INTRODUCTION TO

CHAPTER 1 ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS

Item
s Definitions Terms

Electronic
Its fundamental purpose is to transfer information from one Communication
1 place to another. System

The transmission, reception, and processing of information Electronic

2 between two or more locations using electronic circuits. Communication

3 Electronic Communications Time Line

1830: American Scientist and professor Joseph
Henry transmitted the first practical electrical signal.
1837: Samuel Finley Breese Morse invented the
telegraph.
1843: Alexander Bain invented the facsimile.
1861: Johann Phillip Reis completed the first
nonworking telephone.
1864: James Clerk Maxwell released his
paper “Dynamic Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”, which concluded
that
light electricity, and magnetism were related.
1865: Dr. Mahlon Loomis became the first person
to communicate wireless through the Earth’s atmosphere.
1866: First transatlantic telegraph cable was
installed
1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson
Invented the telephone.
1877: Thomas Alva Edison invents the
phonograph.
1880: Heinrich Hertz discovers electromagnetic
waves.
1887: Heinrich Hertz discovers radio waves.
Marchese Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates wireless radio wave
propagation.
1888: Heinrich Hertz detects and produces radio
waves. Heinrich Hertz conclusively proved Maxwell’s prediction that
electricity can travel in waves through the Earth’s atmosphere.
1894: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi builds his
first radio equipment, a device that rings a bell from 30 ft. away.
1895: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi discovered
ground wave propagation.
1898: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi established
the first radio link between England and France.
1900: American Scientist Reginald A. Fessenden
the world’s first radio broadcast using continuous waves.
1901: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi transmits
telegraphic radio messages from Cornwall, to Newfoundland. Reginald
A.
Fessenden transmits the World’s first radio broadcast using continuous
waves.
First successful transatlantic transmission of radio signal.
1903: Valdemar Poulsen patents an arc
transmission that generates continuous wave transmission 100-kHz
signal that
is receivable 150 miles away.
1904: First radio transmission of music at
Graz, Austria.
1905: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi invents the
directional radio antenna.
1906: Reginald A. Fessenden invents amplitude
modulation (AM). First radio program of voice and music broadcasted
in the
United States by Reginald Fessenden. Lee DeFrorest invents triode
(three-electrode) vacuum tube.
1907: Reginald Fessenden invents a high-
frequency Electric generator that produces radio waves with a frequency
of
100 kHz.
1908: General Electric develops a 100-kHz, 2-kW
alternator for radio communications.
1910: The Radio Act of 1910 is the first
concurrence of government regulation of radio technology and services.
1912: The Radio Act of 1912 in the United
States brought order to the radio bands by requiring station and
operator’s
licenses and assigning blocks of the frequency spectrum to the existing
users.
1913: The cascade-tuning radio receiver and the
heterodyne receiver are introduced.
1914: Major Edwin Armstrong develops the
superheterodyne radio receiver.
1915: Vacuum-tube radio transmitters
introduced.
1919: Shortwave radio is developed.
1920: Radio Station KDKA broadcasts the first
regular licensed radio transmission out of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
1921: Radio Corporation of America (RCA) begins
operating Radio Central on Long Island. The American Radio League
establishes
contact via shortwave radio with Paul Godley in Scotland, proving that
shortwave radio can be used for long distance communications.
1923: Vladimir Zworykin invents and
demonstrates television.
1927: A temporary five- member Federal Radio
Commission agency was created in the United States.
1928: Radio station WRNY in New York City
begins broadcasting television shows.
1931: Major Edwin Armstrong patents wide- band
frequency modulation (FM).
1934: Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
created to regulate telephone, radio, and television broadcasting.
1935: Commercial FM radio broadcasting begins
with monophonic transmission.
1937: Alec H. Reeves invents binary coded
pulse-code modulation. (PCM)
1939: National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
demonstrates television broadcasting. First use of two-way radio
communications using walkie-talkies.
1941: Columbia University Radio Club opens the
first regularly scheduled FM radio station.
1945: Television is born. FM moved from its
original home of 42 MHz to 50 MHz to 88 MHz to 108 MHz to make
room.
1946: The American Telephone and Telegraph
Company (AT&T) inaugurated the first mobile telephone system for the
public called MTS (Mobile Telephone System).
1948: John Von Neumann created the first store
program electronic digital computer. Bell Telephone Laboratories
unveiled the
transistor, a joint venture of scientist William Shockley, John Bardeen
and
Walter Brattain.
1951: First transcontinental microwave system
began operation.
1952: Sony Corporation offers a miniature
transistor radio, one of the first mass produced consumer AM/FM
radios.
1953: RCA and MBC broadcast first color
television transmission.
1954: The number of radio stations in the world
exceeds the number of newspapers printed daily.
1954: Texas Instruments becomes the first
company to commercially produce silicon transistors.
1956: First transatlantic telephone cable
systems began carrying calls.
1957: Russia launches the world’s first
satellite. (Sputnik)
1958: Kilby and Noyce develop first integrated
circuits. NASA launched the United States first satellite.
1961: FCC approves FM stereo broadcasting,
which spurs the development of FM. Citizens band (CB) radio first used.
1962: U.S. radio stations begin broadcasting
stereophonic sound.
1963: T1 (transmission 1) digital carrier
systems introduced.
1965: First commercial communications satellite
launched.
1970: High-definition television (HDTV) introduced
 in Japan.
1977: First commercial use of optical fiber
cables.
1983: Cellular telephone networks introduced in
the United States.
1999: HDTV standards implemented in the United
States.
1999: Digital Television (DTV) transmission
began in the United States.

Are time-varying voltages or currents that are continuously

4 changing such as sine and cosine waves. analog signals

5 Is sometimes referred to as a power loss. Attenuation

Is sometimes referred to as a ____________ , If Pout = Pin,

6 the absolute power gain is 1, and the dB power gain is 0 dB. Unity Power Gain

Are voltages or currents that change in discrete steps or

7 levels. digital signals

In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Watson were the

first to successfully transfer human conversation over a crude metallic-
wire
8 communications systems using this device. Telephone

The first commercial radio broadcasting station in 1920 that

9 broadcasted amplitude modulated signals in Pittsburgh. KDKA

10 Is a logarithmic unit that can be used to measure ratio. Decibel ( dB )

Is a unit of measurement used to indicate the ratio of a power

11 level with respect to a fixed reference level (1mW). dBm

12 One-tenth of a decibel. Bel

A collection of one or more electronic devices or circuits

that converts the original source information to a form more suitable for
13 transmission over a particular transmission medium. Transmitter

Provides a means of transporting signals between a transmitter Transmission

14 and a receiver. Medium

A collection of electronic devices and circuits that accepts

the transmitted signals for the transmission medium and then converts
those
15 signals back to their original form. Receiver

Is any unwanted electrical signals that interfere with the

16 information signal. System Noise
 Because it is often impractical to propagate information
signals over standard transmission media, it is often necessary to
modulate
the source information onto a higher-frequency analog signal called a
17 ______. Carrier

The process of changing one or more properties of the analog

18 carrier in proportion with the information signal. Modulation

Analog
A system in which energy is transmitted and received in analog Communication
19 form (a continuously varying signals such as a sine wave). System

A true digital system where digital pulses (discrete levels

such as +5V and ground) are transferred between two or more points in
a Digital
20 communications system. Transmission

The transmittal of digitally modulated analog carriers between

21 two or more points in a communications system. digital radio

A modulation technique where the information signal is analog

and the amplitude (V) of the carrier is varied proportional to the Amplitude
22 information signal. Modulation ( AM )

A modulation technique where the information signal is analog

and the frequency (f) of the carrier is varied proportional to the Frequency
23 information signal. Modulation ( FM )

A modulation technique where the information signal is analog

and the phase (q) of the carrier is varied proportional to the information
24 signal. Phase Modulation

A modulation technique where the information signal is digital

and that amplitude (V) of the carrier is varied proportional to the Amplitude Shift
25 information signal. Keying ( ASK )

A modulation technique where the information signal is digital

and the frequency (f) of the carrier is varied proportional to the Frequency Shift
26 information signal. Keying ( FSK )

A modulation technique where the information signal is digital Phase Shift

and the phase (q) of the carrier is varied proportional to the information Keying
27 signal. ( PSK )

Quadrature
Amplitude
A modulation technique where both the amplitude and the phase Modulation
28 of the carrier are varied proportional to the information signal. ( QAM )
 Modulation is performed in a transmitter by a circuit called
29 ________. Modulator

The reverse process of modulation and converts the modulated

30 carrier back to the original information. Demodulation

Demodulation is performed in a receiver by a circuit called

31 _______. Demodulator

2 Reasons why modulation is necessary in

electronic communications :
1. It is extremely difficult to radiate low-frequency signals
from an antenna in the form of electromagnetic energy.
2. Information signals often occupy the same frequency band
and, if signals from two or more sources are transmitted at the same
time,
32 they would interfere with each other.

33 A specific band of frequencies allocated a particular service. Channel

Process of converting a frequency or band of frequencies to Frequency

34 another location in the total frequency spectrum. Translation

The purpose of an electronic communications system is to

communicate information between two or more locations commonly
called
35 _____________ . Stations

The number of times a periodic motion, such as a sine wave of

36 voltage or current, occurs in a given period of time. Frequency

37 Each complete alternation of the waveform. Cycle

International
Telecommunicatio
Is an international agency in control of allocating ns Union (
38 frequencies and services within the overall frequency spectrum. ITU)

Federal
Communications
In the United States, assigns frequencies and communications Commission
39 services for free-space radio propagation. ( FCC )
40

Extremely Low
Are signals in the 30Hz to 300Hz range and include ac power Frequencies
41 distribution signals (60Hz) and low frequency telemetry signals. ( ELF )

Are signals in the 300Hz to 3000Hz range and include Voice Frequencies
42 frequencies generally associated with human speech. ( VF )

Very Low
Are signals in the 3kHz to 30kHz range which include the upper Frequencies
43 end of the human hearing range. ( VLF )

Are signals in the 30kHz to 300kHz range and are used Low Frequencies
44 primarily for marine and aeronautical navigation. ( LF )

Medium
Are signals in the 300kHz to 3MHz range and are used primarily Frequencies
45 for commercial AM radio broadcasting (535kHz-1605kHz). ( MF )

Are signals in the 3MHz to 30MHz range and are often referred High Frequencies
46 to as short waves. Used for most two-way radio communications. ( HF )

Are signals in the 30MHz to 300MHz range and are used for
mobile radio, marine and aeronautical communications, commercial FM
broadcasting (88 to 108 MHz) and commercial TV broadcasting of Ch 2 Very High
to 13 Frequencies
47 (54MHz to 216MHz). ( VHF )

Are signals in the 300MHz to 3GHz range and are used by

commercial television broadcasting of channels 14 to 83, land mobile
communications services, cellular telephones, certain radar and Ultrahigh
navigation Frequencies
48 systems, and microwave and satellite radio systems. ( UHF )
 Are signals in the 3GHz to 30GHz range and include the Super High
majority of the frequencies used for microwave and satellite radio Frequencies
49 communications systems. ( SHF )

Are signals in the 30GHz to 300GHz range and are seldom used Extremely High
for radio communications except in very sophisticated, expensive, and Frequencies
50 specialized applications. ( EHF )

Are signals in the 0.3THz to 300THz range and are not

generally referred to as radio waves. Used in heat seeking guidance
systems,
51 electronic photography, and astronomy. Infrared

Includes electromagnetic frequencies that fall within the

52 visible range of humans (0.3PHz to 3PHz). Visible Light

Light-wave
53 Used for optical fiber systems. Communications

The length that one cycle of an electromagnetic wave occupies

54 in space (i.e., the distance between similar points in a repetitive wave). Wavelength

55

Radio transmitter classifications according to bandwidth, Emission

56 modulation scheme, and type of information. Classifications

57
 Ø The first symbol is a letter that designates the type of
modulation of the main carrier.
Ø The second symbol is a number that identifies the type of
emission.
Ø The third symbol is another letter that describes the type
of information being transmitted.

The two most significant limitations on the performance of a Noise and

58 communications system are ________and ________. Bandwidth

The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies

59 contained in the information. Bandwidth

The bandwidth of a communications channel is the difference

between the highest and lowest frequencies that the channel will allow
to
60 pass through it. Passband

A highly theoretical study of the efficient use of bandwidth Information

61 to propagate information through electronic communications systems. Theory

The measure of how much information can be propagated through

a communications system and is a function of bandwidth and Information
62 transmission time. Capacity

63 The most basic digital symbol used to represent information. Binary Digit / Bit

64 The number of bits transmitted during one second and is Bit Rate
 expressed in bits per second (bps).

In 1928, R. Hartley of Bell Telephone Laboratories developed a

useful relationship among bandwidth, transmission time, and
information Hartley’s Law
65 capacity. IµBxt

Shannon limit for

information
capacity

In 1948, mathematician Claude E. Shannon published a paper in

the Bell System Technical Journal relating the information capacity of a
66 communications channel to bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.

Any undesirable electrical energy that falls within the

67 passband of the signal. Electrical Noise

Noise present regardless of whether there is a signal present Uncorrelated

68 or not. Noise

69 Noise that is generated outside the device or circuit. External Noise

Noise that is naturally occurring electrical disturbances that Atmospheric

70 originate within Earth’s atmosphere. Noise

71 Atmospheric noise is commonly called ____________. Static Electricity

Noise consists of electrical signals that originate from Extraterrestrial

72 outside Earth’s atmosphere and is sometimes called deep-space noise. Noise

73 Extraterrestrial noise is sometimes called ____________. Deep-Space Noise

74 Noise generated directly from the sun’s heat. Solar Noise

Noise sources that are continuously distributed throughout the

75 galaxies. Cosmic Noise

76 Noise that is produced by mankind. Man-made Noise

77 Electrical interference generated within a device or circuit. Internal Noise

Noise caused by the random arrival of carriers (holes and

78 electrons) at the output element of an electronic device. Shot Noise
 Any modification to a stream of carriers as they pass from the
79 input to the output of a device produces an irregular, random variations. Transit-time Noise

Associated with the rapid and random movement of electrons

80 within a conductor due to thermal agitation. Thermal Noise

THERMAL AGITATION HAS SEVERAL NAMES,

INCLUDING :
Ø Thermal Noise, because it is temperature dependent;
Ø Brownian Noise, after its discoverer;
Ø Johnson Noise, after the man who related Brownian particle
movement of electron movement;
Ø White Noise, because the random movement is at all
81 frequencies;

Johnson proved that thermal noise power is proportional to the Noise Power
82 product of bandwidth and temperature. N = KTB

A form of internal noise that is correlated (mutually related)

to the signal and cannot be present in a circuit unless there is a signal. “
83 no signal, no noise! “ Correlated Noise

Occurs when unwanted harmonics of a signal are produced Harmonic

84 through nonlinear amplification (nonlinear mixing). Distortion

The generation of unwanted sum and difference frequencies Inter-modulation

85 produced when two or more signals mix in a nonlinear device. Distortion

86 The original signal and also called the fundamental frequency. First Harmonic

87 A frequency two times the original signal frequency. Second Harmonic

88 A frequency three times the original signal frequency. Third Harmonic

Amplitude
89 Another name for harmonic distortion. Distortion

Characterized by high-amplitude peaks of short duration in the

90 total noise spectrum. Impulse Noise

91
 A form of external noise and as the name implies it means to
92 disturb or detract form. Interference

Noise produced when information signals from one source

produce frequencies that fall outside their allocated bandwidth and
interfere Electrical
93 with information signals from another source. interference

Signal-to-Noise
Power Ratio (
S/N )

94 The ratio of the signal power level to the noise power level.

Noise Factor ( F )
Figures of merit used to indicate how much the signal – and
to-noise ratio deteriorates as a signal passes through a circuit or series of Noise Figure
95 circuits ( NF )

96

FORMULA FOR NOISE FIGURE

97 NF ( dB ) = 10 log F
 A convenient parameter often used rather than noise figure in
low noise, sophisticated VHF, UHF, microwave, and satellite radio
receivers. Equivalent Noise
It indicates the reduction in the signal-to-noise ratio a signal undergoes Temperature
as ( Te )
98 it propagates through a receiver. Te = T ( F – 1 )

SIGNAL ANALYSIS AND

CHAPTER 2 MIXING

Item
s Definitions Terms

Electrical signals of which amplitude changes continuously Analog

1 with respect to time with no breaks or discontinuities. Signals

Electrical signals that are described as discrete; their

amplitude maintains constant level for a prescribed period of
time and then
it changes to another level with respect to time with no breaks
or Digital
2 discontinuities. Signals

3 Digital signal with only two levels possible. Binary Signal

Quaternary
4 Digital signal with four levels possible. Signal

Is the mathematical analysis of the frequency, bandwidth, and Signal

5 voltage level of a signal? Analysis

Periodic
6 A signal that repeats at a uniform rate. Wave

Time-domain
Representati
7 A description of signal with respect to time. on

8 A time-domain instrument that shows signal waveforms. Oscilloscope

The display on the cathode ray tube (CRT) that shows the
shape
and instantaneous magnitude of the signal with respect to Signal
9 time. Waveform

10 A description of signal with respect to its frequency. Frequency

 Domain
Representati
on

A frequency-domain instrument that shows Spectrum

11 amplitude-versus-frequency plot. Analyzer

Nonsinusoida
l/
Any repetitive wave that is comprised of more than one Complex
12 harmonically related sine or cosine wave. Wave

A mathematical series developed in 1826 by French physicist

and mathematician Baron Jean Fourier used to analyze Fourier
13 complex periodic wave. Series

A mathematical tool that allows us to move back and forth

between the time and frequency domains. It is used in signal
analysis to
represent the sinusoidal components of nonsinusoidal periodic Fourier
14 waveforms. Series

Waveform comprised of an average dc component and a series

of Periodic
15 harmonically related sine or cosine wave. Waveform

16 Is the integral multiple of the fundamental frequency? Harmonic

Is the first harmonic and is equal to the frequency Fundamental

17 (repetition rate) of the waveform. Frequency

If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about the vertical

axis, it is said to have axes, or mirror, symmetry and is called even
18 an ________. function

If a periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about a line

midway between the vertical axis and the negative horizontal
axis and passing
through the coordinate origin, it is said to have point, or skew,
symmetry is
19 called an ______. odd function

If a periodic voltage waveform is such that the waveform for

the first half cycle repeats itself except with the opposite sign
for the half-wave
20 second half cycle, it is said to have ________. symmetry

21 The ________ of a waveform consists of all the frequencies frequency

contained in the waveform and their respective amplitudes spectrum
plotted in the
 frequency domain.

The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies

contained in the information. It is also the difference between Bandwidth of
the highest an
and lowest frequencies that the channel will allow to pass information
22 through it. signal

The ratio of the active time of the pulse to the period of the
23 waveform. Duty Cycle

The rate at which energy is dissipated, delivered, or used, Electrical

24 and is a function of the square of the voltage or current Power

Discrete
A fourier transform where a time-domain signal is sampled at Fourier
25 discrete times. Transform

A new algorithm of fourier transform developed by Cooley and

Tukey in 1965 where the computing time is proportional to n
log 2n rather Fast Fourier
26 than n2. Transform

27 The process of combining two or more signals Mixing

Occurs when two or more signals combine in a linear device,

such as a passive network or a small-signal amplifier. Also
called linear Linear
28 mixing. Summing

An amplifier where the output is simply the original input Linear

29 signal amplified by its gain. Amplifier

Occurs when two or more signals are combined in a nonlinear Nonlinear

30 device such as a diode or large-signal amplifier. Mixing

Undesired generation of multiples or harmonics of that Harmonic

31 frequency. Distortion

Frequency
Desired generation of multiples or harmonics of that Multiplicatio
32 frequency. n

Cross
33 The sum and difference of the two original frequencies. Products

Intermodulat
The generation of any unwanted cross-product frequency when ion
34 two or more frequencies are mixed in a nonlinear device. Distortion
 Desired cross products produced by mixing in a nonlinear
35 device. Modulation

OSCILLATORS,
PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS,
CHAPTER 3 ANDFREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS

Item
s Definitions Terms

1 This word means to fluctuate between two states or conditions. Oscillate

A device that produces oscillations or generates repetitive

2 waveform. Converts a dc input voltage to an ac output voltage. Oscillator

A self-sustaining oscillator where the changes in the waveform Free-running

3 are continuous and repetitive; they occur at a periodic rate. Oscillator

Are oscillators that are not self-sustaining requiring an Triggered or

external input signal or trigger to produce a change in the One-shot
4 output waveform? Oscillators

An amplifier with a feedback loop or path for energy to

5 propagate from the output back to the input. Feedback

According to this criterion, for a feedback circuit to sustain

oscillations, the net voltage gain around the feedback loop
must be unity or
greater, and the net phase shift around the loop must be a
positive integer Barkhausen
6 multiple of 360º. Criterion

Is a positive feedback where the positive means that its phase

aids the oscillation process and does not necessarily indicate a
positive or Regenerativ
7 negative polarity? e Feedback

Is a negative feedback and supplies a feedback signal that Degenerativ

8 inhibits oscillations from occurring. e Feedback

Is an untuned RC phase shift oscillator that uses both

positive and negative feedback? The oscillator that Hewlett and
Packard used Wien-bridge
9 in their original signal generator design. Oscillator

Automatic
Added to the circuit to compensate for imbalances in the Gain Control
10 bridge and variations in component values due to heat. ( AGC )
 Are oscillator circuits that utilize LC tank circuits for the LC
11 frequency determining components? Oscillators

Hartley
12 An LC oscillator that uses a tapped coil. Oscillator

The operation of this oscillator is very similar to that of

Hartley except that a capacitive divider is used instead of a Colpitts
13 tapped coil. Oscillator

An oscillator circuit identical to the Colpitts except with Clapp

14 the addition of a small capacitor Cs placed in series with L1. Oscillator

Frequency
15 The ability of an oscillator to remain at a fixed frequency. Stability

Frequency stability affected predominantly by fluctuations in Short-term

16 dc operating voltages. Stability

Frequency stability which is a function of component aging and Long-term

17 changes in the ambient temperature and humidity. Stability

Feedback oscillator circuits where a crystal is used for the Crystal

18 frequency determining component. Oscillator

The study of the form, structure, properties, and

classifications of crystals. It deals with lattices, bonding, and
behavior of
slices of crystal material that have been cut at various angles
with respect Crystallogra
19 to the crystal’s axes. phy

The _______ occurs when oscillating mechanical stresses

applied across a crystal lattice structure generate electrical
oscillations Piezoelectric
20 and vice versa. Effect

In this mode the oscillator is tuned at the third, fifth,

seventh, or even the ninth harmonic of the crystal’s
21 fundamental frequency. Overtone

Positive
The direction of frequency change is the same as the Temperature
22 temperature change. Coefficient

Negative
The change in frequency is in the direction opposite to the Temperature
23 temperature change. Coefficient
 Is almost a perfect zero-coefficient crystal from freezing to
boiling but is useful only at frequencies below a few hundred GT-cut
24 kilohertz. Crystal

Discrete
A crystal oscillator circuit that has very good frequency Pierce
25 stability and reasonably simple circuitry. Oscillator

IC-based
A crystal oscillator circuit that has low cost and simple Pierce
26 digital interfacing capabilities. Oscillator

A crystal oscillator circuit that has best frequency RLC Half-

27 stability. bridge

Crystal
Consists of a crystal-controlled oscillator and a Oscillator
28 voltage-variable component such as a varactor diode. Module

A specially constructed diode whose internal capacitance is

enhanced when reversed biased, and by varying the reverse- Varactor
bias voltage, the Diode or
29 capacitance of the diode can be adjusted. Varicap

An oscillator circuit that generates well-defined, stable

waveforms that can be externally modulated or swept over a
given frequency Waveform
30 range. Generator

A monolithic function generator integrated circuit

manufactured by EXAR Corporation capable of producing high
quality sine,
square, triangle, rap, and pulse waveforms with both a high
degree of
31 stability and accuracy. XR-2206

A free-running oscillator with a stable frequency of

oscillation that depends on an external timing capacitance, Voltage
timing Controlled
32 resistance, and control voltage. Oscillator

A monolithic voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) integrated

circuit featuring excellent frequency stability and a wide tuning
range. The
circuit provides simultaneous triangle- and square wave outputs
over a
33 frequency range of from 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz. XR-2207

A monolithic variable-frequency oscillator circuit featuring

34 excellent temperature stability and a wide linear sweep range. XR-2209
 A closed-loop feedback control system in which either the
frequency or the phase of the feedback signal is the parameter Phase
of interest Locked Loop
35 rather than the magnitude of the signal’s voltage or current. ( PLL )

Preset/Natur
al Free
Running
36 The VCO’s output frequency when the PLL is not locked. Frequency

The voltage produced by the phase comparator that is

proportional to the difference in frequency between the two Error
37 signals. Voltage

Free-
The PLL state when there is no external input frequency or the Running
38 feedback loop is open. State

The state when the PLL is in the process of acquiring Capture

39 frequency lock. State

The state when the VCO output frequency is locked onto (equal
40 to) the frequency of the external input signal. Lock State

Acquisition
41 The time required to achieve lock. Time

The band of frequencies centered around the VCO natural

frequency where the PLL can initially establish or acquire
frequency lock
with an external input signal from an unlocked condition. Also
known as Capture
42 acquisition range. Range

Pull-in
43 The capture range expressed as a peak value. Range

The band of frequencies centered around the VCO natural

frequency over which a PLL can maintain frequency lock with
an external input
44 signal. Also known as tracking range. Lock Range

Hold-in
45 The lock range expressed as a peak value. Range

Voltage-
An oscillator with a stable frequency of oscillation that Controlled
46 depends on an external bias voltage. Oscillator
 Sometimes called a phase detector which is a nonlinear device
with two input signals: an external input frequency and the VCO
output Phase
47 signal. Comparator

The difference in phase between an external input frequency

48 and the VCO output signal. Phase Error

The product of the individual gains or transfer functions

49 around the loop for the PLL. Loop Gain

An ultra stable monolithic phase-locked-loop system designed

by EXAR Corporation for a wide variety of applications in both
analog and
digital communications systems. Can operate over a relatively
wide frequency
50 range from 0.5 Hz to 35 MHz. XR-215

PLL that are used to track digital pulses rather than analog
51 signals, such as in clock recovery circuits. Digital PLL

This word means to form an entity by combining parts or

52 elements. Synthesize

Are used to generate many output frequencies through the

addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, of a smaller
number of Frequency
53 fixed frequency sources. Synthesizer

A method of frequency synthesis where multiple output

frequencies are generated by mixing the outputs from two or
more
crystal-controlled frequency sources or by dividing or Direct
multiplying the output Frequency
54 frequency from a single-crystal oscillator. Synthesis

A method of frequency synthesis where a feedback-controlled

divider/multiplier such as PLL is used to generate multiple Indirect
output Frequency
55 frequencies. Synthesis

The minimum frequency separation between output

frequencies
56 for a synthesizer. Resolution

An advanced dual-modulus low-power, ECL prescaler

manufactured
by Signetics Company. The maximum input signal frequency is
1.2 GHz for
57 cellular and other land mobile applications. NE/SA701
 A bipolar, single-chip frequency synthesizer manufactured in
SUBILO-N technology (components laterally separated by
oxide). It performs
all the tuning functions of a PLL radio-tuning system. Also
58 manufactured by Signetics. TSA6057/T

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
CHAPTER 4 TRANSMISSION

Item
s Definitions Terms

The process of impressing low-frequency information signals

1 onto a high-frequency carrier signal. Modulation

The reverse process of modulation where the received signals Demodulati

2 are transformed back to their original form. on

The process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high

frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous
value of the modulating Amplitude
3 signal. Modulation

Radio
Frequencies that are high enough to be efficiently radiated by Frequencie
4 the antenna and propagated through free space. s

AM
5 The modulated output waveform from an AM modulator is? Envelope

6 Sometimes called conventional AM or simply AM. AM DSBFC

Lower
7 The band of frequencies between fc – fm (max) and fc. Sideband

Lower Side
8 Any frequency within the lower sideband is called. Frequency

Upper
9 The band of frequencies between fc and fc + fm(max) Sideband

Upper Side
10 Any frequency within the upper sideband is called? Frequency

Coefficient
The term used to describe the amount of amplitude change of
11 (modulation) present in an AM waveform signal. Modulation
 Percent
12 The coefficient of modulation stated as a percentage. Modulation

The maximum percent modulation that can be imposed without

13 causing excessive distortion. 100%

The _______ in a transmitter where modulation occurs

determines whether the circuit is a low or a high-level
14 transmitter. Location

The modulation takes place prior to the output element of the Low-Level
15 final stage of the transmitter. Modulation

The modulation takes place in the final element of the final High-Level
16 stage where the carrier signal is at its maximum amplitude. Modulation

The amplitude of the output signal depends on the amplitude of Emitter

17 the input carrier and the voltage gain of the amplifier. Modulation

A class C modulator capable of nonlinear mixing and the Collector

18 modulating signal is applied directly to the collector. Modulator

Used to translate the low-frequency intelligence signals to

radio-frequency signals that can be efficiently radiated from an
antenna and Up-
19 propagated through free space. converter

Are used for observing the modulation characteristics of AM Trapezoidal

20 transmitters. Pattern

A form of amplitude distortion introduced when the positive

and negative alternations in the AM modulated signal are not
equal Carrier
21 (nonsymmetrical modulation). Shift

Nonsinusoi
22 Complex waveforms comprised of two or more frequencies. dal Signals

Are complex waves made up of two or more harmonically related Complex

sine waves and include square, rectangular, and triangular Repetitive
23 waves. Waveforms

24 A form of AM where signals from two separate information Quadrature

sources modulate the same carrier frequency at the same time Amplitude
without Modulation
interfering with each other. The information sources modulate ( QAM )
the same
carrier after it has been separated into two carrier signals that
are 90º out
 of phase with each other.

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
CHAPTER 5 RECEPTION

Item
s Definitions Terms

AM
Demodulati
1 The reverse process of AM modulation. on

The first stage of the receiver of which primary functions are

2 detecting, band limiting, and amplifying the received. RF Section

This section down-converts the received RF frequencies to Mixer /

3 intermediate frequencies (IFs). Converter

This section primary functions are amplification and

4 selectivity. IF Section

This section demodulates the AM wave and converts it to the AM

5 original information signal. Detector

This section amplifies the recovered information. Comprises Audio

6 several cascaded audio amplifiers and one or more speakers. Section

A receiver parameter that is used to measure the ability of

the receiver to accept a given band of frequencies and reject all
7 others. Selectivity

The ratio of the bandwidth 60dB below maximum signal level

and Shape
8 bandwidth 3dB below maximum signal level. Factor

The most prevalent form of noise and is directly proportional Thermal

9 to bandwidth. Noise

Bandwidth
Improveme
10 Noise reduction ratio achieved by reducing the Bandwidth. nt

Noise
Figure
The corresponding reduction in the noise figure due to the Improveme
11 reduction in bandwidth expressed mathematically in dB. nt

12 The ________ of a receiver is the minimum RF signal level that Sensitivity

 can be detected at the input to the receiver and still produce a
usable
demodulated information signal. Also known as receiver
threshold.

Defined as the difference in decibels between the minimum

input level necessary to discern a signal and the input level that
will Dynamic
13 overdrive the receiver and produce distortion. Range

1-dB
Defined as the output power when the RF amplifier response is Compressio
14 1 dB less than the ideal linear-gain response. n Point

A measure of the ability of a communication system to produce,

at the output of the receiver, an exact replica of the original
source
15 information. Fidelity

Any frequency, phase, or amplitude variations that are present

in the demodulated waveform that were not in the original
16 information signal. Distortion

The total phase shift encountered by a signal and can

generally be tolerated as long as all frequencies undergo the
same amount of Absolute
17 phase delay. Phase Shift

Occurs when different frequencies undergo different phase Differential

18 shifts and ay have a detrimental effect on a complex waveform. Phase Shift

Defined as the ratio of the power transferred to a load with a Insertion

filter in the circuit to the power transferred to a load without the Loss
19 filter. ( IL )

A hypothetical value that cannot be directly measured. A Equivalent

parameter that is used in low-noise, sophisticated radio Noise
receivers rather Temperatur
20 than noise figure. e

The frequencies generated in the receiver and used for

demodulation are synchronized to oscillator frequencies Coherent /
generated in the Synchronou
21 transmitter. s Receiver

Either no frequencies are generated in the receiver or the Noncoheren

frequencies used for demodulation are completely independent t/
from the Asynchrono
22 transmitter’s carrier frequency. us Receiver
 Tuned
One of the earliest types of AM receivers and are probably the Radio
23 simplest designed radio receivers available today. Frequency

A phenomenon at radio frequencies where current flow is

24 limited to the outermost area of a conductor. Skin Effect

A technique where TRF receiver’s instability can be reduced

somewhat by tuning each amplifier to a slightly different
frequency, slightly Stagger
25 above or below the desired center frequency. Tuning

Means to mix two frequencies together in a nonlinear device or

26 to translate one frequency to another using nonlinear mixing. Heterodyne

A broad –tuned bandpass filter with an adjustable center

27 frequency that is tuned to desired carrier frequency. Preselector

The most common intermediate frequency used in AM

28 broadcast-band receivers is ________. 455 kHz

Consists of a series of IF amplifiers and bandpass filters and

29 is often called IF strip. IF Section

Refer to frequencies that are used within a transmitter or

receiver that fall somewhere between the radio frequencies and
the original Intermediat
30 source information frequencies. e Frequency

Means that the two adjustments are mechanically tied together

so that a single adjustment will change the center frequency of
the
preselector and, at the same time, change the local oscillator Gang
31 frequency. Tuning

High-side
Injection /
High-beat
32 When the local oscillator is tuned above the RF it is? Injection

Low-side
Injection /
Low-beat
33 When the local oscillator is tuned below the RF it is? Injection

The side frequencies undergo a sideband reversal during the Sideband

34 heterodyning process called? Inversion

35 The ability of the local oscillator in a receiver to oscillate Tracking

above or below the selected radio frequency carrier by an
 amount equal to the
intermediate frequency throughout the entire radio frequency
band.

The difference between the actual oscillator frequency and the Tracking
36 desired frequency. Error

Any frequency other than the selected radio frequency carrier

that, if allowed to enter a receiver and mix with the local
oscillator, will
produce a cross-product frequency that is equal to the
intermediate Image
37 frequency. Frequency

Image-
frequency
A numerical measure of the ability of a preselector to reject Rejection
38 the image frequency. Ratio

Occurs when a receiver picks up the same station at two nearby Double
39 points on the receiver tuning dial. Spotting

A high-gain, low-noise, tuned amplifier that, when used, is

40 the first active stage encountered by the received signal. RF Amplifier

Low-noise
High-performance microwave receivers require a ________ as the Amplifier
41 input stage of the RF section to optimize their noise figure. ( LNA )

MEsa
Semiconduc
tor FET
Semiconduc
A FET with a metal-semiconductor junction at the gate of the tor FET (
42 device, called a Schottky barrier. MESFET )

A wideband, unconditionally stable, low-power, dual-gain

linear integrated-circuit RF amplifier manufactured by Signetics
43 Corporation. NE / SA5200

This section purpose is to down-convert the incoming radio Mixer /

frequencies to intermediate frequencies proportional to Converter
44 bandwidth. Stage

The difference between the level of the IF output with an RF Conversion

45 input signal to the level of the IF output with an IF input signal. Gain

46 A configuration where the mixer excites itself by feeding Self-excited

energy back to the local oscillator tank circuit to sustain Mixer
oscillations
 noise figure.

A low-power VHF monolithic double-balanced mixer with input

47 amplifier, on-board oscillator, and voltage regulator. NE / SA602A

Are relatively high-gain amplifiers that are very similar to Intermediat

RF amplifiers, except that IF amplifiers operate over a relatively e Frequency
narrow, ( IF )
48 fixed frequency band. Amplifier

The most common technique used for coupling where the

voltage Inductive or
that is applied to the primary windings of a transformer is Transforme
transferred to r
49 the secondary windings. Coupling

50 Ability of a coil to induce a voltage within its windings. Inductance

Mutual
51 Ability of one coil to induce a voltage in another coil. Inductance

Coefficient
52 The ratio of the secondary flux to the primary flux. of Coupling

The transfer of flux from the primary to the secondary

windings and is directly proportional to the coefficient of Flux
53 coupling. Linkage

The point where the reflected resistance is equal to the

primary resistance an d the Q of the primary tank circuit is
halved and the Critical
54 bandwidth doubled. Coupling

Is caused by the reactive element of the reflected impedance

being significant enough to change the resonant frequency of
the primary Double
55 tuned circuit. Peaking

The coefficient of coupling approximately 50% greater than the

critical value yields a good compromise between flat response
and steep Optimum
56 skirts. Coupling

IF transformers come as specially designed tuned circuits in

57 groundable metal packages called _______. IF Cans

A differential cascoded amplifier designed for use in

communications and industrial equipment as an IF or RF
amplifier at
58 frequencies from dc to 120 MHz. CA3028A
 The function of this circuit is to demodulate the AM signal AM
59 and recover or reproduce the original source information. Detector

A simple noncoherent AM demodulator using a diode. Also called Peak

60 as diode, shape, or envelope detector. Detector

A distortion in the detection process where the RC time

constant is too short, the output waveform resembles a half-
wave rectified Rectifier
61 signal. Distortion

A distortion in the detection process where the RC time

constant is too long, the slope of the output waveform cannot
follow the Diagonal
62 trailing slope of the envelope. Clipping

Automatic
Gain
A circuit that compensates for minor variations in the Control
63 received RF signal. ( AGC )

It prevents the AGC feedback voltage from reaching the RF or

IF amplifiers until the RF level exceeds a predetermined Delayed
64 magnitude. AGC

Is similar to conventional AGC except that the receive signal

is monitored closer to the front end of the receiver and the
correction Forward
65 voltage is fed forward to the IF amplifiers. AGC

Its purpose is to quiet a receiver in the absence of a Squelch

66 received signal. Circuit

Are used to remove sporadic, high-amplitude noise transients

of short duration, such as impulse noise in the audio section of a Limiters /
67 receiver. Clippers

A method of measuring signal strength relative to noise

strength where an RF carrier modulated 30% by a 1-kHz tone is Signal-to-
applied to the Notched
68 input of the receiver. Noise Ratio

A National Semiconductor Corporation linear integrated circuit

AM radio chip that has an onboard RF amplifier, mixer, local
oscillator, and
IF amplifier stages. An LIC audio amplifier, such as the LM386,
and a speaker
69 are necessary to complete a functional receiver. LM1820
 This receivers would need only two external components: a PLL
70 volume control and a station tuning control. Receivers

The ratio of the demodulated signal level at the output of the

receiver (audio) to the RF signal level at the input to the
receiver, or the
difference between the audio signal level in dBm and the RF Net
signal level in Receiver
71 dBm. Gain

Includes all the gains and losses incurred by a signal as it

propagates from the transmitter output stage to the output of
the detector in
the receiver and includes antenna gain and transmission line
and propagation System
72 losses. Gain

SINGLE
CHAPTER – SIDEBAND COMMUNICATIONS
6 SYSTEMS

Item
s Definitions Terms

A form of amplitude modulation AM Single-

in which the carrier is transmitted at full power but only one of sideband
the Full Carrier
1 sidebands is transmitted. ( SSBFC )

AM Single-
sideband
A form of amplitude modulation Suppressed
in which the carrier is totally suppressed and one of the Carrier
2 sidebands removed. ( SSBSC )

A form of amplitude modulation

in which one sideband is totally removed and the carrier voltage AM Single-
is reduced sideband
to approximately 10% of its unmodulated amplitude. Sometimes Reduced
called Carrier
3 single-sideband reinserted carrier. ( SSBRC )

It is the reinserted carrier in

4 SSBRC for demodulation purposes. Pilot Carrier

5 A form of amplitude modulation AM

in which a single carrier frequency is independently modulated Independen
by two t Sideband
 different modulating signals. ( ISB )

A form of amplitude modulation AM

in which the carrier and one complete sideband are transmitted, Vestigial
but only part Sideband
6 of the second sideband is transmitted. ( VSB )

________ is the picture portion

7 of a commercial television broadcasting signal. VSB System

Bandwidth
Are obvious advantages of Conservatio
single-sideband suppressed- and reduced- carrier transmission n and
over Power
8 conventional double- sideband full-carrier transmission? Efficiency

This ratio determines the Signal-to-

9 degree of intelligibility of a received signal. Noise Ratio

With double-sideband
transmission, the two sidebands and carrier may propagate
through the
transmission media by different paths and therefore, experience
different Selective
10 transmission impairments. This condition is called ________. Fading

A condition in double-sideband Sideband

11 transmission where one sideband is significantly attenuated. Fading

A form of selective fading

where there is a reduction of the carrier level of a 100%-
modulated wave that Carrier-
will make the carrier voltage less than the vector sum of the two Amplitude
12 sidebands. Fading

A condition where the relative

positions of the carrier and sideband vectors of the received
signal change,
causing a decided change in the shape of the envelope, causing Carrier or
a severely Sideband
13 distorted demodulated signal. Phase Shift

A product modulator where the

output signal is the product of the modulating signal and the AM
14 carrier. Modulator

Modulator circuits that DSBSC

15 inherently remove the carrier during the modulation process. Modulators

16 A circuit that produces a Balanced

 double-sideband suppressed-carrier signal. Modulator

A balanced modulator that is

constructed with diodes and transformers. Sometimes called Balanced
balanced lattice Ring
17 modulator. Modulator

The small carrier component

that is always present in the output signal of a balanced Carrier
18 modulator. Leak

The operation of this balanced

modulator as the balanced ring modulator is completely
dependent on the
switching action of diodes D1 through D4 under the influence of Balanced
the carrier Bridge
19 and modulating signal voltages. Modulator

LM1497 /
A double-balanced 1596
modulator/demodulator that produces an output signal that is Balanced
proportional to Modulator
20 the product of its input signals. IC

The circuit where the carrier Linear

21 is reinserted. Summer

Filter,
Phase-
Shift, and
Three methods for Third
22 single-sideband generation. Method

Crystal
Lattice,
Ceramic,
Types of single-sideband Mechanical,
23 filters. Saw Filters

A mechanically resonant
transducer that receives electrical energy, converts it to
mechanical
vibrations, and then converts the vibrations back to electrical
energy at its Mechanical
24 output. Filter

Filters that use acoustic Surface

energy rather than electro-mechanical energy to provide Acoustic
excellent performance Wave
25 for precise bandpass filtering. Filters
 Reflected energy that cancels
26 and attenuates the incident wave energy. Heterodyne

Constructiv
e
Reflected energy that aids the Interferenc
27 incident wave energy. e

Unidirectio
A transducer which launches the nal
28 acoustic wave in only one direction. Transducer

Any difference between the

transmit and receive local oscillator frequencies produces a
_______ in the frequency
29 demodulated information signal. offset error

Fifty hertz or more offset is tonal

30 distinguishable by a normal listener as a _______. variation

A narrowband PLL that tracks

the pilot carrier in the composite SSBRC receiver signal and uses
the
recovered carrier to generate coherent local oscillator Carrier
frequencies in the Recovery
31 synthesizer. Circuit

An SSB receiver that uses a PLL

carrier recovery circuit and a frequency synthesizer to produce Multichann
coherent el Pilto
32 local and beat frequency oscillator frequencies. Carrier

Systems that provide narrowband Amplitude-

voice communications for land-mobile services with nearly the Compandori
quality ng Single-
achieved with FM systems and do it using less than one-third the Sideband
33 bandwidth. ( ACSSB )

The process of combining

transmissions from more than one source and transmitting them
over a common
facility, such as metallic or optical fiber cable or a radio-
frequency Multiplexin
34 channel. g

35 A transmission that can be used Single-

to combine hundreds or even thousands of narrowband channels Sideband
into single, Suppressed
composite wideband channel without the channels interfering -Carrier
 Transmissio
with each other. n

Peak
Envelope
Power ( PEP
)
& Peak
Envelope
Single-sideband transmitters Voltage
36 are rated in ________ and ________. ( PEV )

ANGLE MODULATION
CHAPTER 7 TRANSMISSION

Items Definitions Terms

1 Two forms of angle modulation. FM and PM

Angle modulation was first introduced in the year ________

as
2 an alternative to amplitude modulation. 1931

He developed the first successful FM radio system in 1936,

and
in July 1939, the first regularly scheduled broad-casting of
FM signals began
in Alphine, New Jersey. Also developed the Major E. H.
3 superheterodyne receiver. Armstrong

A modulation that results whenever the phase angle (θ) of Angle

4 a sinusoidal wave is varied with respect to time. Modulation

Varying the frequency of a constant-amplitude carrier

directly Direct
proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a Frequency
rate equal to the Modulation
5 frequency of the modulating signal. ( FM )

Varying the phase of a constant-amplitude carrier directly

proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a Direct Phase
rate equal to the Modulation
6 frequency of the modulating signal. ( PM )

The relative angular displacement (shift) of the carrier

phase Phase
7 in radians in respect to the reference phase. Deviation (Δθ )
 The relative displacement of the carrier frequency in hertz
in Frequency
8 respect to its unmodulated value. Deviation (ΔF )

The original unmodulated carrier frequency in the resultant Carrier Rests

9 angle-modulated waveform. Frequency

The instantaneous change in the phase of the carrier at a

given instant of time and indicates how much the phase of Instantaneous
the carrier is Phase
10 changing with respect to its reference phase. Deviation

Instantaneous
11 The precise phase of the carrier at a given instant of time. Phase

The instantaneous change in frequency of the carrier and

is Instantaneous
defined as the first time derivative of the instantaneous Frequency
12 phase deviation. Deviation

The precise frequency of the carrier at a given instant of

time and is defined as the first time derivative of the Instantaneous
13 instantaneous phase. Frequency

Are the output–versus-input transfer functions for the

modulators, which give the relationship between what
output parameter changes Deviation
14 in respect to specified changes in the input signal. Sensitivities

Is called the modulation index or sometimes index of Peak Phase

15 modulation. Modulation

The change in frequency that occurs in the carrier when it

is Frequency
16 acted on by a modulating-signal frequency. Deviation

17 The peak-to-peak frequency deviation (2Δf). Carrier Swing

The ratio of the frequency deviation actually produced to

the
maximum frequency deviation allowed by law stated in Percent
18 percent form. Modulation

A circuit in which the carrier is varied in such a way that

its instantaneous phase is proportional to the modulating Phase
19 signal. Modulator

A circuit which the carrier is varied in such a way that its

instantaneous phase is proportional to the integral of the Frequency
20 modulating signal. Modulator
 ________ of the first kind for several values of modulation
index provides the number of side frequency pairs and
their corresponding
21 magnitude. Bessel Function

A side frequency is not considered significant unless it has

amplitude equal to or greater than ____ of the
22 unmodulated carrier amplitude. 1%

23 The modulation index is less than 1. Low-index Case

High-index
24 The modulation index is greater than 10. Case

25 Modulation indices greater than 1 and less than 10. Medium Index

Narrowband
26 Low-index FM systems are sometimes called? FM

A rule which is an approximation and gives transmission

bandwidths that are slightly narrower than the bandwidths.
It defines a
bandwidth that includes approximately 98% of the total
power in the modulated
27 wave. Carson’s Rule

The worst-case modulation index and is equal to the

maximum
peak frequency deviation divided by the maximum Deviation Ratio
28 modulating-signal frequency. ( DR )

The FCC has assigned the commercial FM broadcast

service a
_______ band of frequencies that extends from 88 MHz to
29 108 MHZ. 20 MHz

The 20–MHz band is divided into 100, ________ wide

channels
30 beginning at 88.1 MHz. 200 kHz

To provide high-quality, reliable music, the maximum

frequency
deviation allowed is _______ with a maximum modulating-
signal frequency of
31 _______. 75 kHz ; 15 kHz

32 The highest side frequencies from one channel are allowed Adjacent
to Channel
spill over into adjacent channels, producing an interference Interference
 known as
_______.

A _______ wide guard band is usually on either side of each

33 assigned channel. 200 kHz

The noise voltage at the output of an FM demodulator

increases FM Noise
34 linearly with frequency. This is called ______. Triangle

The high-frequency modulating signals are emphasized or

boosted in amplitude in the transmitter prior to performing
35 modulation. Pre-emphasis

The reciprocal of pre-emphasis that restores the original

amplitude-versus-frequency characteristics to the
36 information signals. De-emphasis

A circuit that provides a constant increase in the amplitude Pre-emphasis

37 of the modulating signal with an increase in frequency. Network

When the frequency of the carrier is modulated by the

information Direct FM
38 signal, _______ results. ( Indirect PM )

When the phase of the carrier is modulated by the

information Direct PM
39 signal, _______ results. ( Indirect FM )

Angle modulation in which the frequency of the carrier is

40 varied directly by the modulating signal. Direct FM

Varactor Diode,
FM Reactance,
Three common methods for producing direct frequency Linear IC
41 modulation. Modulations

Direct frequency modulator used for low-index Varactor Diode

Applications, Direct FM
42 such as two-way mobile radio. Modulator

FM Reactance
43 A direct FM modulator using a JFET as the active device. Modulator

A complete FM modulator on a single 8-pin DIP integrated

44 circuit chip. MC1376

45 Can generate a direct FM output waveform that is Linear IC VCO

relatively and Function
stable, accurate, and directly proportional to the input Generators
 modulating signal.

Angle modulation in which the frequency of the carrier is

46 deviated indirectly by the modulating signal. Direct PM

Varactor Diode
and Transistor
Two common methods for producing direct phase Direct PM
47 modulation. Modulator

The process of up-converting the frequency of the

modulated Frequency Up-
48 carrier after modulation has been performed. Conversion

Heterodyning
and Frequency
49 Two basic methods of performing frequency up-conversion. Multiplication

An up-conversion method where a low-frequency

modulated
carrier can either be up- or down-converted to a different
location in the
frequency spectrum without changing its modulation Heterodyne
50 properties. Method

An up-conversion method where the modulation properties

of a
carrier can be increased at the same time that the carrier
frequency is Multiplication
51 up-converted. Method

Transmitters that produce an output waveform in which

the
frequency deviation is directly proportional to the Direct FM
52 modulating signal. Transmitters

A circuit that compares the frequency of the non-crystal

carrier oscillator to a crystal reference oscillator and then Automatic
produces a Frequency
correction voltage proportional to the difference between Control
53 the frequencies. ( AFC )

A frequency-selective device whose output voltage is

proportional to the difference between the input frequency
and its resonant Frequency
54 frequency. Discriminator

55 A voltage added to the modulating signal to automatically dc Correction

adjust the master oscillator’s center frequency to Voltage
compensate for the
 low-frequency drift.

A ________ preceded by a differentiator generates a PM

56 waveform. FM Modulator

Transmitters that produce an output waveform in which

phase Indirect FM
57 deviation is directly proportional to the modulating signal. Transmitters

Probably the most significant advantage of angle

modulation
58 transmission over amplitude modulation transmission. Noise Immunity

Allows a receiver to differentiate between two signals

59 received with the same frequency. Capture Effect

ANGLE MODULATION
CHAPTER 8 RECEPTION AND FM STEREO

Item
s Definitions Terms

In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the audio

detector is directly proportional to the frequency
1 deviation at its input. FM Receivers

In this receivers, the voltage at the output of the audio

detector is directly proportional to the phase deviation at
2 its input. PM Receivers

The circuits used to demodulate FM and PM signals are

both
3 described under the heading ________. FM Receivers

A modulation where the information is impressed onto

the
4 carrier in the form of frequency or phase variations. Angle Modulation

A method used to remove amplitude variations caused by

noise
from the composite waveform simply by clipping the
peaks of the envelop prior
5 to detection. Limiting

The section that rejects the image frequency in FM

6 receivers. Pre-selector
 The section that establishes the signal-to-noise ratio and
7 noise figure in FM receivers. RF Amplifier

8 The section that down-converts RF to IF. Mixer / Converter

9 The section that provide most of the gain and selectivity. IF Amplifiers

The section that removes the information from the

modulated
10 wave. Detector

Limiter,
Frequency
The envelope (peak) detector common to AM receivers is Discriminator and
replaced in FM receivers by a ________, ________, and De-emphasis
11 ________. Network

The circuit that extracts the information from the

modulated Frequency
12 wave. Discriminator

Are frequency-dependent circuits designed to produce an

output
voltage that is proportional to the instantaneous
13 frequency at its input. FM Demodulators

Slope Detector,
Foster-Seely
Discriminator,
Ratio Detector,
PLL Demodulator,
and Quadrature
14 Circuits used for demodulating FM signals. Detector

Circuits that convert FM to AM and then demodulate the Tuned-Circuit

AM Frequency
15 envelope with conventional peak detectors. Discriminators

A tuned-circuit frequency discriminator that has the most

nonlinear voltage-versus-frequency characteristics and,
therefore, is seldom
16 used. Slope Detector

Is simply two single-ended slope detectors connected in Balanced Slope

17 parallel and fed 180° out of phase. Detector

Sometimes called a phase shift discriminator that is a

tuned-circuit frequency discriminator whose operation is
very similar to that Foster-Seeley
18 of a balanced slope detector. Discriminator
 The typical voltage-versus-frequency response curve for a
19 Foster-Seeley discriminator. S-curve

An FM demodulator that is relatively immune to

amplitude
20 variations in its input signal. Ratio Detector

This FM demodulator requires no tuned circuits and

automatically compensates for changes in the carrier
frequency due to PLL FM
21 instability in the transmit oscillator. Demodulator

Sometimes called a coincidence detector that extracts

the
original information signal from the composite IF
waveform by multiplying two Quadrature FM
22 quadrature (90° out of phase) signals. Demodulator

Special circuits that removes the unwanted amplitude

variations since with FM, the information is contained in
frequency
23 variations. Limiters

The limiter circuit produces a constant-amplitude output

for
all input signals above a prescribed minimum input level, Threshold,
which is often Quieting, or
24 called the ________. Capture Level

The improvement in the S/N ratio when the peaks of the

signal FM Thresholding,
have the limiter so far into saturation that the weaker FM Quieting, or
noise is totally FM
25 eliminated. Capture Effect

The inherent ability of FM to diminish the effects of

interfering signals. Also, the ability to differentiate
between two signals
26 received at the same frequency. Capture Effect

Is the minimum dB difference in signal strength between

two
received signals necessary for the capture effect to
suppress the weaker Capture Ratio of
27 signal. an FM Receiver

28 An improved monolithic low-power FM IF system NE/SA614A

manufactured by
Signetics Corporation. It is a high gain, high frequency
 device that offers
low-power consumption and excellent input sensitivity at
455 kHz.

A multiplier cell similar to a mixer stage, but instead of

mixing two different frequencies, it mixes two signals with
the same Quadrature
29 frequencies but with different phases. Detector

A low-voltage, high-performance monolithic FM IF system

similar to the NE/SA614A except with the addition of a
mixer/oscillator
30 circuit. NE/SA616

A monolithic integrated-circuit FM radio system

manufactured
by Signetics Corporation for monolithic FM portable
radios. A complete FM
31 radio receiver on a single integrated-circuit chip. TDA7000

A circuit that is used to reduce the total harmonic

distortion Frequency-
32 (THD) by compressing the IF frequency swing (deviation). Locked-Loop

With this transmission, the information signal is spatially

divided into two 50-Hz to 15-kHz audio channels (a left Stereophonic
33 and a right). Transmission

Used to broadcast uninterrupted music to private

subscribers,
such as department stores, restaurants, and medical Subsidiary
offices equipped with Communications
special receivers; Sometimes cordially refer to as Authorization (
34 “elevator music” SCA )

The process of placing two or more independent channels

next
to each other in the frequency domain (stacking the Frequency
channels), and then Division
modulating a single high-frequency carrier with the Multiplexing
35 combined signal. ( FDM )

The primary audio channel remained at 50 Hz to 15 kHz,

while
an additional SCA channel is frequency translated to the
36 _______ passband. 60 kHz To 74 kHz

The SCA subcarrier may be AM single- or double-sideband

transmission or FM with a maximum modulating-signal
37 frequency of _______. 7 kHz
 The frequency of the pilot carrier of FM stereo
38 transmission. 19 kHz

When the phase of the carrier is modulated by the

information Direct PM
39 signal, _______ results. ( Indirect FM )

A monolithic FM stereo demodulator that uses PLL

techniques to
derive the right and left audio channels from the
40 composite stereo signal. XR-1310

Half-duplex, one-to-many radio communications with no

dial Two-Way Mobile
41 tone. Radio

Provides 26.96 to 27.41 MHz public, non-commercial

radio
service for either personal or business use utilizing push-
to-talk AM DSBFC Class D Citizens
42 and AM SSBFC. Band ( CB ) Radio

Cover a broad-frequency band from 1.8 MHz to above 300

MHz. Amateur ( HAM )
43 Designed for personal use without pecuniary interest. Radio

Provides 2.8 MHz to 457 MHz. ABS disseminates

information for
the purposes of air navigation and air-to-ground
communications utilizing
conventional AM and various forms of AM SSB in the HF, Aeronautical
MF, and VHF frequency Broadcasting
44 bands. Service ( ABS )

Mobile Telephone
45 Full-duplex, on-to-one radio telephone communications. Service

Provides worldwide telecommunication service using

handheld
telephones that communicate with each other through Personal
low earth-orbit satellite Communications
repeaters incorporating QPSK modulation and both FDMA Satellite Service (
46 and TDMA. PCSS )

Is used extensively for public safety mobile

communications, Two-Way FM
such as police and fire departments and emergency Radio
47 medical services. Communications
 The maximum frequency deviation for two-way FM
transmitters is
typically ________, and the maximum modulating-signal
48 frequency is ________. 5 kHz ; 3 kHz

Transmissions are initiated by closing a ________ switch, Push-To-Talk

49 which turns on the transmitter and shuts off the receiver. ( PTT )

It was used as early as 1921 when the Detroit Police

Department used a mobile radio system that operated at
a frequency close to 2
50 MHz. Mobile Radio

It was used rather than a simple mechanical switch to

reduce
the static noise associated with contact bounce in Electronic
51 mechanical switches. Push-To-Talk

Transmitters equipped with ________ are automatically

keyed
each time the operator speaks into the microphone, Voice-Operated
regardless of whether the Transmitter ( VOX
52 PTT button is depressed. )

CHAPTER 9 DIGITAL MODULATION

Items Definitions Terms

Is the transmission, reception, and processing of

information Electronic
1 with the use of electronic circuits. Communication

Is defined as knowledge or intelligence that is

communicated
2 between two or more points. Information

Is the transmittal of digitally modulated analog signals

(carriers) between two or more points in a communication Digital
3 system. Modulation

Digital
4 System involving the transmission of digital pulses. Transmission

The information signal is digital and the amplitude (V) of

the Amplitude Shift
5 carrier is varied proportional to the information signal. Keying ( ASK )

6 The information signal is digital and the frequency (f) of Frequency Shift
 the
carrier is varied proportional to the information signal. Keying ( FSK )

The information signal is digital and the phase (θ) of Phase Shift
7 the carrier is varied proportional to the information signal. Keying ( PSK )

Quadrature
A modulation where both the amplitude and the phase are Amplitude
varied Modulation
8 proportional to the information signal. ( QAM )

Performs level conversion and then codes the incoming

data
9 into groups of bits that modulate an analog carrier. Pre-coder

Is a highly theoretical study of the efficient use of

bandwidth
to propagate information through electronic Information
10 communications systems. Theory

Is a measure of how much information can be propagated

through
a communications system and is a function of bandwidth Information
11 and transmission time. Capacity

The most basic digital symbol used to represent

12 information. Binary Digit / Bit

In 1928, _________ of Bell Telephone Laboratories

developed a
useful relationship among bandwidth, transmission time,
and information
13 capacity. R. Hartley

In 1948, mathematician _________ (also of Bell Telephone

Laboratories) published a paper in the Bell System
Technical Journal relating
the information capacity of a communications channel to
bandwidth and Claude E.
14 signal-to-noise ratio. Shannon

Simply represents a digit that corresponds to the number

of
conditions, levels, or combinations possible for a given
number of binary
15 variables. M

Refers to the rate of change of a digital information

signal,
16 which is usually binary. Bit Rate
 Refers to the rate of change of a signal on a transmission
17 medium after encoding and modulation have occurred. Baud

Sometimes called a symbol and could be encoded as a

change in Signaling
18 the amplitude, frequency, or phase. Element

The minimum theoretical bandwidth necessary to

propagate a Nyquist
19 signal. Bandwidth

According to ________, binary digital signals can be

propagated through an ideal noiseless transmission
medium at a rate equal to
20 two time the bandwidth of the medium. H. Nyquist

The carrier is either “on” or “off” which is why amplitude-

21 shift keying is sometimes referred to as ________. On-Off Keying

22 A logic 1 frequency (fm) for FSK. Mark

23 A logic 0 frequency (fs) for FSK. Space

The mark and space frequencies are separated from the

mark and
space frequencies are separated from the carrier
frequency by the _________ Peak Frequency
24 and from each of by 2 Δf. Deviation (Δf)

_______ is the peak frequency deviation of the carrier and

is
equal to the difference between the carrier rest frequency
and either the
25 mark or space frequency. Δf

A type of FSK detection wherein there is no frequency

involved
in the demodulation process that is synchronized either in
phase, frequency, Noncoherent
26 or both with the incoming FSK signal. Detection

A type of FSK detection wherein the incoming FSK signal

is
multiplied by a recovered carrier signal that has exact
same frequency and Coherent
27 phase as the transmitter reference. Detection

28 Is binary FSK except the mark and space frequencies are Continuous-
synchronized with the input binary bit rate. Phase FSK ( CP-
 FSK )

A signal state-space diagram, is similar to a phasor

diagram
except that the entire phasor is not drawn. Only the
relative positions of Constellation
29 the peaks of the phasors are shown. Diagram

Is a product modulator; the output signal is the product of Balanced

30 the two input signals. Modulator

Detect and regenerates a carrier signal that is both

frequency Coherent Carrier
31 and phase coherent with the original transmit carrier. Recovery Circuit

Also known as quadrature PSK that is another form of Quaternary PSK

32 angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital modulation. ( QPSK )

33 A group of two bits. Dibit

It modulates the carrier that is in phase with the reference

34 oscillator. I Bit

It modulates the carrier that is 90 out of phase or in

35 quadrature with reference carrier. Q Bit

36 Is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel. QPSK Modulator

The highest fundamental frequency present at the data

input to
the I or the Q balanced modulator is equal to _______ of
37 the input data rate. 1/4

The fastest output rate of change (baud) is also equal to

38 ________ of the input bit rate. 1/2

The outputs of the product detectors are fed to the

________,
here they are converted from parallel I and Q data
channels to a single Bit Combining
39 binary output data stream. Circuit

Is a modified for of QPSK where the bit waveforms on the I

and
Q channels are offset or shifted in phase from each other
by one-half of a Offset QPSK
40 bit time. ( OQPSK )

41 The advantage of OQPSK is the _________ that must be Limited Phase

imparted Shift
 during modulation.

With ________, three bits are encoded, forming tribits and

42 producing eight different output phases. 8 PSK

43 Group of 3 bits. Tribit

Also known as maximum distance code used to reduce

the number
44 of transmission errors. Gray Code

Converts the I/C and Q/C bit pairs to serial, Q, and C Parallel-to-
output Serial
45 data streams. Logic Circuit

46 Group of 4 bits. Quadbits

16-PSK can undergo only a _______ phase shift during

47 transmission and still retain its integrity. 11.25°

Is an M-ary encoding technique where M = 8. The output

signal
48 from this modulator is not a constant-amplitude signal. 8 – QAM

The process of introducing transitions (pulses) into the

49 binary signal using a prescribed algorithm. Scrambling

It uses the same algorithm for scrambling to remove the

50 transitions. Descrambler

Is an alternative form of digital modulation where the

binary
input is contained in the difference between two Differential
successive signalling Phase-Shift
51 elements rather than the absolute phase. Keying ( DPSK )

Data transmission rates in excess of 56 kbps can be

achieved, Trellis Code
over standard telephone circuits using an encoding Modulation
52 technique called ________. ( TCM )

__________ at IBM Zuerich Research Laboratory developed

TCM,
which involves using convolutional (tree codes, which
combines encoding and
modulation to reduce the probability of error, thus
improving the bit error
53 performance. Dr. Ungerboeck

54 Defines the manner in which signal-state transitions are Trellis Coding

 allowed to occur, and transitions that do not follow this
pattern are
interpreted in the receiver as transmission errors.

The distance between symbols on the constellation of the

TCM Euclidean
55 coding scheme on standard QAM. Distance

Is the ratio of the average carrier power (the combined

power
of the carrier and its associated sidebands) to the thermal Carrier-To-Noise
56 noise power. Power Ratio

57 Is simply the energy of a single bit of information. Energy Per Bit

The phase relationship between signalling elements for

BPSK
(i.e., 180° out of phase) is the optimum signalling format,
referred to as Antipodal
58 ________. Signaling

Noncoherent
( Asynchronous
) And Coherant (
59 Two types of FSK systems. Synchonous )

The transmitter and receiver are not frequency or phase Noncoherent

60 synchronized. FSK

Local receiver reference signals are in frequency and

phase
61 lock with the transmitted signals. Coherent FSK

CHAPTER 10 DIGITAL TRANSMISSION

Items Definitions Terms

Is the transmittal of digital signals between two or more Digital

1 points in a communications system. Transmission

_________ developed the first digital transmission system for

the purpose of carrying digitally encoded analog signals,
such as human
2 voice, over metallic wire cables between telephone offices. AT&T

The primary advantage of digital transmission over analog Noise

3 transmission. Immunity
 Digital signals are also better suited than analog signals for
4 processing and combining using a technique called _____. Multiplexing

Is the processing of analog signals using digital methods

and
includes bandlimiting the signal with filters, amplitude Digital Signal
equalization, and Processing
5 phase shifting. ( DSP )

Digital transmission systems are more resistant to analog

systems to additive noise because they use ________ rather
than signal Signal
6 amplification. Regeneration

Consist essentially of sampling analog information signals

and
then converting those samples into discrete pulses and
transporting the
pulses from a source to a destination over a physical Pulse
7 transmission medium. Modulation

PWM, PPM,
8 The four predominant methods of pulse modulation. PAM and PCM

Sometimes called pulse duration modulation (PDM) or pulse

length modulation (PLM), as the width (active portion of the
duty cycle) of a
constant amplitude pulse is varied proportional to the Pulse Width
amplitude of the Modulation
9 analog signal at the time the signal is sampled. ( PWM )

The position of a constant-width pulse within a prescribed

time slot is varied according to the amplitude of the sample Pulse Position
of the analog Modulation
10 signal. ( PPM )

The amplitude of a constant-width, constant-position pulse

is Pulse
varied according to the amplitude of the sample of the Amplitude
11 analog signal. Modulation

Pulse Code
The analog signal is sampled and then converted to a serial Modulation
12 n-bit binary code for transmission. ( PCM )

__________ is credited with inventing PCM in 1937 while Alex H.

13 working for AT&T at its Paris laboratories. Reeves

A circuit that periodically samples the analog input signal Sample-and-

14 and converts those samples to a multilevel PAM signal. Hold Circuit
 The transmission line ________ are placed at prescribed
15 distances to regenerate the digital pulses. Repeaters

Codec
An integrated circuit that performs the PCM encoding and ( Coder /
16 decoding functions. Decoder )

The function of a _________ in a PCM transmitter is to

periodically sample the continually changing analog input
voltage and convert
those samples to a series of constant-amplitude pulses that
can more easily Sampling
17 be converted to binary PCM code. Circuit

The sampling process alters the frequency spectrum and

18 introduces an error called _________. Aperture Error

The ________ of the capacitor is called the A/D conversion

time because it is during this time that the ADC converts
the sample voltage
19 to a PCM code. Storage Time

If the input to the ADC is changing while it is performing the Aperture

20 conversion, _______ results. Distortion

_________ theorem establishes the minimum sampling rate

(fs) Nyquist
21 that can be used for a given PCM system. Sampling

The binary codes used for PCM are _________, where n may
be
22 any positive integer greater than 1. N-Bit Codes

Most
Significant Bit
23 The sign bit in a sign-magnitude code. ( MSB )

Is the process of converting an infinite number of

possibilities to a finite number of conditions. Is the process
of rounding
off the amplitudes of flat-top samples to a manageable
24 number of levels. Quantization

A type of code where the codes on the bottom half of the

table
are a mirror image of the codes on the top half, except for Folded Binary
25 the sign bit. Code

26 The magnitude difference between adjacent steps. Quantization

 Interval or
Quantum

If the magnitude of the sample exceeds the highest

quantization interval, ________ (also called peak limiting) Overload
27 occurs. Distortion

Quantization
Any round-off errors in the transmitted signal are Error (Qe )
reproduced Quantization
28 when the code is converted back to analog in the receiver. Noise (Qn)

Is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest

possible magnitude (other than 0V) that can be decoded by
the
29 digital-to-analog converter in the receiver. Dynamic Ratio

During times when there is no analog input signal, the only

input to the PAM sampler is random, thermal noise also
called as __________, Idle Channel
30 that is converted to a PAM sample just as if it were a signal. Noise

A way to reduce idle channel noise wherein the first

quantization interval is made larger in amplitude than the Midtread
31 rest of the steps. Quantization

32 Is the process of compressing and then expanding. Companding

μ-Law and A-
law
33 Two methods of companding: Companding

Involves compression in the transmitter after the input

sample
has been converted to a linear PCM code and then
expansion in the receiver Digital
34 prior to PCM decoding. Companding

When digitizing speech signals only, special voice

35 encoders/decoders called _______ are often used Vacoders

A _________ coder extracts the most significant portions of

speech information directly from the time waveform rather
than from the
frequency spectrum as with the channel and formant Linear
36 vocoders. Predictive

_________ modulation uses a single-bit PCM code to achieve

37 digital transmission of analog signals. Delta
 Slope
Overload and
Two problems associated with delta modulation that do not Granular
38 occur with conventional PCM. Subdivision

With ________, the difference in the amplitude of two

successive samples is transmitted rather than the actual Differential
39 sample. PCM ( DPCM )

40 The secondary lobes are called __________. Ringing test

_________ causes crosstalk between channels that occupy Inter symbol

adjacent time slots in a time-division-multiplexed carrier interference
41 system. ( ISI )

Special filters called _________ are inserted in the

transmission path to “equalize” the distortion for all
frequencies, creating
uniform transmission medium reducing transmission
42 impairments. Equalizers

A ________ is simply the superposition of a series of

harmonically related sine waves with specific amplitude and
phase Pulse
43 relationships. Modulation

44 The decision levels for the regenerator are represented by Crosshairs

The _______ has an effect on the symbol timing (clock)

recovery circuit and, if excessive, may significantly degrade
the performance
45 of cascaded regenerative sections. Jitter

DIGITAL T-CARRIERS AND

CHAPTER 11 MULTIPLEXING

Item
s Definitions Terms

Transmission of information from one or more source To one or

1 more destination over the same transmission medium (facility). Multiplexing

2 Unsophisticated form of multiplexing that simply constitutes

propagating signals from different sources of different cables Space-
that are Division
contained within the same trench. Multiplexing
3 Considered as transmission medium. Trench

Form of phase-division multiplexing (PDM) where to date

channels (the I and Q) modulate the same carrier frequency that
has been
4 shifted 90◦ in phase. QPSK

I – Channel
5 Modulates a sine wave carrier. Bits

Q – Channel
6 Modulates a cosine wave carrier. Bits

Time-
Division
Multiplexing
; Frequency-
Division
Multiplexing
;
Wavelength
-Division
7 Three most predominant methods of multiplexing signals. Multiplexing

Time-
Transmissions from multiple sources occur on the same but not Division
8 on the same time. Multiplexing

Most prevalent encoding technique used for TDM digital

9 signals. PCM

Use an 8-kHz sample rate and an eight-bit PCM code, which DS-O
10 produces a 64 kbps PCM line speed. Channel

Simply an electronically controlled digital switch with two

11 inputs and one outputs. Multiplexer

12 One eight-bit PCM code from each channel (16 total bits). TDM Frame

13 Time it takes to transmit one TDM frame. Frame Time

Digital
A communications system that uses digital pulses rather than Carrier
14 analog signals to encode information. System

TI or
Specifies a digital carrier system using PCM encoded analog Transmissio
15 signals. n One

16 Voice band channel bandwidth. 300 Hz to

 3000 Hz

17 Special conditioned cables. TI Lines

Used to maintain frame and sample synchronization between

TDM
18 transmitter & receiver. Framing Bit

Digital
Channel
19 PCM encoders & decoders with a seven-bit magnitude. Banks

Supervision between telephone offices, such as on hook, off

20 hook, dial pulsing, and so forth. Signaling

Signaling
21 Only seven-bit resolution. Frame

Extended
Super
Consist of 24 193 bit frames, totaling 4632 bits, of which 24 Frame
22 are framing bits. Format

CRC-6
( Cyclic
Redundancy
23 Used for an error detection code. Checking )

24 Signaling bit in frame 6. A Bit

25 Signaling bit in frame 12. B Bit

26 Signaling bit in frame 18. C Bit

27 Signaling bit in frame 24. D Bit

Data
Service Unit
Digital interface that provides the physical connection to a / Channel
28 digital carrier network. Service Unit

Multiplexers
/
Upgrade from one level in the hierarchy to the next higher Demultiplex
29 level. ers

Digital
Provides a convenient place to make patchable inter connects Cross
30 and perform routine maintenance & trouble shooting. Connect
 Signal
31 Provides frequency shifting for the master group signals. Processor

Low quality video transmission for use between non-dedicated Picturephon

32 subscribers. e

Identify when transitions occur in the data and whether that Three-Bit
33 transition is from a 1 to a 0 or vice versa. Code

34 First bit of the code. Address Bit

Digital Line
35 Converting standard logic levels. Encoding

Involves the transmission of only a single nonzero voltage

36 level. Unipolar

Two nonzero voltages are involved ( a positive voltage for a

logic 1 and an equal-magnitude negative voltage for a logic 0 or
37 vice versa). Bipolar

38 Categorize the type of transmission. Duty Cycle

Non-return
39 Maintained the entire bit time. to Zero

Return to
40 Less than 100% of the bit time. Zero

Produces a condition in which a receive may lose its amplitude

reference for optimum discrimination between received 1’s & DC
41 0’s. Wandering

Popular type of line encoding that produces a strong timing

component Digital
42 for clock recovery and does not cause dc wandering. Biphase

Uses one cycle of a square wave at 0◦ phase to represent

a logic 1 and one cycle of a square wave at 180◦ phase to
represent a
43 logic 0. Biphase

Used for encoding SMPTE(Society of Motion Picture and Tele

44 vision Engineers) time-code data for recording on videotapes. Biphase M

Commonly called the Manchester Code and specified in IEEE

45 standard 802.3 for Ethernet local area networks. Biphase L

46 Forms of delay-modulated codes where a logic 1 condition Miller Codes

produces a transition in the middle of the clock pulse, and a
 logic 0
produces no transition at the end of the clock intervals unless
followed by
another logic 0.

Used for the transmission of PCM-encoded time-division

47 multiplexed digital signals. T Carriers

Filters and shapes the incoming digital signal and raise its
power level so that the regenerator circuit can make a pulse-no
pulse Amplifier /
48 decision. Equalizer

Recovery circuit reproduces the cocking information from the

received data and provides the proper timing information to the
regenerator
so that samples can be made at the optimum time, minimizing
the chance of an Timing
49 error occurring. Clock

A threshold detector that compares the sampled voltage

received to a reference level and determines whether the bit is
a logic 1 or Regenerativ
50 a logic 0. e Repeater

51 Different version of T carriers used in Europe. E-Lines

52 Used for frame alignment pattern and for an alarm channel. Time Slot 0

Added-Digit
Framing
Robbed-
digit
framing
Added-
channel
framing
Statistical
framing
Unique-line
code
53 Digital carrier frame synchronization. framing

Bit
Interleaving
Word
54 Methods of Interleaving PCM transmissions: Interleaving

55 Used more often for the transmission of data when they are Statistical
called asynchronous TDM, intelligent TDM, or simply stat muxs. Time-
 Division
Multiplexing

Large-scale integration (LSI) chip designed for use in the

56 telecommunications industry for private branch exchanges. CODEC

Analog
Sampling;
Encoding /
Decoding;
Digital
57 Three functions of codec. Companding

Time Slot
Used to gate the PCM word onto the PCM highway when an Strobe
58 external buffer is used to drive the line. Buffer

Data are input and output for a single channel in a short

59 burst. Burst Mode

Variable-
Data-Rate
60 Allows for a flexible data input and output clock frequency. Mode

Shift
Data from the PCM highway are clock into the codec on the next Register
61 eight consecutive negative transitions of DCLKR. Mode

Frequency
Multiple sources that originally occupied the same frequency Division
62 spectrum are each converted to a different frequency. Multiplexing

Process is accomplished without synchronization between

63 stations. Stacking

Short Haul;
64 AT&T’s communications network is subdivided into 2: Long Haul

Message
65 Basic building block of the FDM Hierarchy. Channel

Separate signals with different wavelengths in a manner Demultiplex

similar to the way filters separate electrical signals of different ers /
66 frequencies. Splitters

Add / Drop
Multiplexers
/
Similar to regular multiplexers and demultiplexers except they Demultiplex
67 are located at intermediate points in the system. ers
 Direct signals of a particular wavelength to a specific
destination while not separating all the wavelengths present on WDM
68 the cable. Routers

Enable more efficient utilization of the transmission

capabilities of optical fibers by permitting different wavelengths
to be WDM
69 combined and separated. Couplers

Diffraction
Grating ;
Prism ;
Dichroic
70 Three basic types of WDM couplers: Filter

Synchronou
Multiplexing system similar to conventional time division s Optical
71 multiplexing. Network

72 Has a 51.84-Mbps synchronous frame structure. STS-1

73 Second level of SONET multiplexing. OC-48

METALLIC CABLE
CHAPTER 12 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Items Definitions Terms

Guided
Provides a conduit in which electromagnetic signals are Transmission
1 contained. Media

Unguided
Transmission
2 Emitted then radiated through air or a vacuum. Media

Cable
Used to propagate electromagnetic signals between two Transmission
3 locations in a communications system. Medium

Most common means of interconnecting devices in local Cable

area Transmission
4 networks. Systems

Metallic conductor system used to transfer electrical energy Transmission

5 from one point to another using electrical current flow. line
 longitudinal
6 Two basic kinds of waves. and transverse

7 The rate at which the periodic wave repeats. Frequency

Currents that flow in opposite directions in a balanced wire Metallic circuit

8 pair. currents

Longitudinal
9 Currents that flow in the same direction. currents

Common mode
10 Cancellation of common mode signals. rejection

One wire is at the ground potential, whereas the other is at Single-ended

11 signal potential. or unbalanced

A circuit device used to connect a balanced transmission

line
12 to an unbalanced load. balun

Parallel-
conductor
transmission
lines and
coaxial
Most common metallic cables used to interconnect data transmission
13 communications systems and computer networks. lines.

Formed by twisting two insulated conductors around each

14 other. Twisted-pair

Unshielded
twisted pair
and Shielded
15 Types of twisted pair. twisted pair

Coupling that takes place when a transmitted signal is

coupled Near-end
16 into the received signal at the same end of the cable. crosstalk

17 Standard color code specified by the EIA for CAT-5 cable. Pair 1:
blue/white
stripe
and blue
Pair 2:
orange/white
stripe and
orange
 Pair 3:
green/white
stripe
and green
Pair 4:
brown/white
stripe
and brown

18 Woven into a mesh. Braid

Name given to the area between the ceiling and the root in
a
single-story building or between the ceiling and the floor of
the next higher
19 level in a multi-story building. Plenum

Used for high data transmission rates to reduce losses and

20 isolate transmission path. Coaxial

Refers to the woven stranded mesh that surrounds some

types of
21 coaxial cables. Shielding

One layer of foil insulation and one layer of braided

22 shielding. Dual shielded

Rigid air-filled;
23 Types of coaxial cables. solid flexible

Distributed
24 Uniformly distributed throughout the length of the line. parameters

Secondary
25 Transmission characteristics of a transmission line. constants

Surge
26 Impedance seen looking into an infinitely long line. impedance

Expressed the attenuation and the phase shift per unit

length Propagation
27 of a transmission line. constants

Ratio of the actual velocity of propagation of an

electromagnetic wave through a given medium to the
velocity of propagation
28 through a vacuum. Velocity factor.

Dielectric
29 Relative permittivity of a material. constant
 Conductor
loss, radiation
loss, dielectric
heating loss,
coupling loss
30 Several ways in which signal power is lost. and corona

Incident
31 Voltage that propagates from the source toward the load. voltage

Voltage that propagates that propagates from the load

toward Reflected
32 the source. voltage

33 Transmission line with no reflected power. Matched line

Unmatched or
mismatched
34 Incident power returned (reflected) to the source. line

35 Two travelling waves set up an interference pattern. Standing wave

Ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage or

the
maximum current to the minimum current of a standing
wave on a transmission Standing-wave
36 line. ratio

Used to match transmission lines to purely resistive loads Quarter-

whose resistance is not equal to the characteristic wavelength
37 impedance of the line. transformers

Time domain
A technique that can be used to locate an impairment in a reflectometry
38 metallic cable (TDR)

39 Return signal. Echo

Simply a flat conductor separated from a ground plane by

an
40 insulating di-electric material. Microstrip

Simply a flat conductor sandwiched between two ground

41 planes. Stripline

OPTICAL FIBER
CHAPTER 13 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Item
s Definitions Terms

Optical
communicati
ons
1 Uses light as a carrier of information. System

Information-
Electronic communications system is directly proportional to carrying
2 bandwidth. capacity

Bandwidth of an analog communications system as a bandwidth

percentage utilization
3 of its carrier frequency. ratio

Device constructed from mirrors and selenium detectors that

4 transmitted sound waves over a beam of light. Photophone

Alexander
5 Experimented with an apparatus called photophone. Graham Bell

Flexible
6 Used extensively in medical field. fiberscope

Laser (light
amplification
by
stimulated
emission of
7 Invented in 1960. radiation)

8 Advantages of Optical Fiber cables. 1. wider

bandwidth
and greater
information
Capacity
2.immunity
to crosstalk
3. immunity
to statistic
Interference
4.
environment
al
Immunity
5. safety and
convenience
6. lower
 transmission
loss
7. security
8. durability
and
reliability
9. economics

1. interfacing
cost
2. strength
3. remote
electrical
Power
4. optical
fiber cables
are more
susceptible
to losses
introduced
by bending
the cable
5.
specialized
tools,
equipment,
and
9 Disadvantages of Optical Fiber cables. training

Reduces the possibility of the occurrence of a detrimental Stress

10 phenomenon. corrosion

Single-ended
One wire is at the ground potential, whereas the other is at or
11 signal potential. unbalanced

12 Protective coating. Buffer jacket

Strength
13 Increases the tensile strength of the overall cable assembly. member

Spontaneous
decay or
Process of decaying from one energy level to another energy spontaneous
14 level. emission

Science of measuring only light waves that are visible to

15 human eye. Photometry

16 Measures the rate at which electromagnetic waves transfer Optical

 light energy. power

Prismatic
17 Spectral separation of white light. refraction

Simply the ratio of velocity of propagation of a light ray in

free space to the velocity of propagation of a light ray in a Refractive
18 given material. index

Angle at which the propagating ray strikes the interface with Angle of
19 respect to the normal. incidence

Angle formed between the propagating ray and the normal

after the Angle of
20 ray has entered the second medium. refraction

Closely related to acceptance angle and is the figure of merit

commonly used to measure the magnitude of the acceptance Numerical
21 angle. aperture

22 Simply means path. Mode

23 More than one path. Multimode

24 Probably the most important characteristic of the cable. Power loss

1. ultra violet
absorption
2. infrared
absorption
3. ion
Three factors that contribute to the absorption losses in resonance
25 optical fibers: absorption

Radiation
26 Caused mainly by small bends and kinks in the fiber. losses

Caused by excessive pressure and tension and generally occur Contants-

27 when fibers are bent during handling or installation. radius bends

Caused by the difference in the propagation times of light Modal

28 rays that take different path down a fiber. dispersion

A p-n junction made from two different mixtures of the same Mojunction
29 types of atom. structure

Epitaxially
30 Generally constructed of silicon-doped gallium-arsenide. grown

31 Homojunction LED’s output approximately 500 µ at a Planar

 wavelength
of 900 nm. diffused

1. increase in
current
density
generates a
more
brilliant light
spot.
2. smaller
emitting area
makes it
easier to
couple its
emitted light
into a fiber.
3. small
effective
area has a
smaller
capacitance,
which allows
the planar
heterojunctio
n LED to be
used at a
Advantages of heterojunction devices over homojunction higher
32 devices; speed.

Depletion-layer photo diode and is probably the most common

device used as a light detector in fiber optic communications
33 system. PIN diode

1.
responsivity
2. dark
currents
3. transit
time
spectral
response
5. light
34 Characteristic of a light detector. sensitivity

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
CHAPTER 14 PROPAGATION
Item
s Definitions Terms

Propagation of electromagnetic waves often called

radio-frequency (RF) propagation or simply radio
1 propagation. Free-space

Electromagnetic
2 Electrical energy that has escaped into free space. wave

The orientation of the electric field vector in respect to the

3 surface of the Earth. Polarization

Linear
4 Polarization remains constant Polarization

Horizontal
Polarization and
Vertical
5 Forms of Linear polarization Polarization

Polarization vector rotates 360◦ as the wave moves one

wave-length through the space and the field strength is
equal at all angles Circular
6 of polarization. Polarization

Elliptical
7 Field strength varies with changes in polarization. Polarization

Used to show the relative direction of electromagnetic

wave
8 propagation. Rays

Formed when two points of equal phase on rays

propagated from
9 the same source are joined together. Wavefront

A single location from which rays propagate equally in all

10 directions. Point source

Invisible force field produced by a magnet, such as a

11 conductor when current is flowing through. Magnetic Field

Strength of a magnetic field (H) produced around a

conductor
12 is expressed mathematically as: H = 1/2πd

Invisible force fields produced by a difference in voltage

13 potential between two conductors. Electric fields
14 Electric filed strength (E) is expressed mathematically as: E = q/4πЄd2

Dielectric constant of the material separating the two

15 conductors. Permittivity

16 The permittivity of air or free space is approximately. 8.85 x 10-12 F/m

The rate at which energy passes through a given surface

area
17 in free space. Power density

Intensity of the electric and magnetic fields of an

18 electromagnetic wave propagating in free space. Field intensity

19 Mathematically power density is expressed as: P = €H W/m2

The characteristic impedance of a lossless transmission

medium
is equal to the square root of the ratio of its magnetic
permeability to its
20 electric permittivity. Zs = (μo/Єo)1/2

Point source that radiates power at a constant rate

uniformly Isotropic
21 in all directions. radiator

Power density is inversely proportional to the square of the Inverse Square

22 distance from the source. Law

Isotropic
23 Propagation medium. medium

Waves propagate through free space; they spread out,

resulting
24 in a reduction in power density. Attenuation

25 Reduction of Power. Absorption Loss

Reduction in power density with distance is equivalent to a Wave

26 power loss. attenuation

Space
27 Spherical spreading of the wave. attenuation

Homogeneous
28 One with uniform properties throughout. medium

29 Absorption coefficient varies considerably with location, Inhomogeneous

thus medium
 creating a difficult problem for radio systems engineers.

Refraction,
Reflection,
Diffraction and
30 Optical properties of Radio Waves. Interference

31 Bending of the radio wave path. Refraction

Refractive
index;
32 Square root of the dielectric constant and is expressed in: n = (k)

(k) Equivalent dielectric constant relative to free space K = (1-

33 (vacuum). 81N/f2)1/2

34 Boundary between two media with different densities. Plane

Imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the interface at the

35 point of incidence. Normal

Angle of
36 Angle formed between the incident wave and the normal. Incidence

Angle of
37 Angle formed between the refracted wave and the normal. Refraction

Ratio of velocity of propagation of a light ray in free space

to the velocity of propagation of a light ray in a given
38 material. Refractive Index

Perpendicular to the direction of propagation (parallel to

the
39 waveform) Density gradient

40 To cast or turn back. Reflect

Reflection
41 Ratio of the reflected to the incident voltage intensities. Coefficient

Power
transmission
42 Portion of the total incident power that is not reflected. Coefficient

Absorption
43 Fraction of power that penetrates medium 2. coefficient

Incident wave front strikes an irregular surface, it is Diffuse

44 randomly scattered in many directions. reflection
 Specular (mirror
45 Reflection from a perfectly smooth surface. like) Reflection

Semirough
46 Surfaces that fall between smooth and irregular. surfaces

Semirough surface will reflect as if it were a smooth

surface
whenever the cosine of the angle of incidence is greater
than λ/8d,
where d is the depth of the surface irregularity and λ is the Rayleigh
wavelength criterion
47 of the incident wave. Cos θi > λ/8d

Modulation or redistribution of energy within a wavefront

when
48 it passes near the edge of an opaque object. Diffraction

Diffraction occurs around the edge of the obstacle, which

allows secondary waves to “sneak” around the corner of
49 the obstacle. Shadow zone

States that the total voltage intensity at a given point in Linear

50 space is the sum of the individual wave vectors. Superposition

Electromagnetic waves travelling within Earth’s Terrestrial

51 atmosphere. waves

Terrestrial radio
52 Communications between two or more points on Earth. Communications

53 Used for high-frequency applications. Sky waves

Earth –guided electromagnetic wave that travels over the

54 surface of earth. Surface wave

Relative Conductivity of Earth Surfaces:

55

56 Disadvantages of surface waves. 1. Ground waves

require a
relatively
transmission
 power.
2. Ground waves
are limited to
very low,
low and medium
frequencies.
3. Requiring
large antennas.
4. Ground losses
vary
considerably
with
surface material
and
composition.

1. Given enough
transmit power,
round waves
can be used to
communicate
between any
two locations in
the world.
2. Ground waves
are relatively
unaffected
by changing
atmospheric
57 Advantages of ground wave propagation. conditions.

Travel essentially in a straight line between transmit and

58 receive antennas. Direct waves

Line-of-Sight
(LOS)
59 Space wave propagation with direct waves. Transmission

The curvature of Earth presents a horizon to space wave

60 propagation. Radio Horizon

Occurs when the density of the lower atmosphere is such

that
electromagnetic waves are trapped between it and Earth’s Duct
61 surface. propagation

Lowest layer of the ionosphere and is located

approximately
between 30 miles and 60 miles (50 km to 100 km) above
62 Earth’s surface. D Layer
 Located approximately between 60 miles and 85 miles
(100 km to
63 140 km) above Earth’s surface. E Layer

64 The upper portion of the E layer. Sporadic E layer

65 Made up of two layers, F 1 and F 2 layers. F Layer

Highest frequency that can be propagated directly upward

and Critical
66 still be returned to Earth by the ionosphere. frequency

Maximum vertical angle at which it can be propagated and

still
67 be refracted back by the ionosphere. Critical Angle

A measurement technique used to determine the critical Ionospheric

68 frequency. Sounding

Height above the Earth’s surface from which a refracted

wave appears
69 to have been reflected. Virtual Height

Maximum
Highest frequency that can be used for sky wave Usable
propagation Frequency
70 between two specific points on Earth’s surface. (MUF)

MUF = critical
71 Secant law. frequency/cosθi

Optimum
Working
Operating at a frequency of 85% of the MUF provides more Frequency
72 reliable communications. (OWF)

Minimum distance from a transmit antenna that a sky

wave at a
73 given frequency will be returned to Earth. Skip distance

The area between where the surface waves are completely

dissipated and the point where the first sky wave returns Quiet, or skip,
74 to Earth. zone

Formed by the ionosphere is raised, allowing sky waves to

75 travel higher before being returned to Earth. Ceiling

76 Define as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic waves as Free-space path

it loss
 propagates in a straight line through a vacuum with no
absorption or
reflection of energy from nearby objects.

77 Occurs simply because of the inverse square law. Spreading loss

78 Variation in signal loss. Fading

Fade margin
Fm = 30 logD +
To accommodate temporary fading, an additional loss is 10log (6ABf) –
added 10log (1-R) –
79 to the normal path loss 70

CHAPTER 15 ANTENNAS AND WAVEGUIDES

Items Definitions Terms

A metallic conductor system capable of radiating and

capturing
1 electromagnetic energy Antenna

Couples energy from a transmitter to an antenna or from Transmission

2 antenna to a receiver Lines

A special type of transmission line that consists of a

conducting metallic tube through which high-frequency
electromagnetic energy
3 is propagated. Waveguide

Electrical energy that has escaped into free space in the

form
4 of transverse electromagnetic waves Radio Waves

The plane parallel to the mutually perpendicular lines of the

5 electric and magnetic fields. Wavefront

Radiation
6 The ratio of radiated to reflected energy. Efficiency

Antenna wherein two conductors are spread out in a

straight Quarter Wave
7 line to a total length of one quarter wavelength. Antenna

Vertical
Monopole or
8 Another name for quarter wave antenna. Marconi
9 A half-wave dipole. Hertz Antenna

A special coupling device that can be used to direct the

transmit and receive signals and provide the necessary
10 isolation. Diplexer

A polar diagram or graph representing field strengths or

power
densities at various angular positions relative to an Radiation
11 antenna. Pattern

Absolute
Radiation pattern plotted in terms of electric field strength Radiation
12 or power density. Pattern

Radiation pattern plots field strength or power density with Relative

13 respect to the value at a reference Radiation

14 The primary beam of an antenna. Major Lobes

The major lobes that propagates and receive the most

15 energy. Front Lobe

16 Lobes adjacent to the front lobe. Side lobes

17 The secondary beam of an antenna. Minor Lobes

18 Lobes in a direction exactly opposite the front lobe Back Lobe

Front to Back
19 The ratio of the front lobe power to the back lobe power. Ratio

Front to Side
20 The ratio of the front lobe to a side lobe. Ratio

The line bisecting the major lobe, or pointing from the Line of Shoot
center or Point of
21 of the antenna in the direction of maximum radiation. Shoot

Omni-
directional
22 Antenna that radiates energy equally in all directions. Antenna

Radiates power at a constant rate uniformly in all Isotropic

23 directions. Radiator

Maximum
24 The direction in which an antenna is always pointing. Radiation
 It is defined as an equivalent transmits power. It stands for
25 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power. EIRP

The equivalent power that an isotropic antenna would have

to Effective
radiate to achieve the same power density in the chosen Radiated
direction at a given Power
26 point as another antenna. (ERP) or (EIRP)

The power density in space and the actual power that a

receive Captured
27 antenna produces at its output terminals. Power Density

28 It describe the reception properties of an antenna Capture Area

29 Another name for capture area. Effective Area

The relationship of captured power to the received power

density and the effective capture area of the received Directly
30 antenna. Proportional

It refers to the orientation of the electric field radiated

31 from the antenna. Polarization

The angular separation between the two half-power (-3dB)

points on the major lobe of an antenna’s plane radiation Antenna
32 pattern. Beamwidth

The frequency range over which antenna operation is Antenna

33 satisfactory. Bandwidth

34 Another name for antenna input terminal Feedpoint

Antenna Input
35 The feedpoint presents an ac load to the transmission line. Impedance

The simplest type of antenna.

Another names for elementary doublet
Ø Short Dipole,
Ø Elementary Dipole
Ø
Hertzian Elementary
36 Dipole Doublet

Electrically
37 Any dipole that is less than one-tenth wavelength Short

Hertz antenna is name after him and he was the first to

38 demonstrate the existence of electromagnetic waves. Heinrich Hertz
 A single pole antenna one quarter wavelength long,
mounted
vertically with the lower end either connected directly to
ground or grounded Marconi
39 through the antenna coupling network. Antenna

Must be close
40 Main disadvantage of Marconi Antenna. to the Ground

A technique use to increase the electrical length of an

41 antenna Loading

A coil added in series with a dipole antenna which

effectively
42 increases antenna’s electrical length. Loading Coil

A loading coil approximately increases the radiation

43 resistance of the antenna. 5 Ohms

An individual radiator, such as a half or quarter wave

dipole.
Two types of antenna elements
Ø Driven
Ø
Parasitic

Two Elements of a single antenna

Ø Two Wire
Ø
Folded
Dipole Antenna
44 Element

Its purpose is to increase the directivity and concentrate

the
45 radiated power within a smaller geographic area. Array

Elements that are directly connected to the transmission

line
46 and receive power from the source. Driven

Elements are not connected to the transmission line; they

receive energy only through mutual induction with a driven
47 element. Parasitic

A parasitic element that is shorter that its associated driven

48 element. Director

49 Radiation pattern depends on the relative phase of feeds. Driven

 Broadside
50 The simplest type of antenna arrays. Arrays

A widely used antenna commonly uses a folded dipole as

the
51 driven element and named after two Japanese scientists. Yagi Uda

52 Typical directivity of a yagi-uda antenna. 7 dB and 9 dB

Formed by placing two dipoles at right angles to each Turnstile

53 other. Antenna

54 A class of frequency-independent antennas. Log Periodic

A broadband VHF or UHF antenna that is ideally suited for

applications for which radiating circular rather than
horizontal or vertical
polarized electromagnetic waves are required.
Modes of propagation:
Ø Normal
Ø Helical
55 Axial Antenna

Antennas having half power beamwidths on the order of 1º

or
less.
Three important characteristics:
Ø Front-to Back Ratio,
Ø Side-to-Side Coupling
Ø
Back-to-Back Microwave
56 Coupling Antenna

Antenna that provides extremely high gain and directivity

and
are very popular for microwave and satellite
communications link.
Two main part Parabolic
Ø Parabolic Reflector Reflector
57 Ø Feed Mechanism Antenna

The effective area in a receiving parabolic antenna and is

58 always less than the actual mouth area. Capture Area

TELEPHONE INSTRUMENTS
CHAPTER 16 AND SIGNALS

Item Definitions Terms

s

Process of conveying information from one place to

1 another. Communications

Telecommunication
2 Is a long-distance communications s

3 One of the most remarkable devices ever invented. Telephone

Anyone who uses a telephone or a data modem on a

telephone Public Telephone
4 circuit is part of a global communications network. Network

The PTN is comprised of several very large corporations

and
5 hundreds of smaller independent companies jointly. Telco

The telephone system as we know it today began as an

unlikely Alexander Graham
collaboration of two men with widely disparate Bell and Thomas A.
6 personalities: Watson

The simplest and most straightforward form of

telephone Plain Old Telephone
7 service. Service

Subscriber Loop or
8 Most fundamental component of a telephone circuit. Local Loop

An unshielded twisted-pair transmission line consisting

of two
9 insulated conductors twisted together Local Loop

Comes from the Greek word "tele" meaning from afar

10 and phone, meaning sound, voice, or voiced sound. Telephone

The first telephone set that combined a transmitter and

receiver into a single handheld unit was introduced in Butterstamp
11 1878 Telephone

Sidetone or
12 Helps prevent the speaker from talking too loudly Talkback

13 The pair of wores connecting. Local Loop

A series of telephone connection interfaces that are

registered with the U.S. Federal Communications RJ or Registered
14 Commission. Jacks
 The most common telephone jack in use today and can
have up to
15 six conductors. RJ-11

An apparatus that creates an exact likeness of sound

waves
16 with an electric current. Telephone Set

Is originally an electromagnetic bell, placed directly

across
17 the tip of the ring of the local loop. Ringer Circuit

Alert the
destination party of
incoming
18 Purpose of a Ringer. calls

19 Sometimes called a Switch Hook. On/Off Hook Circuit

Helps solve an important transmission problem in

telephone set
20 design. Equalizers

21 It is the transmitter of the telephone. Microphone

Converts acoustical signals in the form of sound

pressure
waves from the caller to electrical signals that are
transmitted into the
22 telephone network. Microphone

Enables the subscriber to output signals representing

23 digits. Dialing Circuit

Alerting,
Signaling messages can be subdivided further into one Supervising,
or four Controlling, and
24 categories: Addressing

25 Indicate a request for service. Alerting Signals

26 Provide call status information. Supervising Signals

27 Provide information in the form of announcements. Controlling Signals

28 Provide the routing information. Addressing Signals

29 Is strictly for signaling between a subscriber’s location DTMF

and
the nearest telephone office or message switching
 center.

Are used to transfer digits and control signals between Multifrequency

30 switching machines. Tones

Are combinations of two frequencies that fall within the

normal speech bandwidth so they can be propagated
over the same circuits as
31 voice. MF Tones

Congestion Tone or
32 Equipment Busy Signal is sometimes. No-Circuit-Available

Occurs whenever the system is overloaded and more

calls are
33 being placed than can be completed. Blocking

Is sent from a central office to a subscriber whenever

there
34 is an incoming call. Ringing signal

Telephones that operate without the cords attached to

the Cordless
35 handset. Telephones

Relay radio signals and messages from wire line and

cellular Paging
36 telephones to subscribers carrying portable receivers. Transmitters

CHAPTER 17 THE TELEPHONE CIRCUIT

Item
s Definitions Terms

It comprised of two or more facilities, interconnected in

tandem, to provide a transmission path between a source Telephone
1 and a destination. Circuit

2 The information transferred in a telephone circuit Message

The circuit used in transferring information in a telephone

3 circuit. Message Circuit

The network bandwidth for a standard voice-band message

4 channel. 4 kHz
 Unused frequency bands located between information
5 signals. Guard Bands

Effective channel bandwidth for a voice-band message 300 Hz to 3000

6 signal. Hz

The only facility required by all voice-band circuits, as it

is the means by which subscriber locations are connected to
the local Local
7 telephone company Subscriber Loop

Two
components
found on local
loops:
The primary cause of attenuation and phase distortion on a Loading Coils
8 telephone circuit. Bridge Taps

The largest cable used in a local loop, usually 3600 pair of Feeder Cable
9 copper wire placed underground or in conduit. (F1)

A cross-connect point used to distribute the larger feeder Serving Area

10 cable into smaller distribution cables. Interface

A smaller version of a feeder cable containing less wire Distribution

11 pairs. Cable

A device that serves as the demarcation point between local Subscriber or

telephone company responsibility and subscriber Standard
responsibility for telephone Network
12 service. Interface (SNI)

13 The final length of cable pair that terminates at the SNI. Drop Wire

14 That portion of the local loop that is strung between poles. Aerial

Distribution
The location where individual cable pairs within a Cable and Drop
distribution cable are separated and extended to the Wire Cross
subscriber’s location on Connect
15 a drop wire. Point

16 Adding inductors periodically in series with the wire. Loading

17 The inductor in loading technique. Loading Coil

An irregularity frequently found in cables serving subscriber

18 location. Bridge Tap

19 A loss that allows signals to split and propagation down Bridging Loss
 more
than one wire introduced by bridge taps.

Weighting network introduced by AT & T to accomplish

equal C-Message
20 magnitude of noise signals. Weighting

The most annoying frequency to human (i.e. the best

frequency
21 response). 1000 Hz

The basic yardstick used for making power measurements

in
22 communications. Decibel (dB)

The optimum level of a test tone on a channel at some point Transmission

in Level Point
23 a communications system. It is used for voice circuits. (TLP)

The ratio in dB of the power of a signal at that point to the Transmission

power the same signal would be at 0 dBm transmission Level
24 level point. (TL)

25 The reference for TLP. 0 dBm

A parameter equivalent to TLP except it is used as a

reference Data Level Pint
26 for data transmission. (DLP)

27 dBm reference to a zero transmission level point. dBmO

reference noise
28 dB reference value for noise reading. (rn)

29 dB level of noise with respect to reference noise (- 90 dBm). dBrn

Similar to dBrn except it is the dB value of noise with

30 respect to reference noise using C-message weighting dBrnc

Noise readings taken with a filter that has a flat frequency

31 response from 30 Hz to 3 kHz dBrn 3 kHz Flat

32 The amount of noise in dBrnc corrected to a 0 TLP dBrncO

Identify when transitions occur in the data and whether that

33 transition is from a 1 to a 0 or vice versa. Three-Bit Code

34 Transmission parameters which include terminal Interface

impedance, in Parameters
band and out of band signal power, test signal power and
 ground isolation.

Transmission parameters which includes noise

measurements,
frequency distortion, phase distortion, amplitude distortion
and non linear Facility
35 distortion. Parameters

The difference in circuit gain experienced at a particular

frequency with respect to the circuit gain of a reference
frequency.
Another names attenuation distortion:
·
Frequency
Response,
·
Differential
Gain
·
1004-Hz Attenuation
36 Deviation Distortion

An indirect method of evaluating the phase delay Envelope Delay

37 characteristics of a circuit. Distortion

Basic Voice-
38 It satisfies the minimum line conditioning requirements Band Channel

Basic 3002
39 Another name for basic voice-band. Channel

Specifies the maximum limits for attenuation distortion and

envelope delay distortion.
Classifications of C-type:
·
C1
·
C2
·
C3
·
C4
· C-type
40 C5 Conditioning

Classification of C-type conditioning pertains to two point

41 and multi point circuits. C1 and C2

C-type conditioning used for access lines and trunk circuits

42 associated with private switched networks. C3
 C-type conditioning pertains to two point and multi point
43 circuits with a maximum of four stations C4

44 C-type conditioning pertains to two point circuits only C5

A relatively low-capacity switching machine where the

subscribers are generally limited to stations within the same Private Branch
building or Exchange
45 building complex. (PBX)

The frequency response of a transmission medium

referenced to Attenuation
46 1004 Hz test tone. Distortion

Linear Phase
47 A requirement for error free data transmission. vs. Frequency

The difference in phase shifts with respect to frequency that

signals experience as they propagate through a
48 transmission medium. Delay Distortion

The time delay encountered by a signal as it propagates

from Propagation
49 source to a destination. Time

50 The delay measured in angular units. Phase Delay

The actual time required for a particular frequency to

propagate from a source to a destination through a Absolute Phase
51 communications channel. Delay

The time required to propagate a change in an AM envelope

52 through a transmission medium. Envelope Delay

Envelope Delay
53 The phase difference at the different carrier frequencies. Distortion

It sets the minimum requirements for signal to noise ratio

and D-Type Line
54 nonlinear distortion. Conditioning

The data transmission rate when D type conditioning is

55 mandatory. 9600 bps

56 Telephone industry standard test tone frequency 1004 Hz

Measurement that determine the average weighted rms C-message

noise Noise
57 power. Measurement
 A communications term that indicates the presence of a
signal
power comparable to the power of an actual message
58 transmission. Loaded

Characterized by high amplitude peaks of short duration

having
59 an approximate flat frequency spectrum Impulse Noise

A sudden, random change in the gain of a circuit resulting in

60 a temporary change in the signal level. Gain Hit

A decrease in circuit gain of more than 12 dB lasting longer

61 than 4 ms. Dropout

Phase Hits
62 A sudden, random changes in the phase of a signal. (Slips)

A form of incidental phase modulation – a continuous,

63 uncontrolled variation in the zero crossings of a signal. Phase Jitter

The presence of one or more continuous, unwanted tones Single

within Frequency
64 a message channel. Interference

65 Unwanted tones within a message channel. Spurious Tones

66 The frequency of the signal changes during transmission. Frequency Shift

It occurs in coherent SSBSC systems when the received

carrier
is not reinserted with the exact phase relationship to the
received signal as Phase Intercept
67 the transmit carrier possessed. Distortion

It occurs in coherent SSBSC systems when the received

carrier
is not reinserted with the exact phase relationship to the
received signal as Phase Intercept
68 the transmit carrier possessed. Distortion

69 A four wire circuit an interface. Hybrid Set

70 Another name for hybrid set. Terminating Set

Any disturbance created in a communications channel by

signals
71 in other communications channels. Crosstalk
 Annoying and objectionable because the listener senses a
real Intelligible
72 or fancied loss of privacy crosstalk

It does not violate privacy, although it can still be Unintelligible

73 annoying. crosstalk

A direct result of nonlinear amplification in analog Nonlinear

74 communications system. Crosstalk

Electromagnetic coupling between two or more physically Coupling

75 isolated transmission media. Crosstalk

Interference caused by inadequate control of the transfer Transmittance

76 characteristics or transmittance of networks. Crosstalk

THE PUBLIC TELEPHONE

CHAPTER 18 NETWORK

Item
s Definitions Terms

It uses the largest computer network in the world to

interconnect millions of subscribers in such a way that the Public
myriad of Telephone
1 companies function as a single entity. Network (PTN)

Identifies and connects the subscribers to a suitable

2 transmission path. Switching

Supply and interpret control and supervisory signals needed

to
3 perform the operation. Signaling

Service
4 The public telephone companies. Providers

Equipment and facilities that are available to all public Common Usage
5 subscribers to the network. Equipment

Another name for Public Switched Telephone Network Dial-Up

6 (PSTN). Network

The transmittal of digital information between two pieces of Data

7 digital equipment. Transmission
 Any device used to originate and terminate calls and to
transmit and receive signals into and out of the telephone
8 network. Instrument

Station
9 The instrument is often referred. Equipment

10 The location of the equipment. Station

11 The operator or user of the instrument. Subscriber

The dedicated cable facility used to connect an instrument

at
12 a subscriber’s station to the closest telephone office. Local Loop

Similar to local loop except trunk circuits are used to

13 interconnect two telephone offices. Trunk Circuits

The dedicated cable facility used to connect an instrument

at
14 a subscriber’s station to the closest telephone office. Local Loop

Similar to local loop except trunk circuits are used to

15 interconnect two telephone offices. Trunk Circuits

A central location where subscribers are interconnected,

16 either temporarily or on permanent basis. Exchange

Programmable matrices that provide temporary signal paths Switching

17 between two subscribers. Machines

Local
18 Exchanges connected directly to local loops. Exchanges

The first commercial telephone switchboard began operation

New January 28,
19 Haven, Connecticut. 1878

20 The first local telephone exchanges. Switchboards

A system of sensors, switches, and other electrical and

electronic devices that allows subscribers to give Automated
instructions directly to Switching
21 the switch without having to go through an operator. System

Allowed subscribers to manually dial the telephone number

of Mechanical
22 the party they wished to call. Dialer

23 Commonly called for stepper or step-by-step (SXS). Strowger

 Switch

Simply the path over which voice, data, or video signals

24 propagate. Circuit

A programmable matrix that allows circuits to be connected

tom
25 one another. Circuit Switch

26 Telephone call completed within a single local exchange. Intraoffice Call

Telephone calls placed between two stations that are

connected
27 to different local exchanges. Interoffice calls

Interswitch
28 Another name for interoffice calls. Calls

Telephone switching machines in local exchanges are Trunks or

connected Interoffice
29 to other local exchange office. Trunk

It is used to interconnect local offices that do not have

interoffice trunks directly between them. An exchange
without any local loops
30 connected to it. Tandem Office

31 Switches that interconnect local offices only. Tandem

Tandem Trunk
or
Intermediate
32 Trunk circuits that terminates in tandem switches. Trunk

Interstate long distance telephone calls require a special

33 telephone office. Toll Office

North American
Telephone
Provides telephone numbering system for the United States, Numbering
34 Mexico and Canada. Plan (NANP)

It allows many subscriber to share a limited number of lines

35 to a central office switch. Concentrator

A path between two subscribers and is comprised of one or

more
switches, two local loops; and possibly one or more trunk
36 circuits. Route
 A call that call cannot be completed because the necessary
trunk circuits or switching paths are not available, the calling
party
37 receives an equipment busy signal. Blocking

Class 5 End
A local exchange where subscriber loops terminated and Switching
38 received dial tone. Office

Class 4P
Class 4 office having only outward and inward calling Switching
39 service. Office

Class 4 office provided human operators for both outward

and
40 inward calling service. Class 4C

Switching office that provide service to small groups of class Class 3 Primary
41 4 offices within a small area of a state. Center

Sectional centers that could provide service to geographical

regions varying in size from part of a state to all of several Class 2
42 states. Sectional

Regional centers were the highest ranking office in the DDD

network in terms of the size of the geographical are served Class 1
and the trunking Regional
43 options available. Center

Toll trunks in tandem, excluding the two terminating links at Intermediate

44 the ends of the connection. Links

Common
Channel
Signaling
A global standard for telecommunications defined by the System No. 7
45 ITU. (SS7 or C7)

Refers to the exchange of information between call

components
46 required to provide and maintain service. Signaling

An architecture for performing out of band signaling in

47 support of common telephone system functions. SS7

Long distance access is now accomplished through an Point of

access Presence
48 point. (POP)

49 A telecommunications term that describes the legal POP

 boundaries
for the responsibility of maintaining equipment and
transmission lines.

Provide access to the SS7 network, access to databases

used by Signaling
50 switches inside and outside the network. Points

Codes that are carried in signaling messages exchanged

between
signaling points to identify the source and destination of
51 each messages. Point Codes

Local telephone switches equipped with SS7 compatible Service

software Switching
52 and terminating signal links Points

Signal Transfer
53 The packet switches of the SS7 network. Points

Service Control
54 It serves as an interface to telephone company databases. Points

Signal Control
55 Another name for service control points. Points

56 Provides access from one level of the protocol to another. Primitive

CELLULAR TELEPHONE
CHAPTER 19 CONCEPTS

Item
s Definitions Terms

1 Mobile
The term for mobile telephone services which began in Telephone
1940s Manual System
and are sometimes called Manual telephone systems. (MTSs)

2 The frequency used by MTSs. 35 MHz-45MHz

Push-to-Talk
3 Switch that was used by MTS to activate the transceiver. (PTT)

4 It was introduced in 1964 which used several carrier Improved

frequencies and could, therefore, handle several Mobile
simultaneous mobile Telephone
conversations at the same time. System
 (IMTS)

The term suggested any radio transmitter, receiver, or

5 transceiver that could be moved while operation. Mobile

The term that described a relatively small radio unit that

was
handled, battery powered, and easily carried by a person
moving at walking
6 speed. Portable

It is similar to two-way mobile radio in that most

communications occurs between base stations and mobile Cellular
7 units. Telephone

It operates on half duplex and use PTT transceivers.

Examples of two-way radio:
·
Citizens
Band (CB)
·
Public
8 land mobile radio Two-Way Radio

A one to one system that permits two-way simultaneous

transmissions and operates the same way as the standard
wire line telephone Mobile
9 service. Telephone

Hinted of a cellular telephone scheme that he referred to as

simply a small-zone radio telephone system in the July 28,
10 1945. E.K. Jett

On June 17, 1946, they introduced the first American AT&T and
commercial mobile radio-telephone service to private Southwestern
11 customers. Bell

Highway
12 A radio telephone service introduced by AT&T in 1947. Service.

Unveiled the most famous mobile telephone to date: the

fully
mobile shoe phone in 1966 in a television show called Get
13 Smart. Don Adams

The year when FCC granted AT&T the first license to

operate a developmental cellular telephone service in
14 Chicago. 1975

15 A satellite-based wireless personal communications satellite Iridium

 (PCSS)

16 Another term for cellular telephone. Cellular Radio

17 A large geographic market area. Coverage zone

It is employed to increase the capacity of a mobile

telephone Frequency
18 channel. Reuse

The shape that was used because it provides the most

effective
transmission by approximating a circular pattern while
eliminating the gaps
19 present between adjacent circles. Honeycomb

Large cells that typically has 1 mile and 15 miles radius with
20 base station transmit power 1W and 6 W. Macrocells

The smallest cells that typically has radius of 1500 feet or

less with base station transmit powers between 0.1 W and 1
21 W. Microcells

The process in which the same set of frequencies can be

allocated to more than one cell, provided the cells are
separated by Frequency
22 sufficient distance. Reuse

A geographic cellular radio coverage area containing three

23 groups of cells. cluster

24 Typically equal to 3,7, or 12. Cluster size

The process of finding the tier with the nearest co-channel

25 cells. First Tier

26 Two cells using the same set of frequencies. Co-channel cells

The interference between the co-channels cells.

Adding radio channels to a system:
·
Decreasing
the transmit power per cell
·
making
cells smaller
·
filling Co-channel
27 vacated coverage areas with new cells Interference
 The ratio of the
cell radius and
distance
from the
The ratio of the cell radius and distance from the nearest nearest co-
28 co-channel cell channel cell

Adjacent
29 Channel next to one another in the frequency domain. Channel

Adjacent-
It results from imperfect filters in receivers that allow Channel
30 nearby frequencies to enter the receiver. Interference

Most prevalent when a mobile unit is receiving a weak

signal
31 from the base station. Near-Far Effect

The area of a cell, or independent component coverage

areas of
cellular system is further subdivided thus creating more
32 areas. Cell Spliting

Occurs when number of the number of subscriber wishing

to
place a call at any given time equals the number of Maximum
33 channels in the cell. Traffic Load

A condition occurs when a new call is initiated in an area

34 where all the channels are in use. Blocking

Smaller areas when a single omnidirectional antenna is

replaced by several directional antennas, each radiating
35 within smaller area. Sectors

36 Using directional antennas. Sectoring

37 Placing two receive antennas one above the other. Space Diversity

A means of avoiding full-cell splitting where the entire area

38 would otherwise need to be segmented into smaller cells. Dualization

A means of avoiding co-channel interference, although it

lowers the capacity of a cell by enabling reuse inside the
reuse distance
39 which is normally prohibited. Segmentation

The locations of radio-frequency transceivers. It serves are

40 central control for all users within that cell. Base Stations
 Cell-Site
41 It handles all cell-site control and switching functions. Controller

Occurs when a mobile unit moves from one cell to another

42 company’s service. Roaming

It controls channel assignment, call processing, call setup

and call termination.
Different Names:
·
Electric
Mobile Exchange (EMX)- Bell Lab.
·
AEX-
Ericcson
·
NEAX-NEC
·
Switching
Mobile Center (SMC)
·
Master
Mobile Center (MMC)-Novatel
· Mobile
Mobile Telephone
Switching Center- PCS networks Switching Office
43 (MTSO)

The transfer of a mobile unit from one base station’s control

to another base station’s control.
Four stages:
·
Initiation
·
Resource
reservation
·
execution

·
completion Handoff
44 (Handover)

A connection that is momentarily broken during the

45 cell-to-cell transfer. It is a break before-make process. Hard Handoff

A flawless hand off with no perceivable interruption of

46 service. Soft Handoff

47 It is used by computers that is based on variations in signal Handoff

 strength and signal quality. Decision

Either the mobile unit or the network determines the need

for
48 a handoff and initiates the necessary network procedures. Initiation

Appropriate network procedures reserve the resources

needed to Resources
49 support the handoff. Reservation

The actual transfer of control from one base station to

50 another base station takes place. Execution

Execution Unnecessary network resources are relinquish

and
51 made available to other mobile units. Completion

Roaming from one company’s calling area into another

company’s Interoperator
52 calling area. Roaming

Stands for Electronics Industries

Association/Telecommunications Industry Association,
developed the IS-41
53 Protocol. EIA/TIA

It aligns with a subprotocol of the SS7 protocol stack that

facilitates communications among database other network
54 entities. IS-41

55 Stands for Cellular Telecommunication Industry Association. CITA

56 The process where a mobile unit notifies a serving MTSO of Autonomous

its Registration
presence and location through a base station controller.
Components of Cellular Telephone System:
·
Electronic
switching center
·
a
Cell-site controller
·
radio
transceiver
·
system
interconnections
·
mobile
 telephone units
·
common
communications protocol

A digital telephone exchange located in the MTSO that is Electronic

the Switching
57 heart of a cellular telephone system. Center

58 A datalink protocol at a transmission rate of 9.6 kbps. X.25

Base Station
59 Another name for cell-site controller. Controller

It manages each of the radio channels at each site

supervises
calls, turns the radio transmitter and receiver on and off,
injects data onto
the control and voice channels, and performs diagnostic
tests in the Cell-site
60 cell-site equipment. Controller

61 Stands for Base transceiver station. BTS

A part of base station subsystem that can be either

narrowband
FM analog system or either PSK or QAM for digital systems
with effective Radio
62 audio frequency. Transceiver

Receiver
63 The radio receiver that detects the strongest signal. Diversity

It governs the way telephone calls are established and

disconnected.
Examples of Protocol:
·
IS-54
·
IS-136.2

·
IS-95 Communication
64 s Protocol

The actual voice channel where mobile users communicate

directly with either mobile or wireline subscribers through a
65 base station. User Channel

66 It is used for transferring control and diagnostic information Control Channel

 between mobile users and a central cellular telephone
switch through a base
station.
Transmit on base station:
·
forward
control channel
·
forward
voice channel
Receive on base stations:
·
reverse
control channel
·
reverse
voice channel
Types of calls:
·
Mobile
to wireline
·
mobile
to mobile
·
wireline
to mobile

CELLULAR TELEPHONE
CHAPTER 20 SYSTEM

Item
s Definitions Terms

1 Stands for Standard Cellular Telephone Service CTS

2 An acronym for Personal Communications System. PCS

3 Stands for Personal Communications Satellite System. PCSS

4 An acronym for Advanced Mobile Telephone System. AMPS

Bell Telephone
5 Proposed the cellular telephone concept in 1971. Laboratories

A standard cellular telephone service (CTS) initially placed

6 into operation on Oct. 13, 1983. AMPS
 It was used by AMPS cellular telephones with a usable Narrowband
audio-frequency band from 300 Hz to 3 KHz and a Frequency
maximum frequency deviation Modulation
7 of + 12 KHz for 100% modulation. (NBFM)

8 Correspond to an approximate bandwidth of 30 KHz. Carson’s Rule

Full Duplex
A transmission with simultaneous transmission in both (FDX)
9 directions. or Duplexing

Frequency-
It is used in AMPS and occurs when two distinct frequency division
10 bands are provided to each user. Duplexing

A special device used in each mobile unit to allow

simultaneous transmission and reception on duplex
11 channels. Duplexer

12 Transmissions from base station to mobile units. Forward Links

13 Transmissions from mobile units to base stations. Reverse Links

14 Another name for forward links. Down Links

15 Another term for reverse link. Uplink

Additional frequencies of 10 MHz to the original40 MHz

band
which increased the number of simplex channels by 166 for
a total of 832 (416 Expanded
16 Full duplex). Spectrum

Cellular
Geographic
Serving Areas
17 Specified frequencies in a small geographic area. (CGSA)

Standard
Metropolitan
18 Defines geographic areas used by marketing agencies. Statistical Area

A technique used by standard telephone subscriber to Frequency

access Division
19 the AMPS system. Multiple Access

A 34 bit binary code which in the U.S. represents the Mobile

standard Identification
20 10-digit telephone number. Number (MIN)
 Electronic Serial
A 34 bit binary code permanently assigned to each mobile Number
21 unit. (ESN)

22 Stands for Vehicle Identification Number. VIN

23 An acronym for Network Interface Card. NIC

A four bit code which indicates whether the terminal has Station Class
24 access to all 832 AMPS channel or only 666. Mark (SCM)

A 15 bit binary code used by FCC to an operating company

when System
25 it issues it a license To provide AMPS Identifier (SID)

It is one of the three analog frequencies (5970 Hz, 6000 Hz,

or 6030 Hz) that helps mobile system distinguish one base Supervisory
station from a Audio Tone
26 neighboring base station. (SAT)

One of four binary codes, also helps mobile system

distinguish Digital Color
27 one base station from a neighboring base station. Code (DCC)

One set of channels dedicated for exchanging control Control

28 information between mobile units and base stations. Channels

Also termed as Voice channel, used for propagating actual

29 voice conversations or subscriber data. User Channel

Setup or Paging
30 Another name of control channels. Channel

31 Sometimes called as Camped. Locked

32 A sequence of alternating 1s and 0s. Dotting Scheme

A unique sequence of 1s and 0s that enables the receiver

to Synchronization
33 instantly acquire synchronization. Word

It controls or command mobile units to do a particular task Mobile Station

when the mobile unit has not been assigned a voice Control
34 channel. Messages

It is used to indicate the current status of the reverse

35 control channel. Busy-idle Bits

36 It contains the following: Overhead

· Message
 System
parameter overhead messages
·
global
action overhead messages
·
control
filter messages
Typical mobile-unit control messages:
·
Initial
voice channel designation messages
·
directed
retry messages
·
alert
messages
·
change
power messages

Transmitted at a 10-kbps rate.

Control data includes:
·
page
responses
·
access
request
·
registration
37 requests Control Data

38 Transmission of voice. Blank

39 Data transmission. Burst

The entity of SS7 interoffice protocol that distinguishes the

physical components of the switching network.
Switching Network:
·
Signal
Service Point
·
Signal
Control Point
·
Signal Intelligent
40 Transfer Point Network
 A family of mobile or portable radio communications
services
which provides services to the individuals and business and
is integrated
with a variety of competing networks.
Differences in PCS and cellular telephone
system:
·
Smaller
Size
·
all
digital Personal
· Communications
additional System
41 features (PCS)

42 Acronym for Personal Communications Network. PCN

Personal
It is assigned to everyone which is stored the on the SS7 Telephone
43 network. Number

44 It determines where and how the call should be directed. Artificial

Intelligence
Network
(AIN)

A database that stores information about the user,

including
home subscription information and what supplementary Home Location
services the user is Register
45 subscribed to. (HLR)

46 Equipment
A database that stores information pertaining to the Identification
identification Registry
and type of equipment that exists in the mobile unit. (EIR)

47 It allows all calls to pass through the network to the Available Mode
subscriber except for a minimal number of telephone
numbers that can be
blocked.

48 The PCS equivalent of caller ID. Screen Mode

49 All calls except those specified by the subscriber are Private Mode
automatically forwarded to a forwarding destination
without ringing the
 subscriber’s handset.

Unavailable
50 No calls are allowed to pass through to the subscriber. Mode

51 PCS operating in the 1900 MHz range. PCS 1900

Interference avoidance scheme which uses voice

companding to Interference
52 provide synthetic voice channel quieting. (MRI)

A narrowband AMPS system that increased the capacity of

the
53 AMPS system in large cellular market. N-AMPS

It is developed with the intent of supporting a higher user United States

54 density within a fixed bandwidth frequency spectrum. Digital Cellular

55 Cellular telephone systems that use digital modulation. Digital cellular

Time-division
Allows one mobile unit to use a channel at the same time Multiple
by Accessing
56 further dividing transmissions within each cellular channel. (TDMA)

A database that stores information about subscriber in a Visitor Location

particular MTSO serving area, such as whether the unit is Register
57 on or off (VLR)

Technique used that allows more mobile-unit subscribers to

use
a system at virtually the same time within a given Time-Sharing
58 geographical area. Channels

It stands for Electronics Industries Association and

59 Telecommunications Industry Association. EIA/TIA

It specifies that a mobile station complying with the IS-54

standard must be capable of operating in either the analog
AMPS or the
60 digital (USDC) mode for voice transmissions. Dual Mode

It is often called North American Time Division Multiple

61 Accessing. IS-136.2

62 It was introduced to provide PSK rather than FSK on IS-54 Rev.C

dedicated USDC
control channels to increase the control data rates and
provide additional
specialized services such as paging and short messaging
 between private
mobile user groups.

Allows for brief paging-type messages and Short e-mail

messages that can be read on the mobile phone’s display
and entered using the Short Message
63 keypad. Service

It was developed to provide a host of new features and

services, positioning itself in a competitive within the
64 newer PCS systems. IS-136

It is used by mobile units to request access to the cellular

telephone system. It is a unidirectional channel specified Random Access
for transmissions Channel
65 from mobile-base units only. (RACH)

SMS point-to-
point Paging
and access
response
It is used to transmit information from base stations to Channel
66 specific mobile stations. (SPACH)

It is dedicated to delivering pages and orders.

It transmit :
·
paging
messages
·
message-waiting
messages
·
user
alerting messages
·
call
history count updates
·
shared Paging Channel
67 secret data updates (PCH)

A logical subchannel of SPACH used to carry assignments Access

to Response
another resource or other responses to the mobile station’s Channel
68 access attempt. (ARCH)

It is used to deliver short point-to-point messages to a SMS Channel

69 specific mobile station. (SMSCH)
 It refers to : F-BCCH, E-BCCH and S-BCCH logical sub Channel
70 channels. (BCCH)

Fast Broadcasts
Control channel
71 Broadcasts digital control channel structure parameters. (F-BBCH)

Extended
Broadcasts
Carries less critical broadcast information than FBCCH Control Channel
72 intended for mobile units. (E-BBCH)

SMS Broadcasts
Individual mobile units. A logical channels used for sending Control Channel
73 short messages. (F-BBCH)

74 Stands for Digital speech interpolation. DSI

Digital Traffic
Carries digital voice information and consists of RDTC and Channel
75 FDTC. (DTC)

Coded Digital
It consists of an eight bit digital voice color code number Verification
76 between 1 and 255 appended with four Color Code

77 Mobile-assisted handoff. MAHO

A blank-and burst type of transmission that replaces

digitized
speech information with control and supervision messages Fast Associated
with in a Control Channel
78 subscriber’s time slot. (FACCH)

Vector sum
exciter linear
predictive
79 A special speech coder. (VSLP)

A special microprocessor that is implemented on the Digital Signal

telephone Processor
80 handset. (DSP)

They are transmitted when a mobile unit begins operating

in a
81 larger diameter cell. Shortened Burst

82 An access method used with standard analog AMPS which FDMA

use
frequency channelization approach to frequency spectrum
 management.

Code Division
It allows users to differentiate from one another by a Multiple
unique Accessing
83 code rather than a frequency or time assignment. (CDMA)

Stands for Qualcom 9600bps Code-Excited Linear

Predictive
84 coder. QCELP

The concept is to break the message into fixed sized blocks

of
data with each block transmitted in sequence except on a Frequency
85 different carrier. Hopping

high bit pseudorandom code is added to a low-bit rate

information signal to generate a high bit rate
pseudorandom signal closely
resembling noise that contains both the original data signal
and the pseudo
86 random code must be known. Direct-Sequence

It is a study group which is sometimes referred to as

Pan-European cellular system. This is now known as the
Global System for
Mobile Communications.
Classification of GSM telephone services:
·
Bearer
Services
·
teleservices
·
supplementary
services
Three primary subsystem of GSM:
·
Base
Station Subsystem
·
Network
Switching Subsystem
· Groupe Special
Operational Mobile
87 Support Subsystem (GSM)

88 All-digital data Network. Integrated

Services Digital
Network
 (ISDN)

Sometimes known as radio subsystem, provides and

manages radio
frequency transmission paths between mobile units and Base Station
the mobile switching Subsystem
89 center (MSC) (BSS)

Network
It manages switching functions for the system and allows Switching
MSCs Subsystem
90 to communicate with other telephone networks. (NSS)

Absolute Radio-
Frequency
Channel
The available forward and reverse frequency bands are Numbers
91 subdivided into 200 KHz wide voice channels. (ARFCN)

It provides the vehicle for a new generation of wireless Mobile Satellite

telephone services called Personal Communications Systems
92 Satellite System (PCSS). (MSS)

93 It uses low earth-orbit (LEO) and medium earth orbit and Personal
MEO Communications
thar communicates directly with small, low-powered mobile Satellite System
telephone units. PCSS)
key providers in PCSS market:
·
American
Mobile Satellite Communications (AMSC)
·
Celsat
·
Comsat

·
Constellation
Communications (ARIES)
·
Ellipsat
(Ellipso)
·
INMARSAT

·
LEOSAT

·
Loral/qualcomm
 (global star)
·
TMI
communications
·
TWR
(Odysse)
·
Iridium
LLC

An international consortium owned by a host of prominent

94 companies, agencies and governments. Iridium LC

The largest commercial venture undertaken in the history

of
95 the world. Iridium Project

A satellite based wireless personal communications

network
designed to permit a wide range of mobile telephone
services, including
96 voice, data, networking, facsimile and paging. Iridium

FCC issued a report and order Dockett # 92-166 defining L

band
frequency sharing for subscriber units in the 1616 MHZ to October 14,
97 1626.5 MHz band. 1994

1.616 GHz to
98 L-band subscriber-to-satellite voice links. 1.6265 GHz

19.4 GHz to 19.6

99 Ka-band gateway downlinks. GHz

29.1 GHz to 29.3

100 Ka-band gateway uplinks GHz

23.18 GHz to
101 Ka-intersatellite cross-links 23.38 GHz

INTRODUCTION TO DATA
CHAPTER 21 COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING

Item
s Definitions Terms
 Information that is stored in digital form.
Information that
1 has been processed organized and stored. Data

2 Knowledge or intelligence. Information

The transmission, reception, and processing of

digital
3 information. Data Communications

It is to transfer digital information from one place

to Data Communications
4 another. Circuit

5 A set of devices interconnected by media links. Network

Systems of interrelated computers and computer

equipment and
can be as simple as a personal computer Data Communications
6 connected together through the PTN. Networks

7 Automatic teller machine ATM

When was one of the earliest means of

communicating
8 electrically coded information occurred? 1753

In 1833, he developed an unusual system based on

a
five-by-five matrix representing 25 letters. The idea
was to send message
9 over a single wire. Carl Friedrich Gauss

The first successful data communications that was

invented in
10 1832. Dots and Dashes. Telegraph

He invented the first practical data

communications code which
11 is called Morse Code. Samuel F.B. Morse

1. Sir Charles
Wheatstone
12 Allegedly invented the first telegraph in England. 2. Sir William Cooke

In 1874, he invented the telegraph multiplexer

which Emile
allowed up to six different telegraph machines to
be transmitted
13 simultaneously over a single wire. Emile Baudot
14 It was invented in 1875 by Alexander Graham Bell. Telephone

He succeeded in sending radio telegraph

15 messages. Guglielmo Marconi

The only means of sending information across

large spans of
16 water until 1920. Telegraph

A German engineer, demonstrated a computing

machine sometime
17 in the late 1930s. Konrad Zuis

J. Presper Eckert
18 Developed the ENIAC computer on Feb. 14, 1946 John Mauchley

19 A technique that process one job at a time. Batch Processing

Built in 1951 by Remington Rand Corp., was the

First
20 mass-produced electronic computer. UNIVAC Computer

A public data communications network used by

millions of
people all over the world to exchange business and
21 personal information. Internet

Private data communications networks used by

many companies to
exchange information among employees and
22 resources. Intranet

Any system of computers, computer terminals or

computer
peripheral equipment used to transmit and receive
information between two or more Data Communications
23 locations. Network

A set of equipment, transmission media and

procedures that
ensures that a specific sequence of events occurs
in a network in the proper
24 order to produce the intended results. Network Architecture

Messages are intended for all subscribers on the

25 network. Broadcasting

Messages are intended for a specific group of

26 subscribers. Multicasting
 Defines the procedures that the systems involved
in the
27 communications process will use. Protocols

Sets of rules governing the orderly exchange of

data within Data Communications
28 the network or a portion of the network. Protocols

29 The list of the protocols used by a system. Protocol Stack

Layered Network
30 It consists of two or more independent levels. Architecture

A logical connection is established between the

endpoints Connection Oriented or
31 prior to the transmission of data. Connectionless

They are designed to provide a high degree of

reliability for Connection-Oriented
32 data moving through the network. Protocol

A connection process that occurs between two

stations before
any data are actually transmitted.
Another terms:
·
Sessions
·
Virtual
circuits
·
logical
connections
33 Handshake

34 It refers to the structure or format of the data Syntax

within the
message, which includes the sequence in which the
data are sent.

Guidelines that have been generally accepted by

the data
communications industry.
Types of standards:
Ø Proprietary system -open Data Communications
35 Ø open system Standards

Generally controlled and manufactured by one

36 company. Proprietary Standard
 The international organization for standardization
on a wide International Standards
37 range of subjects. Organization (ISO)

American National
Standard Institute
38 The member of ISO from the United States. (ANSI)

It is formerly CCITT, one of four permanent parts is International

based in Telecommunications
39 Geneva, Switzerland. Union

Modem interfaces and data transmission over the

telephone
40 lines. V series

Data transmission over public digital Network, e-

mail and
41 directory services. X series

An international professional organization founded

in the
United States and is comprised of electronics, Institute of Electrical &
computer and communications IEEE)and
42 engineers. Electronics Engineers

A non-profit U.S. trade association that establishes Electronics Industry

and Association
43 recommends industrial standards. (EIA)

The leading trade association in the

communications and Telecommunications
44 information technology industry. Industry Association

Advanced Research
The research arm of the Department of Defense in Projects Agency
45 1957. (ARPA)

A large international community of network Internet Engineering

designers, Task Force
operators, vendors and researches concerned with (IETF)
the evolution of the
internet architecture and the smooth operation of
46 the internet.

47 It promotes research of importance to the evolution Internet Research Task

of the Force
future Internet by creating focused, long term and (IRTF)
small research groups
 working on topics related to internet protocols.

Protocol data Unit

48 A unit of data. (PDU)

The process of adding and removing the PDU Encapsulation/Decapsul

49 information. ation

It means to place in a capsule or other protected

50 environment. Encapsulate

It means to remove from a capsule or other

protected
51 environment. Decapsulate

Service Access Point

52 Defines which entity the service is intended. (SAP)

The name for the set of standards for

communicating among
computers
Seven OSI layers:
·
application
·
presentation

·
session

·
transport

·
network

·
data
link
· Open Systems
physical Interconnection
53 (OSI)

Responsible for the actual propagation of

unstructured data
54 bits through a transmission medium. Physical Layer

55 Responsible for providing error-free Data Link Layer

communications across the
physical link connecting primary and secondary
 stations within a network.

Provides details that enable data to be routed

between devices
in an environment using multiple networks,
56 subnetwork, or both. Network Layer

Controls and ensures the end-to-end integrity of

the data
message propagated through the network between
two devices, which provides
reliable, transparent transfer of data between two
57 endpoints. Transport Layer

58 Responsible for network availability. Session Layer

Provides independence to the application

processes by
addressing any code or syntax conversion
necessary to present the data to the
59 network in a common communications format. Presentation Layer

It provides distributed information services and

controls the
60 sequence of activities within an application. Application Layer

An endpoint where subscribers gain access to the

61 circuit. Station

Another term of station which is the location of

computers,
computer terminals, workstations and other digital
62 computing equipment. Node

63 Interconnects digital computer equipment. Facilities

64 Provides means to enter data from humans. Source

Encodes a wireless radio system without being

converted to
65 analog first. Transmitter

Carries the encoded signals from the transmitter to

the
66 receiver. Transmission Medium

Converts the encoded signals received from the

transmission
67 medium back to their original form. Receiver
 It could be a mainframe computer, personal
computer
workstation or virtually any piece of digital
68 equipment. Destination

A type of transmission where all four bits can be

transmitted
simultaneously during the time of a single clock Parallel by Bit or Serial
69 pulse. by Character

Transmission where four clock pulses are required

to transmit
70 the entire four-bit code. Serial by Bit

Two-Point
71 It involves only two locations or stations Configuration

Multi-point
72 It involves three or more stations. Configuration

Data transmission is unidirectional where

information can be
73 sent in only one direction. Simplex

Also called Receive-Only, Transmit Only or One-

74 way-only Lines Simplex Lines

Data transmission is possible in both directions but

not at
the same time.
Another term:
·
two
way alternate lines
·
either
75 way lines Half Duplex

76 Transmissions are possible in both directions Full Duplex

between two
stations simultaneously, but they must be between
same time.
Another terms;
·
Two-way
simultaneous
·
duplex
·
both-way
 lines

Transmission is possible in both directions at the

same time
but not between the same two stations. It is
possible only on multipoint
77 circuits. Full/Full Duplex

The process of sharing resources between

computers over a data
78 communications network. Networking

79 The manual technique of moving data on disks. Sneaker Net

Computers that hold shared files, programs and the

network
80 operating system. Servers

Computers that access and use the network and

shared network
81 resources. Client

The facilities used to interconnect computers in a

82 network. Transmission Media

83 Data that file servers provide to clients. Shared Data

Hardware resources provided to the users of the Shared Printers and

network by other
84 servers. peripherals

An expansion card and prepares and sends data,

receives data
and controls data flow between the computer and Network Interface Card
85 the network. (NIC)

Allows personal computers to access files, print to

a local
printer and have and use one or more disk and CD
drives that are located on Local Operating System
86 the computer. (LOS)

A program that runs on computers and servers that

allows the Network Operating
87 computers to communicate over a network. System (NOS)

Peer – to – Peer Client/

88 One in which all computers share their resources. Server Network
 One computer is designated the server and the
rest of the Dedicated Client/Server
89 computers are clients. Network

90 Describes the layout or appearance of a network. Network Topology

91 Describes how the network is actually laid out. Physical Topology

Describes how data actually flow through the

92 network. Logical Topology

A multipoint data communications network where

remote stations
are connected by cable segments directly to a
93 central located computer. Star Topology

A multipoint data communications circuit that

makes it
relatively simple to control data flow between and
94 among the computers. Bus Topology

A multipoint data communications network where

all stations
are interconnected in tandem to form a closed loop
95 or circle. Ring Topology

Every station has a direct two-point

communications link to
96 every other station on the circuit. Mesh Topology

Combining two or more of the traditional topologies

to form a
97 larger, more complex topology. Hybrid Topology

Privately own networks in which 10 to 40 compute

share data Local Area Networks
98 resources with one or more file server. (LANs)

A high-speed network similar to a LAN except the

are designed Metropolitan Area
to encompass larger areas, usually that of an entire Networks
99 city. (MANs)

Provides low-speed, long distance transmission of

data voice,
and video information over large and widely
dispersed geographical areas such
as country or an entire continent. It interconnects Wide Area Network
100 cities or states. (WAN)
101 Bit rate of WANs. 1.5 Mbps-2.4 Gbps

Provides connects between countries around the Global Area Network

102 entire globe. (GANs)

A network connection that normally carries traffic

between
103 departmental LANs within a single company. Building Backbone

A network connection used to carry traffic to and

from LANs
104 located in various buildings on campus. Campus Backbone

Developed by Department of Defense, comprise of

several
interactive modules that provide specific
105 functionality. TCP/IP Protocol Suite

Internet layer/
106 The network layer of TCP/IP. Internet work Layer

Transmission Control
Protocol
(TCP)
User datagram Protocol
107 Transport layer of TCP/IP. (UDP)

Provides a means of physically delivering data

packets using
108 frames or cells. Network Access Layer

Contains information that pertains to how data can

be routed
109 through the network. Internet Layer

Services the process and internet layers to handle

the
110 reliability and session aspects of data transmission. Host-to-Host Layer

111 Provides applications support. Process Layer

112 Defines a three layer logical hierarchy that Cisco Three-Layer

specifies where Model
things belong, how they fit together and what
functions go where.
Three layers:
·
Core
layer
·
 Distribution
layer
·
access
layer

The core of the network as it resides at the top of

the
hierarchy and is responsible for transporting large
amounts of data traffic
113 reliably and quickly. Core Layer

The communications point between the access and

the core layer
that provides routing, filtering, WAN access and
how data packets are allowed
114 to access the core layer. Distribution Layer

115 Another term for Distribution layer. Workgroup Layer

Controls workgroup and individual user access to

116 internetworking resources. Access Layer

117 Another term for Access layer. Desktop Layer

FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF
CHAPTER 22 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Item
s Definitions Terms

Often used to represent characters and symbols such as

letters, digits and punctuation marks.
Another terms:
·
character
codes
·
character
sets
·
symbol
codes
· Data
character Communications
1 languages Codes
 Sometimes called the Telex Code, was the first fixed
length
2 character developed for machines rather than for people. Baudot Code

A French postal engineer who developed the baudot code

in 1875
and named after Emile Baudot, an early pioneer in
3 telegraph printing. Thomas Murray

Fixed Length
4 Fixed-length source code. Block Code

Stands for United States of America Standard Code for

5 Information Exchange, better known as ASCII-63. USASCII

The standard character set for source coding the

alphanumeric
character set that humans understand but computers do
not (computers only
understand 1s and 0s).
6 It is a seven bit fixed-length character set. ASCII

Fixed Length
7 Fixed-length source code. Block Code

Extended binary coded decimal interchange-code, an

eight bit
fixed length character developed in 1962 by International
Business Machines
8 Corporation. EBCDIC

Omnipresent block and white striped stickers that seem

to
appear or virtually every consumer item in the US and
most of the rest of the
9 world. Bar Codes

It has spaces or gaps between characters. Each character

is
10 independent of every other character. Discrete Code

It does not include spaces between characters. An

example is
11 Universal Product Code. Continuous Code

It stores data in two dimensions in contrasts with

conventional linear bar codes which stores data along
12 only one axis. 2D code

13 It uses an alphanumeric code similar to ASCII code. It Code-39

 contains 9 vertical elements (5 bars & 4 spaces). It
consists of 36
unique codes representing the 10 digits and 26
uppercase letters.
Other Names:
·
Code
3 of 9
·
3 of
9 code

A continuous code since there are no interchangeable

spaces. Universal Product
14 Each UPC label contains a 12-digit number. Code

It consists of a 101 (bar-soace-bar) sequence, which is Start & Stop

used Guard
15 to frame the 12 digit UPC number. Pattern

It separates the left and right halves of the label and Center Guard
16 consists of two long bars in the center of the label. Frame

Caused by electrical interference from natural sources

Classification of Data Com Errors:
·
single
bit
·
multiple
bit
·
burst
Categories of Error Control :
·
Error
Detection
·
Error
Correction Transmission
17 Errors

Errors with only one bit within a given a given string is in

18 error. Single Bit Errors

Errors with two or more non-consecutive bits within a

19 message. Multiple-bit error

20 Errors when to or more consecutive bits within a given Burst Error

data
 string are in error. It can affect one or more characters
within a message.

The theoretical (Mathematical) expectation of the rate at Probability of

21 which errors will occur. Error

The actual historical record of a system’s error

22 performance. Bit-Error Rate

The process of monitoring data transmission and deter

mining
when errors have occurred. It neither correct errors nor
identify which bits
are in error-they only indicate when an error has
23 occurred. Error Detection

Adding of bits for the sole purpose of detecting errors.

Types of redundancy checks:
·
vertical
redundancy checking,
·
checksum,
·
longitudinal
redundancy checking
·
cyclic
redundancy checking Redundancy
24 Checking

A form of error detection by duplicating each data unit for

25 the purpose of detecting errors. Redundancy

26 An error detection bit. Parity

Vertical
The simplest error-detection scheme and is generally Redundancy
referred Checking
27 to as character parity. (VRC)

28 An error detection bit in each character. Parity Bit

29 The parity bit which is always a 1. Marking Parity

30 The parity bit which is not sent or checked. Ignored Parity

Form of redundancy error checking where each character

has a
31 numerical value assigned to it. Checksum
 Longitudinal
A redundancy error detection scheme that uses parity to Redundancy
determine if a transmission error has occurred with n a Checking
32 message. (LRC)

33 An error occurred within a message. Message Parity

Block or Frame of
34 The group pf characters that comprise a message. Data

Block Check
Sequence
(BCS)
or Frame Check
Sequence
35 The bit sequence for the LRC. (FCS)

A convolution coding scheme that is most reliable

redundancy
checking technique for error detection. Almost 99.999%
of all transmission Cyclic Redundancy
36 errors are detected Checking

Lost Message
Damaged
37 Types of Error Messages. Message

One that never arrives at the destination or one that is

38 damaged to the extent that it is unrecognizable. Lost message

One that is recognized at the destination but contains

one or Damaged
39 more transmission errors. Message

It includes enough redundant information with each

transmitted
message to enable the receiver to determine when an
error has occurred.
Examples:
·
Parity
bits
·
block
and frame check characters
·
cyclic Error-Detecting
40 redundancy characters Codes
 It includes sufficient extraneous information along with
each
message to enable the receiver to determine hen an
error has occurred and
which bits is in error.
Two primary methods for error correction:
·
Retransmission
·
Forward
Error Correction Error-correcting
41 Codes

When a receive station requests the transmit station to

resend
42 a message when the message is received in error. Retransmission

A two-way radio term which automatically a

retransmission f
the entire message.
Types of ARQ:
· Automatic Repeat
Discrete Request (ARQ) or
· Automatic
Continuous Retransmission
43 Request

The recipient of data sends a short message back to the

sender
acknowledging receipt of the last transmission.
Types of acknowledgements:
·
Positive
·
Negative
44 Acknowledgement

A receive station becomes the transmit station such as

when
acknowledgments are sent or when retransmission are
sent in response to a
45 negative acknowledgment. Line Turnarounds

It uses acknowledgments to indicate the successful or

46 unsuccessful reception of data. Discrete ARQ

47 It can be used when messages are divided into smaller Continuous ARQ
lock or
frames that are sequentially numbered and transmitted
in succession, without
 waiting for acknowledgments between blocks.

The sending station does not receive an acknowledgment

after a Retransmission
48 predetermined length of time. Time-Out

The destination station asynchronously requests the

retransmission of specific frame of data and still be able
to reconstruct the
entire message once all frames have been successfully
transported through the
49 system. Selective Repeat

The error-correction scheme that detects and corrects

transmission errors when they are received without Forward Error
requiring a Correction
50 retransmission. (FEC)

A mathematician, who was an early pioneer in the

development
of error-detection and correction procedures, developed
the Hamming Code Richard W.
51 while working at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Hamming

An error-correcting code used for correcting transmission

errors in synchronous data streams. It requires the
addition of overhead to
the message, consequently increasing the length of a
52 transmission. Hamming Code

53 Inserted into a character at random locations. Hamming Bits

54 The combination of the data bits and the hamming bits. Hamming Code

55 It means to harmonize, coincide, or agree in time. Synchronize

Involves identifying the beginning and end of a character

with Character
56 in a message. Synchronization

Its literal meaning is “without synchronism”. In Data

Com, it
57 means “without a specific time reference” Asynchronous

Asynchronous communications is called as such because

each Start-stop
58 data character is framed between start and stop bits. Transmission

A condition when the transmit and receive clocks are

59 substantially different. Clock Slippage
 It occurs when the transmit clock is substantially lower
than
60 the receive clock. Under slipping

Occurs when the transmit clock is substantially higher

than
61 the receiver clock. Overslipping

It involves transporting serial data at relatively high

speeds
62 in groups pf characters. Node

63 Interconnects digital computer equipment. Synchronous Data

64 Plain old Telephone system POTS

It is comprised of three basic elements:

·
transmitter
(source)
·
transmission
path (data channel)
·
receiver
(destination)
3 fundamental components of endpoints:
·
data
terminal equipment
·
data
communications equipment
· Data
serial Communications
65 interface System

It can be virtually any binary digital device that

generates
transmits, receives, or interprets data messages. It is
where information Data Terminal
66 originates or terminates. Equipment (DTE)

Devices used to input, output and display information

such as
67 keyboards, printers and monitors Terminal

Basically a modern-day terminal with enhance computing

68 capabilities Client
 High-powered, high capacity mainframe computers that
support
69 terminals. Hosts

70 It functions as modern-day host. Servers

A general term use to describe equipment that interfaces

data
terminal equipment to a transmission channel, such as a
digital T1 carrier or
an analog telephone circuit. It is a signal conversion
device, as it converts
signals from a DTE to a form more suitable to be
transported over
transmission channel.
Types of DCE:
·
channel
service units (CSUs)
·
Digital
service units (DSUs) Data
· Communications
data Equipment
71 modems (DCE)

Data Circuit-
terminating
Equipment
72 Another term for DCE. (DCTE)

A DCE used to interface a DTE to an analog telephone

circuit
73 commonly called POTS. Data Modem

It controls data flow between several terminal devices

and the
74 data communications channel. Cluster Controller

Station
Controllers
75 Line control units at secondary stations. (STACOs)

Universal Asynchronous Receiver/transmitter it is

designed for
76 asynchronous data transmission. UART

77 A special purpose UART chip manufactured by Motorola. Asynchronous

Communications
 Interface Adapter
(ACIA)

It means that an asynchronous data format is used and

no
clocking information transferred between the DTE and Asynchronous
78 the DCE. Data Transmission

An n-bit data register that keeps track of the status of the

79 UART’s transmits and receive buffer registers. Status Word

Transmit shift register has completed transmission of Transmit Buffer

data Empty
80 character. (TBMT)

Receive Parity
Error
81 Set when a received character has a parity error in it. (RPE)

Set when a character is received without any or with Receive Framing

improper Error
82 number of stop bits. (RFE)

Set when a character in the receive buffer register is

written Receiver Overrun
83 over by another receive character. (ROR)

Receive Data
A data character has been received and loaded Available
84 into the receive data register. (RDA)

The difference in time between the beginning of a start

bit
85 and when it is detected. Detection Error

86 It is used for synchronous transmission of data between a Universal

DTE Synchronous
and a DCE. Receiver/transmitt
Functions of USRT: er
· (USRT)
Serial
to parallel and parallel to serial data conversions
·
Error
detection by inserting parity bits in the transmitter and
checking parity
bits in the receiver.
·
Insert
and detect unique data synchronization (SYN) characters
 ·
Formatting
data in the transmitter and receiver.
·
Provide
transmit and receive status information to the CPU.
·
Voltage-level
conversion between the DTE and the serial interface and
vice versa.
·
Provide
a means of achieving bit and character synchronization.

It should provide the ff:

·
A
specific range of voltages for transmit and receive signal
levels
·
Limitations
for the electrical parameters of the transmission line.
·
Standard
cable and cable connectors
·
Functional
87 description of each signal on the interface. Serial Interface

In 1962, standardized the interface equipment between Electronics

data Industries
terminal equipment and data communications Association
88 equipment. (EIA)

89 It means “Recommended Standards” RS

Interface Between
Data
Terminal
Equipment and
Data
Communications
Equipment
Employing
Data
Communications
Equipment
Employing
Serial Binary
90 The official name of the RS-232 interface. Interchange
 In, 1969, the third revision which was published and
remained
91 the industrial standard until 1987. RS-232C

Sometimes referred to as the EIZ-232 standard Versions

D and E
of the RS-232 standard changed some of the pin
92 designations. RS-232D

It is a sheath containing 25 wires with a DB25P-

compatible
male connector (plug) on one end and a DB25S-
compatible female connector
(receptacle) on the other end.
Two full-duplex channels:
·
Primary
data-actual information
·
secondary
93 data-diagnostic information and handshaking signals Star Topology

It is designed for transporting asynchronous data

between a 9-pin Version of
94 DTE and a DCE or between DTEs. RS-232

It is designed for transporting either synchronous or

95 asynchronous data between a DTE and a DCE. 25 pin Version

It is designed exclusively for dial-up telephone. It is used

for transporting asynchronous data between a DTE and a
DCE when the DCE is
connected directly to a standard two-wire telephone line
attached to the
96 public switched telephone network. EIA-561

It converts the internal voltage levels from the DTE and

DCE Voltage-Leveling
97 to RS-232 values. Circuits

A voltage leveler wherein its output signals onto the

98 cable. Driver

99 It accepts signals from the cable. Terminator

FUNCTIONS OF
RS-232 PINS
100 Protective ground, frame ground, or chassis ground. Pin 1
101 Transmit data or send data. Pin 2

102 Receive data (RD or RxD). Pin 3

103 Request to send (RS or RTS) Pin 4

104 Clear to send.(CS or CTS) Pin 5

105 Data set ready or modem ready.(DSR or MR) Pin 6

106 Signal ground or reference ground. Pin 7

107 Unassigned and non-EIA specified often held at +12V Pin 8

Receive line signal detect, carrier detect or data carrier

108 detect (RLSD, CD or DCD) Pin 9

109 Unassigned and often held at -12 Vdc for test purposes Pin 10

Secondary receive line signal detect, secondary carrier

detect
110 or secondary data carrier detect (SRLSD, SCD, or SDCD) Pin 12

111 Secondary clear to send. Pin 13

112 Secondary transmit data or secondary send data Pin 14

Transmission signal element timing or serial Clock

113 transmit. Pin 15

114 Secondary received data Pin 16

115 Receiver signal element timing or serial clock receive Pin 17

116 Unassigned is used for local loopback signal Pin 18

117 Secondary request to send Pin 19

118 Data terminal ready. Pin 20

119 Signal quality detector. Pin 21

120 Ring indicator (RI) Pin 22

121 Data signal rate selector (DSRS) Pin 23

Transmit signal element timing or serial clock transmit-

122 DTE Pin 24
 Unassigned. It is sometimes used as a control signal from
the
DCE to the DTE to indicate that the DCE is in either the
remote or local loop
123 back mode. Pin 25

It specifies a 37-pin primary connector DB37 and a 9 pin

secondary connector DB9 for a total of 46 pins which
provides more functions,
faster data transmission rates and spans greater
distances than the RS-232.
Primary goals of RS-449:
·
Compatibility
with the RS-232 interface standard
·
Replace
the set of circuit names and mnemonics
·
Provide
separate cables and connectors
·
Reduce
crosstalk
·
offer
higher data transmission
·
longer
distances over twisted pair cables
·
loopback
capable
·
improve
performance and reliability specify a standard connector
Two categories:
·
Category
I
·
Category RS-449 Serial
124 II Interface

10 CIRCUITS IN
Used by the DTE to request a local loopback from the RS-449
125 DCE. 1.Local Loopback

Used by the DTE to request a remote loopback from the

distant 2.Remote
126 DCE. Loopback
 Allows the DTE to select the DCE’s transmit and receive 3. Select
127 frequencies. frequency

128 Used by DTE to signal the DCE that a test is in progress. 4.Test Mode

Common return wire for unbalanced signals propagating

from the 5. Receive
129 DCE to the DTE Common

Used by the DTE to signal the DCE whether it is 6. Terminal in

130 operational Service

Used by the DTE to request that the DCE switched to

standby
131 equipment. 7. Select Standby

Used with a modem at the primary location of a

multipoint data
132 circuit. 8. New Signal

It was intended to operate at data rates between 20 kbps

and 2 RS-530 Serial
133 Mbps using the same DB25 connector Interface

It is used to interface computers, computer networks to

analog
transmission media
Alternate names:
·
datasets
·
dataphones

· Data
modems Communications
134 Modem

135 A contraction derived from the words Modulator and Modem

Demodulator.
Primary Block of a Modem:
·
Serial
interface Circuit
·
Modulator
Circuit
·
Bandpass
filter and equalizer circuit
 ·
telco
interface circuit
·
demodulator
circuit
·
carrier
and clock generation circuit

Data communications modems designed to operate over

the Voice-band
136 limited bandwidth of the PSTN. Modem

Broadband
137 It is able of transporting higher bit rates. Modem

138 Digital to analog converter. DAC

139 Analog to digital converter. ADC

It is a rate of change of signals on the transmission

medium
140 after encoding and modulation have occurred Baud

Refers to the rate of change of a digital information

141 signal. Bit Rate

Asynchronous
142 It is classified as low-speed voice-band modems. Modems

Isochronous
143 Synchronous data transported by asynchronous modems. Transmission

It uses PSK or quadrature amplitude modulation to

transport Synchronous
144 data. Modems

A special, internally generated bit pattern in transmit

145 modem. Training Sequence

Located in the transmit section of a modem and provide Compromise

146 pre-equalization Equalizers

Located in the receiver section of a modem where they

provide Adaptive
147 post-equalization to the received signals Equalizer

148 The first internationally accepted standard for 9600bps ITU-T V.29
data
 transmission rate.

It is intended to provide synchronous data transmission

over
149 four-wire leased lines. V.29 Standard

150 Five bits. Quin bits

A technique for full-duplex operation over two wire

switched
151 telephone lines. Echo Cancellation

It address asynchronous-to synchronous transmission

conversions and error control that includes both
detection and correction. It
specifies a new protocol called Link Access Procedures for
152 Modems. V.32 Specification

It is the next generation data transmission with data

rates of
28.8 Kbps without compression possible using V.34.
V.34 Innovations:
·
Nonlinear
coding
·
multidimensional
coding and constellation shaping
·
Reduced
complexity
·
precoding
of data
·
line
153 probing V.fast

An enhanced standard adopted by ITU in 1996. It adds

31.2 kbps
154 and 33.6 kbps to the V.34 specification. V.34+

Developed by ITU-T in February 1998 during a meeting in

Geneva, Switzerland. It defines an asymmetrical data
transmission technology
where the upstream 33.6kbps and downstream of V.90
155 56kbps. Recommendation

156 A new modem standard in 2000 which offers 3 V.92

improvements over Recommendation
 V.90 that can be achieved only if both the transmit and
receive modems and
the internet Service Provider (ISP) are compliant.
It offers:
·
upstream
transmission rate of 48 kbps
·
faster
call setup capabilities
·
incorporation
of a hold option

DATA-LINK PROTOCOLS AND

CHAPTER 23 DATA COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS

Item
s Definitions Terms

The primary goal of __________ is to give users of a

network
the tools necessary for setting up the network and
performing data flow Network
1 control. Architecture

A set of rules implementing and governing an orderly

exchange Data-Link
2 of data between two layer devices. Protocol

3 The transmitting station in a data link protocol. Master Station

4 The receiving station in a data link protocol. Slave Station

Data link network wherein all stations have equal access

to Peer-to Peer
5 the network. Network

Functions of
Data-link
6 Discipline, Flow Control and Error Control. Protocol

Coordinates hop-to-hop data delivery where a hop may be

a
computer, a network controller, or some type of network-
7 connecting device. Line Discipline
 Determines which device is transmitting and which is
receiving
8 at any point in time. Line Discipline

Coordinates the rate which data are transported over a

link
9 and generally provides an acknowledgement mechanism. Flow Control

Specifies means of detecting and correcting transmission

10 errors. Error Control

Enquiry/
Two fundamental ways that line discipline is accomplished Acknowledgemen
in a t (ENQ/ACK) and
11 data communications network. Poll/Select

It determines which device on the network can initiate a

transmission and whether the intended receiver is
available and ready to
12 receive a message. ENQ/ACK

The initiating station begins a session by transmitting a

frame, block, or packet of data called _________, which
identifies the Enquiry
13 receiving station. (ENQ)

Positive
Acknowledgemen
The response of the destination station when it is ready to t
14 receive. (ACK)

Negative
The response of the destination station when it is not Acknowledgemen
ready t
15 to receive. (NAK)

Centrally
Controlled Data
16 The best application of the poll/select line discipline. Network

A solicitation sent from the primary to a secondary to

17 determine if the secondary has data to transmit. Poll

A set of procedures that tells the transmitting station how

much data it can send before it must stop transmitting
and wait for an
18 acknowledgment from the destination station. Flow Control

19 The transmitting station sends one message frame and Stop-and Wait
then Flow Control
 waits for an acknowledgement before sending the next
message frame.

A source station can transmit several frames in succession Sliding Window

20 before receiving an acknowledgement. Flow Control

It refers to imaginary receptacles at the source and

destination stations with the capacity of holding several
21 frames of data. Sliding Window

Network
22 Primary advantage of sliding window control. Utilization

Complexity and
Hardware
23 Primary disadvantages of sliding window flow control. Capacity

Interpret a frame of data as a group of successive bits Character

combined into predefined patterns of fixed length, usually Oriented
24 eight bits each. Protocols

Byte-oriented
25 Another name for character oriented protocols. Protocols

A discipline for serial by bit information transfer over a Bit Oriented

26 data communications channel. Protocol

A character-oriented protocols generally used on two point Asynchronous

networks using asynchronous data and asynchronous Data link
27 modems. Protocols

Developed the first file transfer protocol designed to

facilitate transferring data between two personal Ward
28 computers in 1979. Christiansen

Cristiansen’s protocol which is relatively simple data link

29 protocol intended for lows-peed applications. XMODEM

Synchronous
Data-Link
30 Remote stations can have more than one PC or printer. Protocols

31 A group of computers, printers, and other digital devices. Cluster

Binary
A synchronous character-oriented data link protocol Synchronous
developed Communications
32 by IBM. (BSC)

33 Another name for BSC. Bisync

 Format or line
34 Another name for enquiry (ENQ) character. turn around

The __________ uses longitudinal redundancy checking

(LRC)
with ASCII coded messages and cyclic redundancy Block Check
35 checking. Character (BCC)

A synchronous bit oriented protocol developed in the Synchronous

1970’s by Data-Link Control
36 IBM for use in system network architecture environment. (SDLC)

Transient, Idle
37 Three transmission states. and Active

Flag Fields, Address Field, Control Field, Information and SDLC Frame
38 Frame Check Sequence Field are __________. Fields

It is used for the delimiting sequence for the frame and to

39 achieve frame and character synchronization. Flags

It is used for polling, confirming previously received

frames,
40 and several other data link management functions. Control Field

Information,
Supervisory and
41 Three frame formats with SDLC. Unnumbered

A command or a response that is used to send Unnumbered

unnumbered Information
42 information. (UI)

A command that places a secondary station into the Set Initialization

43 initialization mode. Mode

Request
A response sent by a secondary station to request the Initialization
primary Mode
44 to send a SIM command. (RIM)

A command that places a secondary into the normal Set Normal

response Response Mode
45 mode. (SNRM)

46 A response transmitted from a secondary station if the Disconnect Mode

primary (DM)
attempts to send numbered information frames to it when
the secondary is in
 the normal disconnect mode.

A response sent by a secondary when it wants the primary Request

to Disconnect
47 place it in the disconnect mode. (RD)

An affirmative response that indicates compliance to SIM, Unnumbered

SNRM Acknowledgemen
48 or DISC commands. t

An exchange of frames between the primary station and a

49 secondary station. TEST

Turnaround
50 A flag followed by eight consecutive logic 0’s. Sequence

A SDLC subcommand causes all previously set functions to

be
51 cleared by the secondary. Clear

A SLDC subcommand causes the secondary receiving it to

turn on
52 or turn off its carrier. Beacon Test

A SDLC command causes the addressed secondary station

to pace
53 itself into the monitor mode. Monitor Mode

A SDLC command causes a secondary station to loop its

54 transmission directly to its receiver input. Wrap

A SDLC command causes the addressed secondary to

initiate a
55 series of internal diagnostic tests. Self-Test

Zero Bit Insertion

56 The transparency mechanism used with SDLC. or Zero Stuffing

57 It is used prematurely terminate an SDLC frame. Message Abort

Invert-On-Zero
58 The encoding scheme used in SDLC. Coding

Standard that defines the frame structure, delimiting

sequence, transparency mechanism and error detection
59 method used with HDLC. ISO 3309

Normal Response
Mode
60 Operational Mode of SDLC. (NRM)
 A mode of operation logically equivalent to a two point
private line circuit where each station has equal data link Asynchronous
61 responsibilities. Balanced Mode

A switched data communications network similar to the

public Public Switched
telephone network except a PDN is designed for Data Network
62 transferring data only. (PDN)

It is used when making a standard telephone call on the

public
63 telephone network. Circuit Switching

Message
64 Is a form of store and forward network? Switching

Hold and Forward

65 Another name for packet switching. Network

A user interface as the international standard for packet

66 network access. X.25

SA logically equivalent to a two point dedicated private Permanent

line Virtual Circuit
67 circuit except slower. (PVC)

A logically equivalent to making a telephone call through

the
DDD network except no direct end to end connection is
68 made. Virtual Call

Identifies whether the packet is a new call request or a

69 previously established call. Format Identifier

A 12 bit binary number that identifies the source and Logical Channel
70 destination users for a given virtual call. Identifier

This four bit

gives the number
of digits
that appear in
This four bit gives the number of digits that appear in the the calling
71 calling address filed. address filed.

This field is the same as the calling address field except

that it identifies the number of digits that appear in the
called address Called Address
72 field Length
73 This field contains the destination address. Called Address

This field is the same as the called address field except

that
74 it contains up to 15 BCD. Calling Address

This field identifies the number of eight bit octets present Facilities Length
75 in the facilities field. Field

This 32 bit field is reserved for the subscriber to insert Protocol

76 user level protocol. Identifier

Integrated
A proposed network designed by the major telephone Services Digital
companies Network
77 in conjunction with the ITU-T. (ISDN)

Customers gain access to the ISDN system through a local

78 interface connected to a digital transmission medium. Digital Pipe

ISDN objectives that ensure universal access to the System

79 network. Standardization

Said objectives that allow customers to use a variety of Achieving

80 protocols and applications Transparency

ISDN should not provide services that preclude Separating

81 competitiveness Functions

Provide private-line and switched services refer what

objectives Variety of
82 of ISDN. Configurations

ISDN services should not be directly related to cost and Addressing Cost-
83 independent of the nature of the data. Related Tariffs

84 Provide a smooth transition while evolving. Migration

Provide service to low capacity personal subscribers as

well Multiplexed
85 as to large companies. Support

Translation between non-ISDN data protocol and ISDN is

86 performed in this device. Terminal Adapter

A boundary to the network and may be controlled by the

ISDN Network
87 provider. Termination 1

88 Refers to interfaces between the common carrier U-Reference

 subscriber
loop and the central office switch. Point

The media interface point between an NT1 and the central

89 office. U Loop

It is defined by ITU-T as a service that provides

transmission
channels capable of supporting transmission rates greater
than the primary
90 data rate. Broadband ISDN

Information transfer is primarily from service provider to Distribution

91 subscriber Services

Codes the data information into smaller packets used by

the
92 BISDN network Broadband Node

A connection between a source and a destination, which

may
93 entail several ATM links. Virtual Channel

Once data have entered the ATM network, they

transferred into
94 fixed time slots called ________. Cells

Controls the flow of traffic across the user network Generic Flow
interface Control Field
95 (UNI) and into the network. (GFC)

The first three bits of the second half of byte 4 specify the Payload Type
96 type of message in cell. Identifier

Information fields that are designed to accommodate PCM-

TDM
traffic, which allows the ATM network to emulate voice or
97 DSN services. Constant Bit Rate

A portion of a public service provider’s switching system

where the service provider could be a local telephone
company or a Public ATM
98 long-distance carrier. Switches

Provides the most effective and economical means of Local Area

handling Networks
99 local data communications field. (LAN)

100 A communications system that allows users to send E-Mails

messages to
 each other through their computers.

Star, Bus and

101 LAN Topologies. Ring Topology

It describes how users access the communications

channel in a Network Access
102 LAN. Methodologies

103 Access method used primarily in bus topology. CDMA/CD

104 It two stations transmit at the same time, ________ occurs. Collision

The time it takes a signal to travel from a source to a Propagation

105 destination. Delay

A base band transmission system designed in 1972 by

Robert
106 Metcalfe and David Boggs. Ethernet

107 Its purpose is to establish clock synchronization. Preamble

It is simply a series of two logic 1’s appended to the end of Start Frame
108 the preamble. Delimiter

Consists of six bytes that corresponds to the address of

the
109 station sending the frame. Source Address

MICROWAVE RADIO
CHAPTER 24 COMMUNICATIONS AND SYSTEM GAIN

Item
s Definitions Terms

Electromagnetic waves with frequencies that range from

1 approximately 500 MHz to 300 GHz or more. Microwaves

1 cm and 60
The wavelengths for microwave frequencies, which is than cm slightly
2 infrared energy. longer

The name given to microwave signals, because of their

inherently “Microwave”
3 high frequencies, have short wavelengths. waves
 Each frequency is divided in half with the lower half Full-Duplex
4 identified as the low band and the upper half as narrow band. (Two-way)

Communications system used to carry information for

relatively
5 short distances such as between cities with the same state. Short Haul

Microwave systems that are used to carry information for

relatively long distances, such as interstate and backbone
route
6 applications. Long Haul

7 It propagate signals through Earth’s atmosphere between Microwave

transmitters and receivers often located on top of tower Radios
spaced about 15
miles to 30 miles apart.
Advantages of Microwave Radio:
·
Radio
systems do not require a right-of way acquisition between
stations.
·
Each
station requires the purchase or lease of only a small area of
land.
·
Because
of their high operating frequencies, microwave radio systems
can carry large
quantities of information.
·
High
frequencies mean short wavelengths, which require relatively
small antennas.
·
Radio
signals are more easily propagated around physical obstacles
such as water
and high mountains
·
Fewer
repeaters are necessary for amplification.
·
Distances
between switching centers are less.
·
Underground
facilities are minimized.
·
Minimum
delays are introduced.
 ·
Minimal
crosstalk exists between voice channels.
·
Ø
Increased reliability and less maintenance are important
factors.
Disadvantages of Microwave Radio:
·
It
is more difficult to analyze and design circuits at microwave
frequencies.
·
Measuring
techniques are more difficult to perfect and implement at
microwave
frequencies.
·
It
is difficult to implement conventional circuit components at
microwave
frequencies.
·
Transient
time is more critical at microwave frequencies.
·
It
is often necessary to use specialized components for
microwave frequencies.
·
Microwave
frequencies propagate in a straight line, which limits their use
to line-of-sight
applications.

Propagates signals outside the Earth’s atmosphere and are

capable of carrying signals much farther while utilizing fewer
transmitters Satellite
8 and receivers. Systems

It is used in microwave radio systems rather than amplitude

modulation because AM signals are more sensitive to
amplitude nonlinearities Frequency
9 inherent in wideband microwave amplifiers. Modulation

Major factor when designing FM Radio systems. It is caused by

repeater amplitude nonlinearity in AM, while in FM, it is caused
by Intermodulat
10 transmission gain and delay distortion. ion Noise

11 The composite signal that modulates the FM carrier and may Baseband
 comprise one or more of the following:
·
Frequency-division
multiplexed voice band channels
·
Time-division-multiplexed
voice-band channels
·
Broadcast-quality
composite video or picture phone
·
Wideband
data

It provides an artificial boost in amplitude to the higher Preemphasis

12 baseband frequencies. Network

Frequency modulation index used in the FM deviator. Typically,

13 modulation indices are kept between 0.5 and 1. Low-Index

FM signal that is produces at the output of the deviator with Narrowband

14 a low-index frequency modulation. FM

A receiver and a transmitter placed back to back or in tandem Microwave

15 with the system. Repeaters

It receives a signal, amplifies and reshapes it, and then

retransmits the signal to the next repeater or terminal station
down line
from it.
Types of Microwave repeaters:
·
IF
·
Baseband
·
RF Repeater
16 Station

The received RF carrier is down-converted to an IF frequency,

amplified, reshaped, up-converted to an RF frequency, and
17 then retransmitted. IF Repeater

Baseband
18 Generally less than 9 MHz. Frequencies

IF
19 The range id 60 MHz to 80MHz. frequencies

20 Another name for a Local oscillator, is considerably lower in Shift

 frequency than either the received or the transmitted radio
frequencies. Oscillator

Transmission used by microwave systems wherein a direct

signal Line-of Site
21 path must exist between the transmit and receive antennas. Transmission

A temporary reduction in signal strength which last in

22 milliseconds for several hours or even days. Radio Fade

It suggests that there is more than one transmission path or

23 method of transmission available a transmitter and a receiver. Diversity

It is simply modulating two different RF carrier frequencies

with the same IF intelligence, then transmitting both RF signals
to a given Frequency
24 destination. Diversity

The output of a transmitter is fed to two or more antennas

that are physically separated by an appreciable number of Space
25 wavelengths. Diversity

A single RF carrier is propagated with two different

electromagnetic polarizations. It is generally used in
conjunction with space Polarization
26 diversity. Diversity

It is more than one receiver for a single radio-frequency

channel. With frequency diversity, it is necessary to also use
receiver
diversity because each transmitted frequency requires its own Receiver
27 receiver Diversity

Another form of Hybrid diversity and undoubtly provides the

most reliable transmission but most expensive. It combines
frequency, space Quad
28 polarization and receiver diversity into one system. Diversity

A specialized form of diversity that consist of a standard

frequency diversity path where the two transmitter/ receiver
pairs at one end
of the path are separated from each other and connected to
different antennas Hybrid
29 that are vertically separated as in space diversity. Diversity

30 Alternate facilities temporarily made to avoid a service Protection

interruption during periods of deep fades or equipment Switching
failures. Arrangement
Types of protection switching arrangements:
·
 hot
standby
·
diversity

Each working radio channel has a dedicated backup or spare Hot Standby
31 channel. Protection

A single backup channel is made available to as many as 11 Diversity

32 working channels. Protection

In hot standby protection, it splits the signal power and

directs it to the working and the spare (standby) microwave
channels Head-End
33 simultaneously. Bridge

It has two working channels, one spare channel, and an Diversity

34 auxiliary channel. Protection

A low-capacity low-power microwave radio that is designed to Auxilliary

35 be used for a maintenance channel only. Channel

Reliability
It is where the number of repeater stations between protection Objectives of
36 switches depends. the Systems

Points in the system where baseband signals either originate

or terminate.
Four major sections:
·
baseband
·
wireline
entrance link (WLEL)
·
FM-IF

·
RF
sections Terminal
37 Stations

Points in a system where baseband signals may be

reconfigured Repeater
38 or where RF carriers are simply “repeated” or amplified. Stations

Stands for WireLine Entrance Link, it serves as the interface

between the multiplex terminal equipment and the FM_IF
39 equipment. WLEL
 A balanced modulator that, when used in conjunction with a
microwave generator, power amplifier, and band-pass filter,
up-converts the
IF carrier to an RF carrier and amplifies the RF to the desired
40 output power. Transmod

t must be capable of amplifying very high frequencies and

passing very wide bandwidth signals for microwave radios.
devices used in microwave amplifiers:
·
Klystron
Tubes
·
Traveling-wave
tubes (TWTs)
·
IMPATT Power
41 (Impact avalanche and transit time) Amplifiers

It provides the RF carrier input to the up-converter. It is

called as microwave generator rather than an oscillator
because it is
difficult to construct a stable circuit that will oscillate in the
gigahertz Microwave
42 range. Generator

It operates in the range 5 MHz to 25 MHz, used to provide a Crystal-

base frequency that is multiplied up to the desired RF carrier controlled
43 frequency. Oscillator

A unidirectional device often made from ferrite material. It

used in conjunction with a channel-combining network to
prevent the output of
one transmitter from interfering with the output of another
44 transmitter. Isolator

Stands for Automatic Gain Control, is a circuit in an IF

45 amplifier. AGC

It occurs only when three stations are placed in a Multi-hop

46 geographical straight line in the system. Interference

It prevents the power that “leaks” out the back and sides of a
transmit antenna from interfering with the signal entering the High/Low-
input of a Frequency
47 nearby receive antenna. Scheme

48 The signal entering the input of a nearby receive antenna. Ring around

49 It means that these channels are propagated with vertical V Channels

 polarization.

The line-of-sight directly between the transmit and receive Free-Space

50 antenna. Also called as the Direct Wave. Path

It consists of the electric and magnetic fields associated Surface

51 with the currents induced in earth’s surface. Wave

Ground-
The portion of the transmit signal that is reflected off Reflected
52 Earth’s surface and captured by the receive antenna. Wave

The portion of the transmit signal that is returned back to

53 Earth’s surface by the ionized layers of earth’s atmosphere. Sky Wave

The loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it propagates

in a straight line through a vacuum with no absorption or
reflection of Free-Space
54 energy from nearby objects. Path Loss

A phenomenon wherein electromagnetic energy is spread out

as
it propagates away from the source resulting in lower relative
power Spreading
55 densities. Loss

56 The reduction in signal strength at the input to a receiver. Fading

The difference between the nominal output power of a

transmitter and the minimum input power to a receiver
necessary to achieve
57 satisfactory performance. System Gain

Sometimes called as Link Margin, is essentially a “fudge

Factor” included in system gain equations that considers the
non ideal and
less predictable characteristics of radio wave propagation and
terrain
58 sensitivity. Fade Margin

He described ways of calculating outage time due to fading on

a non diversity path as a function of terrain, climate, path
length, and fade
59 margin, in April 1969. W.T. Barnett

From Bell Laboratories, he derived formulas for calculating

the effective improvement achievable by vertical space
diversity as a
function of the spacing distance, path length, and frequency in Arvids
60 June 1970. Vignant
 Carrier-to-
The ratio of the wideband “carrier” to the wideband noise Noise Ratio
61 power. (C/N)

Also called Receiver Sensitivity, is the minimum wide band

carrier power at the input to a receiver that will provide a
usable baseband Receiver
62 output. Threshold

Pre-
detection
Signal-to-
63 The carrier-to-noise ratio before the FM demodulator. Noise Ratio

Post
detection
Signal-to-
64 The carrier-to-noise ratio after the FM demodulator. Noise Ratio

A ratio of input signal-to-noise ratio to output signal to Noise Factor

65 noise ratio. (F)

The noise factor stated in dB and is a parameter commonly

used
66 to indicate the quality of a receiver. Noise Figure

CHAPTER 25 SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

Item
s Definitions Terms

1 A celestial body that orbits around a planet. Satellite

Man-made satellites that orbit earth, providing a multitude

of
communication functions to a wide variety of consumers,
including military, Communications
2 governmental, private and commercial subscriber.’ Satellites

3 A satellite radio repeater which Transponder

Consists of :
·
input
Bandlimiting device (BPF)
·
input
 low-noise amplifier (LNA)
·
frequency
translator
·
low
level amplifier
·
output
bandpass filter

It consists of one or more satellite space vehicles, a

ground-based station to control the operation of the
system, and a user
network of earth stations that provides the interface
facilities for the
transmission and reception of terrestrial communications
traffic through the
4 satellite system. Satellite System

It includes control mechanism that supports the payload

5 operation. Bus

6 The actual user information conveyed through the system. Payload

A type of satellite wherein it simply “bounces” signals from Passive

7 one place to another. Reflector

A natural satellite of Earth, visible by reflection of

8 sunlight having a slightly elliptical orbit. Moon

Used by passive satellites for tracking and ranging Radio Beacon

9 purposes. Transmitters

Launched by Russia, the first active earth satellite in 1957.

10 It transmitted telemetry for 21 days. Sputnik I

A type of satellite capable of receiving, amplifying,

11 reshaping, regenerating and retransmitting information. Active Satellite

Satellite launched by U.S., it transmitted telemetry

12 information for nearly five months. Explorer I

Satellite launched by NASA in 1958, a 150-pound conical-

shaped
satellite. It was the first artificial satellite used for relaying
13 terrestrial communications. Score

The first active satellite to simultaneously receive and

14 transmit radio signals. Telstar I
 Launched in 1963, and was used for telephone television,
facsimile and data transmission and accomplished the first
successful
15 transatlantic video transmission. Telstar II

Launched in February 1963, was the first attempt to place

a
16 geosynchronous satellite into orbit. Syncom I

It was the first commercial telecommunications satellite. It

launched from Cape Kennedy in 1965 and used two
transponders. Also called as
Early Birds. It stands for International Telecommunications
17 Satellite. Intelsat I

Domestic satellite launched by former Soviet Union in

1966. It
18 means “lighting”. Molya

A German astronomer who discovered the laws that

governs
19 satellite motion. Johannes Kepler

It may be simply stated as:

The planets move in ellipses with the sun at one focus
The line joining the sun and the planet sweeps out equal
intervals of time.
The square of the time of revolution of a planet divided by
the cube of its mean distance from the sun gives a number
that is the same
20 for all planets. Kepler’s Law

21 The point in an orbit closest to earth. Perigee

22 The point in an orbit farthest from the earth. Apogee

It states that the square of the periodic time of orbit is

proportional to the cube of the mean distance between the
primary and the
23 satellite. Harmonic Law

24 High-altitude earth-orbit satellites operating primarily in Geosynchronous

the 2-GHz to 18 GHz frequency spectrum with orbits Satellite
Satellite 22,300 miles
above earth’s surface.
Advantages of Geosynchronous Satellite:
·
It
remain almost stationary in respect to a given earth
 station.
·
Available
to earth within their shadows 100% of the time.
·
No
need to switch from one geosynchronous satellite to
another as they orbit
overhead
·
The
effects of Doppler shift are negligible
Disadvantages of geosynchronous Satellite:
·
It
requires sophisticated and heavy propulsion device
onboard to keep them in a
fixed orbit
·
Much
longer propagation delays
·
Requires
higher transmit power and more sensitive receivers
because of the longer
distances and greater path loss.
·
High
precision spacemanship is required.

The angle between the earth’s equatorial plane and the

orbital
plane of a satellite measured counter clockwise at the
point in the orbit
where it crosses the equatorial plane traveling from south
to north called Angle of
25 the ascending node. Inclination

The point where the polar or inclines orbit crosses the Descending
26 equatorial plane travelling from north to south. Node

27 The line joining the ascending and descending node. Line of Nodes

It is when the satellite rotates in an orbit directly above

28 the equator, usually in a circular path. Equatorial Orbit

It is when the satellite rotates in path that takes over the

North and the South poles in an orbit that is close to earth
and passes over
29 and very close to both the North and South Poles. Polar Orbit
 The noise power normalized to a 1 Hz bandwidth, or the
noise
30 power present in a 1Hz bandwidth. Noise Density

It identifies the system parameters and is used to

determine
the projected carrier-to-noise ratio and energy Bit-to-noise
density ratio at
both the satellite and earth station receivers for a given
31 modulation scheme. Link Budget

SATELLITE MULTIPLE
CHAPTER 26 ACCESSING ARRANGEMENTS

Item
s Definitions Terms

Also called as Multiple Destination, It implies that more than

one user has access to one or more radio channels within a
satellite
communications channel.
Multiple Accessing Arrangement:
·
Frequency-division
multiple accessing (FDMA)
·
Time-division
multiple accessing (TDMA)
·
Code-division Multiple
1 multiple accessing (CDMA) Accessing

A given number of the available voice-band channels from

each Pre-assignment
2 earth station are assigned a dedicated destination. (dedicated)

Demand
3 Voice channels are assigned on an as-needed basis. Assignment

The method of assigning adjacent channels different

electromagnetic polarizations and is possible by using
orthogonal Frequency
4 polarization and spacing adjacent channels 20 MHz apart. Reuse

5 Eskimo word meaning “little brother”. Anik

 Anik-E
communications
6 Domestic Satellites operated by Telsat Canada. Satellite

A method of multiple accessing where a given RF

bandwidth is
7 divided into smaller frequency bands. FDMA

Fixed-
Assignment,
Multiple channels per carrier formats assigned and remain Multiple
8 fixed for a long Period of time. Access (FAMA)

Demand-
Assigning carrier frequency on temporary basis using a Assignment
9 statistical assignment process. Multiple Access

An acronym for Single-channel-per-carrier PCM multiple

Access
10 Demand-assignment Equipment. SPADE

11 Stands for Single-Carrier-Per-Channel. SCPC

Common
Signaling
A time division-multiplexed transmission that is frequency Channel
12 division multiplexed. (CSC)

The predominant Multiple-access method of time division

multiplexing digitally modulated carriers between
participating earth
stations within a satellite network through a common
13 satellite transponder. TDMA

An RF-to-RF repeater that simply receives the earth station

transmissions, amplifies them, and then retransmits them
in a downlink beam
14 that is received by all other participating station. Transponder

It is where transmissions from all earth stations are

15 synchronized. Reference Burst

Carrier
Recovery
It is where all receiving stations recover a frequency and Sequence
16 phase coherent carrier for PSK demodulation. (CRS)

17 An acronym for, Conference of European Postal and CEPT

Telecommunications Administrations, is commonly used
TDMA frame format for
 digital satellite system.

Sometimes referred to as Spread-Spectrum Multiple entire Code-Division

allocated bandwidth Access, the transmissions can spread Multiple Access
18 throughout. CDMA)

A unique binary word that each earth station’s

transmissions
19 are encoded. Chip Code

20 It compares two signals and recover the original data. Correlator

Digital non
It assigns an individual terrestrial channel (TC) to a interpolated
21 particular satellite channel (SC) for the duration of the call. Interface

Digital Speech
It assigns a terrestrial channel to a satellite channel only Interpolated
22 when speech energy is present on the TC. Interface

Time-
Assignment
A form of analog channel compression that has been used Speech
for Interpolation
23 sub oceanic cables for many years. (TASI)

The art or science of plotting, ascertaining or directing the

course of movements, in other words, knowing where you
are and being able to
24 find your way around. Navigation

It is the most ancient and rudimentary method of

navigation
and simply continuing to travel about until you reach your
destination,
25 assuming of course that you have one. Wandering

Earliest effective means of navigation wherein direction and

distance are determined from precisely timed sightings of
celestial bodies, Celestial
26 including the stars and moon. Navigation

Method of navigation by means of fixing a position and

direction with respect to familiar, significant landmarks
such as railroad
27 tracks, water towers, barns, mountains and bodies of water. Piloting

A navigation technique that determines position by

28 extrapolating a series of measured velocity increments. Dead Reckoning
 The term derived from the word “deduced” and not
necessarily
29 from the fate of the people who used the technique. Dead

He used dead reckoning successfully in 1927 during his Charles

30 historic 33-hour transatlantic journey. Lindbergh

She attempted to make the first around-the-world in 1937

using
31 the dead reckoning technique. Amelia Earhart

Navigation technique wherein the position is determined by

measuring the travel time of an electromagnetic wave as it
moves from a Radio
32 transmitter to a receiver. Navigation

33 A radio Navigation system for terrestrial surface broadcast. Decca

Radio Navigation system that provides global coverage and

34 terrestrial surface broadcast. Omega

35 Also a terrestrial surface broadcast. LORAN

Navy Transit
36 Low-orbit satellite broadcast that provides global coverage. GPS

Medium-orbit satellite broadcast also provides global

37 coverage. Navstar GPS

Means of radio navigation in which receivers acquire Coded

signals from two pairs of high-powered, land based
transmitters whose
38 locations are precisely known. LORAN

39 An acronym for Navigation System with Time and Ranging. Navstar

An abbreviation for Global Positioning System.

Two levels of service or accuracy:
·
Standard
Positioning Service
·
Precise
40 Positioning Service GPS

41 A satellite-based open navigation system which simply Navstar GPS

means
that it is available to anyone equipped with a GPS receiver.
Consists of three segments:
·
 a
space segment
·
a
ground control segment
·
user
segment

It was when the Navstar declared as fully operational by the

42 U.S. Air Force Space Command. April 27, 1995

It was completed in 1994 and is maintained by the United Navstar

43 States Air Force. Satellite System

A positioning and timing service that is available to all GPS Standard

users on a continuous, worldwide basis with no direct Positioning
44 change. Service

Sometimes called Space Segment, consists of

24operational
satellites revolving around Earth in six orbital planes
approximately 60° Satellite
45 apart with four satellites in each plane. Segment

Cesium Atomic
46 It produces highly accurate timing signals for satellites. Clock

Pseudorandom
Noise
A unique integer number that is used to encrypt the signal (PRN)
47 from that satellite. Code Number

A term associated with a table showing the position of a

heavenly body on a number dates in a regular sequence, in
essence, an
48 astronomical almanac. Ephemeris

Error in the receiver’s clock which affects the accuracy of

49 the time-difference measurement. Clock Bias Error

50 The Navstar control segment. Operational

It consists of : Control
· System
Fixed-location
ground based monitor stations
·
Master
Control Station
·
 uplink
transmitter

It makes standard GPS more accurate. It works by

cancelling
out most of the natural and man-made errors that creep
into normal GPS
51 measurements. Differential GPS