Week8 Interferometers
Week8 Interferometers
Week8 Interferometers
INTERFEROMETER
Michelson Interferometer
Michelson-Morley Experiment
In 1878, Michelson thought the detection of motion through the ether might be
measurable.
In trying to measure the speed of the Earth through the supposed "ether", you
could depend upon one component of that velocity being known - the velocity of
the Earth around the sun, about 30 km/s. Using a wavelength of about 600 nm,
there should be a shift of about 0.04 fringes as the spectrometer was rotated 360.
Though small, this was well within Michelson's capability.
Michelson, and everyone else, was surprised that there was no shift. Michelson's
terse description of the experiment: "The interpretation of these results is that
there is no displacement of the interference bands. ... The result of the hypothesis
of a stationary ether is thus shown to be incorrect." (A. A. Michelson, Am. J. Sci,
122, 120 (1881))
Experimental set up
Michelson
Interferometer
Michelson
Interferometer
Circular fringes
rn
S
d
O
S
D
SP SP SN d cos m m
2(m m0 ) 2n
d
d
2
m
( n m m0 )
D 2n
r D
d
2
n
2
m
11
In Michelson interferometer
2d cos m m (m 0,1,2,...) : Minima
1
2d cos m m (m 0,1,2,...) : Maxima
2
2d
m
In Michelson interferometer
2d cos m m
For central dark fringe:
2d mo
2d
2
1 ( m 1)
2
1
2
2d
( m 1)
d (mo m) n
2
m
D n
r D
d
2
n
2
m
14
Haidinger Fringe
2d m0
( 0 )
Move one of the mirrors to a new position d so that the order of the
fringe at the centre is changed from mo to m.
2d m
2 d d m m0 n
2d
2d1 p1 q 1
2d m0
( 0 )
18
Concordance
2d1 p1
q 1
2d1 p1 q 1
2d m0
q p
When
q p (1 / 2)
the bright fringes of 1 coincide with the dark fringes of 1+, and
vice-versa and the fringe pattern is washed away (Discordance).
( 0 )
Discordance
2d1 p1
= (q+1/2) 1
2d1 p1 q 1
2d m0
( 0 )
2d 2 p n 1 q n 1 1
2 d 2 d1 n1 n 1 1
2 d 2 d1
2
1
23
When Gravitational
waves pass through the
interferometer they will
displace the mirrors!
Hanford Nuclear Reservation, Washington, Livingston,
Louisiana
Arm length: 4 Km
Displacement Sensitivity: 10-16 cm
25
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
26
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
o
30
28
According to principle of
reversibility, the
combined effect of
reversing the reflected
and transmitted beams
should just be the incident
beam (in absence of
absorption).
r r
r tt 1
2
SPK
SPK
= 2 d cos
CASE - I
If 2 d cos m = m
= aotrt(1+ r + r + r +)
2
= aotrt(1/(1 r ))
= aotrt(1/tt) = aor= - aor
= aott(1+ r + r + r 6+)
= ao
CASE - II
If 2 d cos m = (m+1/2)
then rays 1,2,4, 6, are in phase
and 3,5, are out of phase.
Rays , , in phase and rays , ,
are out of phase
a1R a0 re
a2 R
it
i (t )
a0tr t e
a3 R a0tr t e
3
i ( t 2 )
a4 R a0tr t e
5
i (t 3 )
.........................
aNR a0tr
where
a0 e
it
(2 N 3)
t e
i[t ( N 1) ]
)
it r (1 e
aR a0e
2 i
1 r e
i
where,
r r
tt 1 r
aR .a
Reflected irradiance I R
2
2r (1 cos )
I R I0
4
2
(1 r ) 2r cos
2
*
R
a
I 0 2
2
0
r
(1
e
)
it
aR a0e
2 i
1 r e
a1t a0tt e
a2t a0tt e
2 i (t )
a3 R a0tt r e
4 i ( t 2 )
.....................
.........................
aNt a0tr
(2 N 1)
t e
i[t ( N 1) ]
aT a0 e
it
tt
1 r 2 e i
Transmitted irradiance
I 0 (tt )
IT
4
2
(1 r ) 2r cos
2
I 0 I R IT
IT max I 0
cos 1
1 r
1 r
cos =-1
2 2
( IT ) min I 0
2 2
= 2m
Path diff.
2d cos m = m
= (2m+1)
Path diff.
2d cos m = (2m+1)/2
( I R ) max I 0
4r
1 r
I R min 0
2 2
2r 2 (1 cos )
I R I0
(1 r 4 ) 2r 2cos
cos 1
cos 1
Interference filter
2 d
2 d cos m m
d 180.74 nm
We now introduce
Coefficient of Finesse
2r
F
2
1 r
2r
F
2
1 r
F sin / 2
Ir
2
I 0 1 F sin / 2
2
2r 2 (1 cos )
I R I0
(1 r 4 ) 2r 2cos
It
1
2
I 0 1 F sin / 2
cos 1 2sin 2
F sin / 2
Ir
2
I 0 1 F sin / 2
2
It
1
I 0 1 F sin 2 / 2
Airy function
A ( )
1 F sin
2
2
d or
Multiple beam interference has resulted in redistribution of energy
density in comparison to sinusoidal two-beam patter.
IR/I
IT/I
d or
d or
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
53
Fabry-Perot Interferometer
o
30
I o (tt / ) 2
Io
It
4
2
1 r 2r cos 1 F sin 2
2
I0
Transmitted intensity
wikipedia
When two mirrors are held fixed and adjusted for parallelism by
screwing some sort of spacer, it is said to be an Etalon.
Fabry-Perot
fringes
Michelson
fringes
Doublet separation in
Fabry-Perot interferometer
Resolved wavelengths
s: separation
w: width
Unresolved wavelengths
Barely resolved
Barely resolved
Using: 2d cos m= m ; ( Pabry-Perot - bright fringe in transmission )
I o (tt ' ) 2
IT
(1 r 4 ) 2r 2 cos
Io
2
1 F sin
2
FWHM: Angular distance at which the intensity falls to half the peak intensity
Io
Io
( ) w
2 1
1 F sin m
2
2
1/ 2
m ( ) w
sin
4
2
1/ 2
m ( ) w
sin
4
2
&
( ) w ( ) w
sin
4
4
4
( ) w 1/ 2
F
Using
4
m
d cos m
( ) w 1/ 2
F d sin m
sin(a+b)
=sin a cos b+ cos a sin b
Using
( ) w 1/ 2
F d sin m
F1/2
Sodium doublet
1= 589.0 nm
2= 589.6 nm
= 0.6 nm
/~1000
CRP<1000
Sodium doublet
1= 589.0 nm
2= 589.6 nm
= 0.6 nm
/~1000
CRP ~ 1000
Sodium doublet
1= 589.0 nm
2= 589.6 nm
= 0.6 nm
/~1000
CRP >1000
Sodium doublet
1= 589.0 nm
2= 589.6 nm
= 0.6 nm
/~1000
CRP >> 1000
Sodium doublet
1= 589.0 nm
2= 589.6 nm
= 0.6 nm
/~1000
CRP>>>1000
Types of fringes
Interference fringes
Real
Virtual
Localized
Non-localized
Real fringe
- Can be intercepted on a screen placed anywhere in
the vicinity of the interferometer without a
condensing lens system.
Virtual fringe
- Cannot be projected onto a screen without a
condensing focusing system. In this case, rays do not
converge.
Non-localized fringe
- Exists everywhere
- Result of point/line source
Localized fringe
- Observed over particular surface
- Result of extended source
POHLS INTERFEROMETER
Real
Non-localized
Virtual
Localized
Newtons Ring
U<<R & U>>d