Property 2)
D = 100dB

Thus, A concert’s decibel level is 100dB

Example 3: Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration of vinegar that has a pH level
of 3.0. (Refer to Lesson 22 for a discussion of pH levels).

Solution: pH = –log[H+]
3.0 = –log[H+]
–3.0 = log[H+]
10–3.0 = 10 logH+
10–3.0 = [H+] (Property 3)

Thus, the hydrogen ion concentration is 10–3.0 moles per liter

Activity 24.1: Basic Properties of Logarithms

Instructions: Use the basic properties of logarithms to find the value of the following
logarithmic expressions. Copy and answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Solutions: Properties of Logarithms

a. log77
b. eln5
2
c. log 10𝑥
d. log31
e. lne(x+1)
1
f. log7( )
49

2. Calculate the sound intensity in watts/m 2 of a 65-decibel sound.

What is It
Laws of Logarithms

Let b > 0, b ≠ 1 and let n 𝝐 ℝ. For u > 0, v > 0, then

1. logb(uv) = logbu + logbv (Example: log2(3x) = log23 + log2x)

2. logb(u/v) = logbu – logbv (Example: log3(45) = log34 – log35)
3. logbun = n·logbu (Example: log536 = log562 = 2log56)

12
Example 4: Use the properties of logarithms to expand each expression in terms of
the logarithms of the factors. Assume each factor is positive.
3 3
a. log (ab2) b. log3( ) c. ln [x (x - 5)]
𝑥

Solution: Solution: Solution:

log (ab2) = loga + logb2 3 3 3
log3( ) = 3log3( )
= loga + 2logb 𝑥 𝑥 ln[x(x-5)] = lnx + ln (x – 5)
= 3(log33 - log3x)
= 3(1 - log3x)
= 3 - 3log3x

Example 5: Use the properties of logarithms to condense the expressions as a single

logarithm.
a. log2 + log3 b. 2lnx – lny

Solution: Solution:
log2 + log3 = log (2·3) = log6 2lnx – lny = lnx2 – lny = ln( )
𝑥2
𝑦
c. log5(x2) – 3log5x d. 2 – log5

Solution: Solution:
2 = 2(1) = 2(log10) = log102 = log100
log5(x2) – 3log5x = log5(x2) – log5x3 2 – log5 = log100 – log5
𝑥2 100
= log5( 3 ) = log( )
𝑥 5
1
= log5( ) = log20
𝑥
= log (𝑥 −1 )
5
= −𝑙𝑜𝑔5 𝑥

Change-of-base formula

Any logarithmic expression can be expressed as a quotient of two

logarithmic expressions with a common base. Let a, b, and x be
positive real numbers, with a ≠ 1, b ≠ 1:

𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 =
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒃

Example 6: Use the change-of-base formula to rewrite the following logarithmic

expressions to the indicated base.

a. log64 (change to base 2) b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 2 (change to base e)

2
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 4 𝑙𝑛2
𝑙𝑜𝑔6 4 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 2 = 1
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 6 2 𝑙𝑛2
𝑙𝑛2
2 =
= ln 1−ln 2
𝑙𝑛2
𝑙𝑜𝑔2 6
=
0 − ln 2
𝑙𝑛2
=
−𝑙𝑛2
= -1

13
Activity 24.2: Properties of Logarithms
Instructions:
1. Use the properties of logarithms to expand the expressions as a sum, difference
or multiple of logarithms. Copy and answer on a separate sheet of paper.
𝑥3
a. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (𝑢2 √𝑣) b. 𝑙𝑛 ( 2 ) c. log[x(x+2)]
𝑦

2. Use the properties of logarithms to condense the expressions as a single logarithm.

2 1
𝑎. 𝑙𝑛𝑥 − 𝑙𝑛𝑦 b. 3𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 (2𝑥 + 1) c. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (9) + 2
3 2

3. Use the change of base formula to rewrite the following logarithmic expressions to
the indicated and then compute the approximate value using a calculator. Copy and
Answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1
𝑎. 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 17 (change to base 10) b. 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 ( ) (change to base 3)
27

Property of Logarithmic Equations

If b>1, then the logarithmic function y = logbx is increasing for all x.

If 0 < b < 1, then the logarithmic function y = logbx is decreasing for
all x. This means that logbu = logbv if and only if u = v.

Techniques. Some strategies for solving logarithmic equations:

1. Rewriting to exponential form;
2. Using logarithmic properties;
3. Applying the one-to-one property of logarithmic functions.
4. The Zero Factor Property: If ab = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0.

Example: Find the value of x in the following equations.

a. log4(2x) = log410 b. log3(2x-1) = 2

Solution: Solution: Check:

log4(2x) = log410 log3(2x-1) = 2 log3(2(5)-1) = 2
2x = 10 2x-1 = 32 log3(10 -1) = 2
x=5 2x-1 = 9 log39 = 2
Check: 2x = 10
log4(2x) = log410 2x = 10 32 = 9
log4(2)(5) = log410 2 2
x=5
log410 = log410

c. logx2 = 2

Solution: Check:
logx2 =2 logx2 = 2
x = 102
2

x2 = 100 102 = 10
x2 -100 = 0
(x-10) (x+10) = 0 (-10)2 = 100
x = 10, x = -10

14
d. logx16 = 2 e. log2(x+1) + log2(x-1) = 3

Solution: Check: Solution:

logx16 = 2 logx16 = 2 log2(x+1) + log2(x-1) = 3
x2 = 16 log2[(x+1) (x-1)] = 3
x -16 = 0
2 42 = 16 [(x+1) (x-1)] = 23
(x-4) (x+4) = 0 log-416 = 2 x2 -1 = 8
x = 4, x = -4 x2 -9 = 0
Therefore, 4 is the only solution (x-3) (x+3) = 0
since base cannot be negative x = 3, x = -3
Check:
log2(x+1) + log2(x-1) = 3
f. (logx)2 + 2logx-3 = 0 log2(3+1) + log2(3-1) = 3
log24 + log22 = 3
Solution: log2(4)(2) = 3
Let logx = A log28 = 3
(logx)2 + 2logx-3 = 0
A2 + 2A-3 = 0 23 = 8
(A+3) (A-1) = 0 log2(x+1) + log2(x-1) = 3
A=-3, A=1 log2(-3+1) + log2(-3-1) = 3
logx = -3 or logx = 1
-3 is not a solution since
Check:
log2(-3+1) + log2(-3-1) is not defined
if logx = -3 if logx = 1
(logx)2 + 2logx-3 = 0
(-3)2 + 2(-3) -3 = 0 12 + 2(1)-3 = 0
9 + (-6-3) = 0 1+2-3 = 0
9-9 = 0

0=0 0=0

Activity 24.3: Finding Logarithmic value using the scientific calculator

Instructions: Find the value of the following logarithms using your scientific
calculator. Round off to the nearest ten thousandths. Copy and answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
Logarithms Value
Example log 4 0.6021
1 log 2.5
2 log 7
3 3
log 4
4 log 1
5 log 10

Examples:

1. Given that log2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771, and log 5 = 0.6990, determine
3
4 √30
a. log 15 b. log 0.6 c. log 3.6 d. log √125 e. 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2

15
 Given Solution
a. log 15 =log (3*5) = log3 + log 5 = 0.4771 + 0.6990 = 1.1761

b. log 0.6 3
=log( ) = log3 - log 5 = 0.4771 - 0.6990 = -0.2219
5
c. log 3.6 18
=log (3.6) = log ( )= log (
2∗32
) log2+2log3 - log 5 = 0.3010 + 2(0.4771) -
5 5
0.6990 = 0.3010 + 0.9542 - 0.6990 = 0.5562
4 1 1 3
d. log√125 =log (125)4 = log (53 )4 = log (54 ) =
3
log 5 =
3
(0.6990) = 0.52425
4 4

3 1
√30 3 1
e. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 =log √30 − log 2 = log (2 ∗ 3 ∗ 5)3 - log 2 = (log2 + log3 + log5) - log 2 =
2 3
1 1
(0.3010 + 0.4771 + 0.6990) − log 2 = (1.4771) – 0.3010 =0.1914
3 3

2. Use logarithms to solve for the value of x in the exponential equation

2x = 3.

Solution:
2x = 3
log 2x = log3
xlog2 = log3
log2 log2

x = log3 using a scientific calculator x ≈ 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔

log2

Activity 24.4: Property of Logarithmic Equations

Instructions: Find the value of x in the following equations and check your
solution. Copy and answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Given Value
a. log15x = log30
b. log(3x-2) = log2
c. log x 121 = 2
d. log 3 9x − log 3 (x − 8) = 4
e. (log 5 x)2 + 5log 5 x + 6 = 0

Property of Logarithmic Inequalities

If 0 < b < 1, then x1 < x2 if and only if logbx1 > logbx2

If b>1, then x1 < x2 if and only if logbx1 < logbx2

Solving logarithmic inequalities

Examples:
1. log3(2x – 1) > log3(x + 2)

16
Solution:
Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined, then 2x – 1 > 0 and x + 2 > 0 must
be satisfied.2x – 1 > 0 implies x > 1/2 and x + 2 > 0 implies x > –2.
To make both logarithms defined, then x > 1/2. (If x > 1/2, then x is surely
greater than –2.)
Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is satisfied, the base 3 is greater than 1. Thus,
since log3(2x – 1) > log3(x + 2), then:
2x – 1 > x + 2
2x – x > 1 + 2
∴x>3
Hence, the solution is (3, +∞)

1 −3
2. log 1 x > log 1 ( )
5 5 5
Solution:

Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined, this that means x > 0.
Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is satisfied. Rewrite -3 as a logarithm to
1 1 −3
base : -3 = log 1 ( ) .
5 5 5
1 −3
We obtain the inequality log 1 x > log 1 ( ) .
5 5 5
1
The base is 0.2 = , which is less than 1.
5
1 −3 1 −3
Thus, since log 1 x > log 1 ( ) , then x < ( ) = 125
5 5 5 5
Also, x should be positive (from Step 1). Thus, 0 < x < 125.

Hence, the solution is (0,125)

3. −2 < logx < 2

Solution:

Step 1: Ensure that the logarithms are defined, this means that x > 0.
Step 2: Ensure that the inequality is satisfied. Rewrite -2 and 2 as logarithms to
the base 10, which are log10-2, and log102 respectively, obtaining the
inequality: log10-2 < log x < log102
Since, the base 10 is greater than 1, simplify both inequalities as
10-2 < x < 102.
1
Thus obtaining < x < 100, which automatically satisfies the condition in
100
Step 1.

𝟏
Hence, the solution is ( ,100)
𝟏𝟎𝟎

Activity 24.5: Property of Logarithmic Inequalities

Instructions: Solve the following logarithmic inequalities . Copy and answer on

a separate sheet of paper.
a. log 8 (3x – 5) < 2 b. log 4 (x + 1) < log 4 2x c. -5 < log x < 5

17
 What I Need To Remember
Basic properties of logarithms:
1. logb1 = 0
2. logbbx = x
3. If x > 0, then 𝒃𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 = x

where: b and x are real numbers such that b > 0 and b ≠ 1.

Laws of Logarithms

1. logb(uv) = logbu + logbv

2. logb(u/v) = logbu – logbv
3. logbun = n·logbu

where: b > 0, b ≠ 1 and n 𝝐 ℝ . For u > 0, v > 0.

Change-of-base formula
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒙
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒃 𝒙 =
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒃
where: a, b, and x are positive real numbers and a ≠ 1, b ≠ 1.

Properties of Logarithmic Equations

y = logbx is increasing

where: b>1 for all x.,

y = logbx is decreasing

where 0 < b < 1 for all x

This means that logbu = logbv if and only if u = v.

Properties of Logarithmic Inequalities

If 0 < b < 1, then x1 < x2 if and only if logbx1 > logbx2

If b>1, then x1 < x2 if and only if logbx1 < logbx2

18
 Assessment (Post Test)
Instructions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter of
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is the inverse of y = a x?

A. y = ax C. y = logax
B. y = x a D. a = yx

2. Which of the following is equivalent to log464 = 3?

A. 34 = 64 C. 644 = 3
B. 43 = 64 D. 163 = 4
1
3. Which of the following is equivalent to (27)3 = 3?
1
A.𝑙𝑜𝑔27 3 = C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔1 3 = 27
3 3
1 1
B. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 27 = D. 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 = 27
3 3

4. At what point does the graph of y = log 2x intersect the x-axis?

A. (0,1) C. (−1,0)
B. (0,0) D. (1,0)

5. The graphs of 𝑦 = 4𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔4 𝑥 are symmetric with respect to what line?
A. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 C. 𝑦 = 𝑥
B. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 D. 𝑦 = 4𝑥

6. What is the point common to the graphs of functions in the form

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥?
A. (0,0) C. (0,1)
B. (1,1) D. (1,0)

7. Write 3 log a + 5 log b – 4 log c as a single logarithm.

𝑎3 ∗𝑏5 𝑎3 +𝑏5
A. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) C. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑐4 𝑐4
B. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑎 + 𝑏 5
3 − 𝑐4) D. none of the above

8. Express 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 81 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 3 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3 9 as a single number.

A. 27 C. 3
B. 5 D. 2

9. Given: 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 2 = 0.3010, 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 3 = 0.4771, and 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 5 = 0.6990, what is 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 7.5?
A. 0.5229 C. 0.8751
B. 0.0791 D. 1.4471

10. Determine the value of x if 𝑙𝑜𝑔5 (8𝑥 − 7) = 2.

A. 4.875 C. 3.125
B. 4 D. 2.25

19
 20
Activity 24.3 Activity 24.2 Activity 24.1
1. 0.3979 1. 1.
1 a. Property
2. 0.8451 a. 2log b u+ log b v 2
2
3. -0.1249 b. 3lnx -2lny b. Property 3
4. 0 c. logx +log(x+2) c. Property 2
5. 1 d. Property 1
2. e. Property 3
2
Activity 24.4 𝑥3 f. Property 2
a. lnቆ 1ቇ
𝑦2 2. I = 3.16 x 10-6
a. x = 2 b. log b [𝑥 3 (2x + 1)]
102 watts/m2
b. x = c. log 3 81
3
c. x = 11 3. Activity 22.1
d. x = 9 log 17
a. = 2.0437 1. (1, -2)
log 4
1
e. x = 3 2. (-3, 0)
125 b. −
2
3. (4, 1)
Activity 24.5 4. (1, 3)
Activity 22.5 5. (7, -3)
a. the solution is (5/3, 23)
b. the solution is (1, +∞) 1. R = 6.4
c. the solution is The earthquake Activity 22.2
1 1014
( ,100,000) released = 109.6 = 1. 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 1 = 0
100,000 104.40
3981071706 times 2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔 121
11 =2
16
more energy than that 3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 4
Activity 23.1 81
3
by the reference
1. logarithmic earthquake Activity 22.3
inequality 2. D = 140 dB
102 1. 36 = 729
2. logarithmic This sound is =1014
10−12 2. 105 = 100,000
function
times much more 1 −3
3. logarithmic 3. ( ) = 125
intense than the least 5
equation
audible sound a Activity 22.4
4. logarithmic
human can hear
function 1. 7
3. R= 7.73
5. logarithmic 2. 2
4. pH = 8
equation 3. 0
required.
Remember: This portion of the module contains all the answers. Your HONESTY is
Answer Key
References

Modules (entire adapted from)

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR) “General

Mathematics learner’s Material”, Lexicon Press, Inc., Quezon City, 2016

Department of Education – Bureau of Secondary Education (DepEd-BSE) Effective

Alternative Secondary Education (EASE) “EASE Self-Learning Module –
Mathematics IV – “Project EASE IV-Exponential Function”, 2009

Congratulations!

You are now ready for the next module. Always remember the following:

1. Make sure every answer sheet has your

o Name
o Grade and Section
o Title of the Activity or Activity No.
2. Follow the date of submission as agreed with your teacher.
3. Keep the modules with you.
4. Return them at the end of the school year.

21