Module 1

EEE 0713-1203
Electrical Circuits-II
Md. Rayhan SHARIF

SHAMSUZZAMAN SUny
B.Sc. In EEE (IUT)
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE
University of Global Village (UGV), Barisal
Mail Id: [email protected]
Course Outline
1. Basic concept of AC generation: Sinusoidal functions: Instantaneous current, voltage,
power, effective current and voltage, periodic variation of voltage and current with
time, wave length and angular frequency. Average power, phasors and complex
quantities, impedance, real and reactive power, power factor.
2. Analysis of single phase ac circuits: Series and parallel RL, RC and RLC circuits,
nodal and mesh analysis, application of network theorems in ac circuits, circuits
simultaneously excited by sinusoidal sources of several frequencies, transient response
of RL and RC circuits with sinusoidal excitation.
3. Resonance in ac circuits: Series and parallel resonance, coupled circuits and analysis
coupled circuits.
4. Analysis of three phase circuits: Three phase supply, balanced and unbalanced
circuits, power calculation, 3wattmeter method, 2wattmeter method.
Reference Book
What is ac?
AC stands for 'alternating current' which means the current constantly changes direction.
How ac voltage can be generated?

Sinusoidal ac voltages are available from a variety of sources. The most common source is
the typical home outlet, which provides an ac voltage that originates at a power plant. Most
power plants are fueled by water power, oil, gas, or nuclear fusion.
In each case, an ac generator/alternator as shown in Fig. is the primary component in the
energy-conversion process. The power to the shaft developed by one of the energy sources
listed turns a rotor (constructed of alternating magnetic poles) inside a set of windings
housed in the stator (the stationary part of the dynamo) and induces a voltage across the
windings of the stator, as defined by Faraday’s law
Definitions
Waveform: The path traced by a quantity, such as the voltage in Fig., plotted as a function
of some variable such as time (as above), position, degrees, radians, temperature, and so on.
Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time; denoted by

lowercase letters (e1, e2 in Fig.)
Peak amplitude: The maximum value of a waveform as measured from its average, or
mean, value, denoted by uppercase letters such as Em (Fig.) for sources of voltage.
Definitions
Peak value: The maximum instantaneous value of a function as measured from the zero volt level.
For the waveform in Fig., the peak amplitude and peak value are the same, since the average value
of the function is zero volts.
Peak-to-peak value: Denoted by Ep-p or Vp-p , the full voltage between positive and negative peaks
of the waveform, that is, the sum of the magnitude of the positive and negative peaks. Periodic
waveform: A waveform that continually repeats itself after the same time interval
Period (T): The time of a periodic waveform.
Cycle: The portion of a waveform contained in one period of time. Frequency ( f ): The
number of cycles that occur in 1 s . Frequency, = 1. In Bangladesh
𝑇
frequency of power line 50Hz.
What is the sinusoidal waveform?
The sinusoidal waveform is the only alternating waveform whose shape is unaffected by the
response characteristics of R, L, and C elements.
Basics of Sinusoidal
Example of sinusoidal
General form for the sinusoidal voltage or current
Define (i) Average value (ii) R.M.S value
Ans: (i) The average of all the instantaneous values of an alternating voltage and currents
over one complete cycle is called Average Value. For AC voltage/Current the average
value over a complete cycle will be zero.
(ii) That steady current which, when flows through a resistor of known resistance for a
given period of time than as a result the same quantity of heat is produced by the alternating
current when flows through the same resistor for the same period of time is called R.M.S or
effective value of the alternating
current.
What is apparent or complex power?

Ans: Complex power is the product of the rms voltage phasor and the complex conjugate
of the rms current phasor. As a complex quantity, its real part is real power P and its
imaginary part is reactive power Q.. Unit of apparent power is VA . Let’s the voltage and
current,
Basics of apparent or complex power
What is Real or Active power?
Real power is the power actually consumed due to the resistive load. The unit of real power
is watt(w). It is denoted by P.
𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠cos𝜃
What is reactive power?

Ans: In electrical grid systems, reactive power is the power that flows back from a
destination toward the grid in an alternating current scenario. It is denoted by Q and unit is
VAR.
What is power triangle?
Ans: Power Triangle is a right angled triangle whose sides represent the active, reactive
and apparent power. Base, Perpendicular and Hypogenous of this right angled triangle
denotes the Active, Reactive and Apparent power respectively.
What is power factor?
Ans: Power factor is defined as the cosine of angle between the voltage phasor and current
phasor in an AC circuit. It is denoted as pf. For an AC circuit, 0≤pf≤1 whereas for DC
circuit power factor is always Unity(1).
Also power factor(pf) can be define as following,

1. Power factor, pf = cos 𝜃v −𝜃𝑖
2. Cosθ = Active Power / Apparent Power
3. Cosθ = P / V I
4. Cosθ = P / S
5. Cosθ = kW / kVA
6. Cosθ = Resistance(R)/Impedance(Z)
What is phasor?
Ans: A phasor is a complex number that represents the amplitude and phase of a sinusoid.
A complex number z can be written in different form as,
Some formula of complex number
Representation of voltage & current in phasor
Solve the following problem

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EEE 0713-1203

Md. Rayhan SHARIF

How ac voltage can be generated?

Instantaneous value: The magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time; denoted by

Period (T): The time of a periodic waveform.

number of cycles that occur in 1 s . Frequency, = 1. In Bangladesh

What is apparent or complex power?

What is reactive power?

Also power factor(pf) can be define as following,

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