THE SHIPS

In our previous meeting, I was asking you to find out

about two important notions of sea transportation:
UKC ?
Draft or also called Draught ?

Tell us now, what they are!

In understanding the ship, our previous concepts of UKC or draft

are very crucial. They relate to the operational and environmental
safety.
UKC = Under Keel Clearance
Draft or also called Draught is related to depth level

Lets have a look at them again briefly!

Please look at the illustration below.

What is the above ship draft?

Features
2 main parts :

Hull shell of the ship

Machinery Engines & ancillary equipment.

Hull usually designed for a particular

trade according to owners specification.
Engine room houses machinery required
to drive the vessels, generators for
lighting, refrigeration etc.

General factors influencing ship design,

type & size:

Trade which ship is to

operate
Building and operating cost
Purpose of the ship:
For what product?
Tramp or liner?
Own or to charter?

SHIP DESIGN
Ship design will focus on this areas:
1. Market conditions

2.

How best to response to the changing needs.

Raise standards & improve transit times.
Proper interface between ship & berthing
operation to speed turnaround time.

Improving onboard technology

Information & communication technology,

EDI.
INMARSAT ship navigation/communication
technology
Extend ship efficiency.

3.

Ship safety

4.

Consistent with efficiency & improved

technology.
Govern by IMO, adopt convention to raise
safety of ships at sea.

Larger vessels rather than additional

sailings

As trade increases, ship-owners prefer

larger vessels than additional sailings.
Resulting vessels with increased
length, more decks.

FUTURE TRENDS
IN SHIP DESIGN

Faster vessels of increased size, with

improved machinery & handling
equipment.
Better standard of accommodation for
passengers & crews.
Further technology enhancement more computerized techniques in all
area.

Technology that is used in the shipping

industry, some of them are:

Automation Identification System (AIS)

Vessel Traffic Service (VTS)
Global Marine Distress and Safety System (GMDSS)
World Wide Navigational Warning Service
(WWNWS).

Vessels become more specialized (Purpose

built).
Improved technique of cargo handling to
reduce turnaround time

Computer
@ Seaport

Computer
@ Ship

Data Entry/ Output

Data Entry/ Output

Form

Postal/
Fax

Form

Server

Computer system at a ship

Port computer system

Length - two types of vessel length:

LOA: Length Overall
LWL: Length Water Line

Beam / Width the.

Draft / Draught the.

Displacement weight - the actual total

weight of the vessel: the volume of the
hull below the waterline, by the specific
gravity of the water.
Light ship weight the actual weight of
ship (with no fuel, passengers, cargo,
water, etc. on board).
Deadweight tonnage (DWT) Weight
that the ship can actually carry. It includes
the crew, passengers, cargo, fuel, water,
and stores.

Displacement weight - is simply the

total weight of the volume of water a ship
displaces when it is sitting in the water.

Standard Displacement weight -

is
basically the same thing as displacement tonnage with
one minor difference. When calculating standard
displacement tonnage, you subtract the weight of any fuel
and potable water carried on board the ship.

Deadweight Tonnage (DWT) -

is the weight
(in tons) of all the cargo, fuel, dry provisions, supplies, etc. carried
on board the ship.

Lightweight Tonnage (LWT) - the weight of the

ship when it was built in the shipyard including all

framing, machinery, decking, etc. not include the weight
of any consumable such as fuel, water, oil, or supplies.

Gross Tonnage (GT) a unitless

index related to a ship's overall
internal volume
Gross Register Tonnage (GRT)
Volume of spaces in ship measures in
cubic meters (m3)
Nett tonnage Gross tonnage after
deduction of bridge, engine room etc.,
leaving only spaces concerned with
carrying of cargo.

Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) - is a

measurement of volume of all enclosed spaces
on a ship with 100 cubic feet = to one ton.

Net Registered Tonnage -

is a measurement of
volume however you only consider the volume of actual
cargo storage areas when dividing the cubic volume in feet
by 100 to get your tonnage. This includes any tanks, cargo
holds, etc. that are normally used for transporting cargo.

TYPE OF SHIPS
Ships are classified base on the type of cargo
a vessel can carry.
1.

General cargo ship

Un-specialised vessels. Take anything, go

anywhere. Multi purpose.

Large open cargo carrying space, different

decks for cargo segregation.

Have heavy lift derricks for handling cargo

Refrigerated general cargo ship

TYPE OF SHIPS
2. Bulk carriers

Single deck vessels, transport single

commodity cargo (grain, sugar, ores, oil,
chemical etc.)
Large hatch. Not carry special cargo
handling equipment.
Cargo is simply poured, tipped or
pumped into holds or tanks of the ship.
Can be categorized into Dry Bulk Carrier
and wet bulk carrier and gas carriers.

TYPE OF SHIPS
3. Container ships
Packing of cargo into uniformly sized boxes
for easy handling.
Ships are designed mainly for carriage of
containers.
Standard size 20 Footer & 40 Footer
container.

4. Passenger ships
Cruise and ferries

5. Ro-Ro vessel
Main feature: door or ramps that allow
vehicle to roll on and roll off the vessel.

Merchant shipping may be divided into 2

categories of service:
1. LINER
2.TRAMP
Different in terms of service rendered,
geographical area covered, the
operating problems, relationship
between vessel owner and vessel user,
actual employment of the ship.

Introduction
Vessels play on regular
scheduled services from & to
designated ports.
Sail on schedule full or not.
Punctuality sailing & arrival
date is
important,
otherwise prestige will
decline.
Strive to improve efficiency &
overall transit times.
Big fleet size & fairly large
shore establishment.

Introduction
Or known as general trading
vessel.
Not operate on fixed schedule.
Trades in all part of the world,
searching for cargo.
Purpose: to provide efficient,
convenient & economical
transportation required by the
many kinds of goods needed
for industrialized society.

Principal reasons for the existence of tramp

services:

Offers flexibility in adapting to

unanticipated & major changes in pattern
of shipping

Provides low cost transportation to add

value to product such as agriculture,
forestry, mining & raw materials.

Business demands effected by seasonal

market conditions.

Tramp companies are much smaller than

liner.

Liner
1. Sailings

Regular & repeated

from & to designated
port.

Must conform to
established
schedules.

Frequency of sailings
depends on amount
of business available.

Tramp
1. Sailings
Voyage or time
charters and based on
cargo
Each trip scheduled
individually.
Could make repetitive
voyages carrying
same commodity

LINER vs. TRAMP

Liner

Tramp

2. Common (Public) carrier

Required by law to accept,
without discrimination, any
legal cargo @ company.
Determine minimum
quantity of cargo which
must be presented by
shippers.
Console small shipment.

2. Contract (private) carrier

Carry full shipload.
Normally single commodity
in bulk.
One shipper @ many
shippers of the same kind
of cargo

LINER vs. TRAMP

Liner

3. Standard Contract
Uniform contract of carriage
or Bill of Lading.
Provision of contract apply
equally to all shippers,
regardless of size of
shipment @ commodities.
Acceptance of BOL agree
to all terms & condition set
forth. No negotiation.

Tramp

3. Negotiated contract
Negotiate separate contract
(Charter Party) for every
employment of vessels.
Rate depends on bargaining
abilities owner & charterer.
Terms of agreement only
apply on ship named in CP &
designated shipment only.

LINER vs. TRAMP

Liner

4. Freight Rates
Identical charges for all
shippers of the same item.
Vary from one sailing route to
another.
Rate compiled into detailed
listings (freight tariffs).
Rate agreement between
carriers to stabilize rate &
competition

Tramp

4. Freight Rates
Fluctuate according to
supply of & demand for
ships.
Intense competition
between ships.
Voyage charter- rate base
on per ton cargo loaded.
Time charter- agreed sum
per day.

LINER vs. TRAMP

Liner

5. Services
Frequency, port of call, ship
capabilities are adjusted to
meet demand of shippers
Political, technology, economic
factors influenced changes in
service.
Withdrawal from route are
publicized in advance, to
maintain dependability.

Tramp

5. Services
Service & rate are
determined by negotiations.
Suit requirement
contracting parties.
Regular & repeated voyage
on same route or
port
are not
necessary.

LINER vs. TRAMP

Liner

Tramp

6. Vessels
Complete line of vessels
Refrigerated, Ro-Ro, and
container ships are operated
on most routes.
Big in size & speed.

6. Vessels
Most tramp ships are
general purpose.
Moderate size & speed.
Carry bulk & assorted
general cargo.

7. Cargo Value
High value goods
Charged at higher freight rate.

7. Cargo value
Homogeneous cargo & low
intrinsic value.
Coal, grain, sugar, oil & gas

LINER vs. TRAMP

Liner

8. Organization
Large & complex.

Tramp

8. Organization
Usually have small staffs
in home office, with little
Divisions by functions traffic,
divisions.
operations, finance & mgmt.
Employ agent to service
Main personal contact with
the ships in port of call &
shippers.
are paid on a fee basis.
Send supervisory
personnel to oversee
functions of agents.

SHIPMENTS
OR
GOODS

LINER

Container Ship

TRAMP

Ro/Ro

Dry Bulk

Liquid Bulk

INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION
LIMITS
Unless and to the extent otherwise agreed by the Underwriters in
accordance with Clause 3 below, the vessel shall not enter, navigate or
remain in the areas specified below at any time or, where applicable,
between the dates specified below (both days inclusive):

Area 1 - Arctic
North of 70N. Lat.
Barents Sea.

except for calls at Kola Bay, Murmansk or any port or place in Norway, provided that the
vessel does not enter, navigate or remain north of 7230 N. Lat. or east of 35 E. Long.

Area 2 Northern Seas

White Sea.
Chukchi Sea.

INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION
LIMITS
Area 3 - Baltic
Gulf of Bothnia north of a line between Umea (63 50 N. Lat.) and Vasa (63 06 N. Lat.)
between 10th December and 25th May.
Where the vessel is equal to or less than 90,000 DWT, Gulf of Finland east of 28 45 E.
Long. between 15th December and 15th May.
Vessels greater than 90,000 DWT may not enter, navigate or remain in the Gulf of
Finland east of 28 45 E. Long. at any time.
Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland and adjacent waters north of 59 24 N. Lat. between 8th
January and 5th May, except for calls at Stockholm, Tallinn or Helsinki.
Gulf of Riga and adjacent waters east of 22 E. Long. and south of 59 N. Lat. between 28 th
December and 5th May.

Area 4 Greenland
Greenland territorial waters.

INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION
LIMITS
Area 5 - North America (east)
North of 52 10 N. Lat. and between 50 W. Long. and 100 W. Long.
Gulf of St. Lawrence, St. Lawrence River and its tributaries (east of Les Escoumins), Strait of
Belle Isle (west of Belle Isle), Cabot Strait (west of a line between Cape Ray and Cape
North) and Strait of Canso (north of the Canso Causeway), between 21st December and
30th April.
St. Lawrence River and its tributaries (west of Les Escoumins) between 1st December and
30th April.
St. Lawrence Seaway.
Great Lakes.

Area 6 North America (west)

North of 54 30 N. Lat. and between 100 W. Long. and 170 W. Long.
Any port or place in the Queen Charlotte Islands or the Aleutian Islands.

INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION
LIMITS
Area 7 - Southern Ocean
South of 50S. Lat. except within the triangular area formed by rhumb lines drawn between
the following points
50 S. Lat.; 50 W. Long.
57 S. Lat.; 67 30 W. Long.
50 S Lat.; 160 W. Long.

Area 8 Kerguelen/Crozet
Territorial waters of Kerguelen Islands and Crozet Islands.

INTERNATIONAL NAVIGATION
LIMITS
Area 9 - East Asia
Sea of Okhotsk north of 55 N. Lat. and east of 140 E. Long. between 1st November and 1st
June.
Sea of Okhotsk north of 53 N. Lat. and west of 140 E. Long. between 1st November and 1st
June.
East Asian waters north of 46N. Lat. and west of the Kurile Islands and west of the
Kamchatka Peninsula between 1st December and 1st May.

Area 10 Bering Sea

Bering Sea except on through voyages and provided that:
the vessel does not enter, navigate or remain north of 54 30 N. Lat.; and
the vessel enters and exits west of Buldir Island or through the Amchitka, Amukta or Unimak Passes; and
the vessel is equipped and properly fitted with two independent marine radar sets, a global positioning
system receiver (or Loran-C radio positioning receiver), a radio transceiver and GMDSS, a
weather facsimile recorder (or alternative equipment for the receipt of weather and routeing
information) and a gyrocompass, in each case to be fully operational and manned by qualified
personnel; and
the vessel is in possession of appropriate navigational charts corrected up to date, sailing directions and
pilot books.