Hydraulics
Hydraulics
Hydraulics
Definition of hydraulics
Generation of forces and motion using
hydraulic fluids
Hydraulic fluid represents the medium of
power transmission
(note pg: 7)
Hydro-mechanics
1. Hydrostatics
2. Hydrodynamics
APPLICATIONS
Stationary hydraulics
APPLICATIONS
Mobile hydraulics
Construction machinery
Tippers, excavators, elevating
platforms
Lifting and conveying devices
Agricultural machinery
Advantages of hydraulics
Transmission of large forces using small
components, i.e. great power intensity
Precise positioning
Start-up under heavy load
Even movements independent of load, since
liquids are scarcely compressible and flow
control valves can be used
Smooth operation and reversal
Good control and regulation
Favourable heat dissipation
(note pg:10)
Disadvantages of hydraulics
Pollution of the environment by waste oil (danger
of fire or accidents)
Sensitivity to dirt
Danger resulting from excessive pressures
(severed lines)
Temperature dependence (change in viscosity)
Unfavourable efficiency factor
(note pg:10)
[Pa]
[m]
[kg/m3]
[m/s2]
(note pg:14)
Examples:
Column
Reservoir
Elevated tank
(note pg:15)
N/m2
A
(note pg:17)
Example:
A cylinder is supplied with 100 bar pressure, its effective piston surface is
equal to 7.85 cm2. Find the maximum force which can be attained.
Given that: p = 100 bar = 1000 N/cm2
A = 7.85 cm2
F
P
Example:
F=15000N
D 2
A
4
4(20)
4(20)
D
5.05cm
D2
(note pg:22)
Example:
(note pg:23)
(note pg:25)
Example:
Calculate S2
Given:
A1 = 40 cm2
A2 = 1200 cm2
S1 = 15 cm
(note pg:26)
(note pg:29)
(note pg:277)
[m3/s]
[m/s]
[m2]
(note pg:31)
Example:
Calculate the oil flow velocity in a pipeline
Given that:
3
4.2dm
Q = 4.2 l/min =
= 0.07 10 -3m3/s
60s
Example:
Calculate the flow rate needed for
the following movement
Given that: A = 8 cm2
s = 10 cm
t = 1 min
Q
(note pg:32)
Q2 = A2v2
Q3 = A3v3
etc.
As within one line the value for Q is always the same, the following
equation of continuity applies:
Q1 = Q 2 = Q 3
A1v1 = A2v2 = A3v3 = etc...
(note pg:34)
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
(note pg:37)
TYPE OF FLOW
Two types of flow
Laminar, Re < 2300
Turbulent, Re > 2300
Re = v x d / v
v is flow velocity in m/s
D is pipe diameter in m
v is kinetic viscocity in m2/s
(note pg:39)
Hydraulic fluid
Types:
Mineral based
For low risk of fire
Phosphate-ester based (Synthetic oil)
For high risk of fire
(note pg:70)
Hydraulic fluid
Tasks for hydraulic fluids
pressure transfer,
lubrication of the moving parts of devices,
cooling, i.e. diversion of the heat produced by
energy conversion (pressure losses),
cushioning of oscillations caused by pressure
jerks,
corrosion protection,
scuff removal,
signal transmission.
(note pg:70)
Hydraulic fluid
Hydraulic oil classes (DIN 51524 and 51525):
Hydraulic oil HL
Hydraulic oil HLP
Hydraulic oil HV.
(note pg:71)
Hydraulic fluid
Hydraulic fluids with low inflammability (HF liquids):
(note pg:72)
Hydraulic fluid
Viscosity:
The word viscosity can be defined as
resistance to flow. The viscosity of a
liquid indicates its internal friction,
The international system of standards
defines viscosity as kinematic viscosity
(unit: mm2/s or Cst).
Hydraulic fluid
ISO standard for Viscosity Grade:
Hydraulic fluid
VG selection:
If viscosity is too low (very fluid), more leakages occur.
The lubricating film is thin and, thus, able to break away
more easily resulting in reduced protection against wear.
High viscosity results in increased friction leading to
excessive pressure losses and heating particularly at
throttle points. This makes cold start and the separation
of air bubbles more difficult and, thus, leads to cavitation.
Hydraulic fluid
VG selection:
Hydraulic system
Hydraulic system
Hydraulic Pump
The pump converts the mechanical energy in a drive unit into hydraulic
energy (pressure energy).
Types:
Gear pump
Gear pumps are fixed displacement pumps since the displaced
volume which is determined by the tooth gap is not adjustable.
Screw pump
Vane pump
Vane pump
Practical:
Pump characteristic
Reservoir / Tank
The tank in a hydraulic system fulfils several tasks.
It:
acts as intake and storage reservoir for the
hydraulic fluid required for operation of the
system;
dissipates heat;
separates air, water and solid materials;
supports a built-in or built-on pump and drive
motor and other hydraulic components, such as
valves, accumulators, etc.
Reservoir / Tank
Filters
Filters are of great significance in hydraulic systems for the reliable
functioning and long service life of the components.
The effects of polluted oil:
Filter arrangement
Filter Grades
Filter Grades
Filter designs
Valve Symbols
Directional Control Valves
Switching position
Flow path
Flow path blocked
Connection ports
(note pg:92)
2 - Way valve
2 - Way valve
Connection ports
P
A, B
; Power/Output/working ports
; Leakage port
A
4
P
2 - Way valve
Methods of actuation:
(note pg:93)
Hydraulic actuators
Linear actuators:
single-acting and
double-acting cylinders.
Rotary actuators:
Hydraulic motors
(note pg:228)
(note pg:228)
(note pg:230)
Double-acting cylinder
(note pg:231)
Double-acting cylinder
(note pg:233)
(note pg:235)
Hydraulic motors
They convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy and
generate rotary movements (rotary actuator). If the rotary
movement only covers a certain angular range, the actuator is
referred to as a swivel drive.
(note pg:250)
Hydraulic motors
Types:
(note pg:253)
Valves
Nominal sizes:
(note pg:148)
Valves
Design:
Poppet valves
slide valves
(note pg:151)
Valves
Poppet valves:
(note pg:152)
Valves
slide valves
(note pg:154)
Valves
Comparison of valve constructions:
(note pg:155)
Valves
Control edges:
(note pg:160)
Valves
Annular grooves:
With the grooves, the piston of valve spool is
supported on a film of oil. On actuation, only the
fluid friction needs to be overcome.
(note pg:161)
(note pg:180/184)
(note pg:188)
(note pg:190)
(note pg:195)
(note pg:191)
(note pg:197)
Pressure valves
Pressure relief valves
Pressure regulator
2-way pressure
regulator
3-way pressure
regulator
(note pg:164)
Pressure valves
Pressure relief valves
(note pg:166)
Pressure valves
Pressure relief valve, internally controlled, cushioned:
Cushioning pistons and throttles are often installed in
pressure relief valves to eliminate fluctuations in
pressure. The cushioning device shown here causes:
fast opening
slow closing of the valve.
(note pg:168)
Pressure valves
Pressure relief valve, externally controlled
(note pg:170)
Pressure valves
Pressure relief valves are used as:
Safety valves
A pressure relief valve is termed a safety valve when it is attached to
the pump, for example, to protect it from overload. The valve setting
is fixed at the maximum pump pressure. It only opens in case of
emergency.
Counter-pressure valves
These counteract mass moments of inertia with tractive loads. The
valve must be pressure-compensated and the tank connection must
be loadable.
Brake valves
These prevent pressure peaks, which may arise as a result of mass
moments of inertia on sudden closing of the directional control valve.
Sequence valves
These open the connection to other consuming devices when the set
pressure is exceeded. There are both internally and externally
controlled pressure relief valves. Pressure relief valves of poppet or
slide design may only be used as sequence valves when the
pressure is compensated and loading at the tank connection has no
effect on the opening characteristics.
(note pg:168/9)
(note pg:169/171)
Pressure valves
Pressure regulators:
Pressure regulators reduce the input pressure to a specified output
pressure. They are only used to good effect in systems where a number
of different pressures are required.
(note pg:172/3)
Pressure valves
3-way pressure regulator
(note pg:176)
(note pg:201)
Pump protection
(note pg:203)
Other applications:
(note pg:204)
Flow from A to B
(note pg:205)
Exercise:
A scissor lift is used to lift heavy loads to the platforms of varying
heights. The loaded lift must be able to remain at given height over a
long period of time. The lift is powered by a double acting cylinder.
Position sketch
Load
(note pg:207/8)
(note pg:214)
(note pg:219)
0bar
60bar
10bar
>100bar
(note pg:220)
(note pg:221)
Accumulator
Accumulators perform special functions in
hydraulic systems:
To act as an emergency power source, e.g. to
complete a working stroke in case of drive or
pump failure.
To compensate for leakage losses.
To compensate for variations in fluid volume due
to changes in temperature.
Absorption of shock waves and pressure peaks
due to switching actions and applications.
Accumulator
Design:
Diaphragm accumulator
Bladder accumulator
Bladder accumulator
Operation:
Accumulator applications
Reduce vibration and shock:
Accumulator applications
Installation for emergency power source:
Thank you