Power System Analysis: Transmission Line Models

EE 369
POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 7
Transmission Line Models
Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick
Announcements
For lecture 7 to 10 read Chapters 5
and 3.
HW 6 is problems 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, 5.9,
5.14, 5.16, 5.19, 5.26, 5.31, 5.32, 5.33,
5.36; case study questions chapter 5 a,
b, c, d, is due Thursday, 10/15.
Homework 7 is 5.8, 5.15, 5.17, 5.24,
5.27, 5.28, 5.29, 5.34, 5.37, 5.38, 5.43,
5.45; due 10/22.
2
Transmission Line Models

Previous lectures have covered how to
calculate the distributed series inductance,
shunt capacitance, and series resistance of
transmission lines:
That is, we have calculated the inductance L,

capacitance C, and resistance r per unit length,
We can also think of the shunt conductance g
per unit length,
Each infinitesimal length dx of transmission line
consists of a series impedance rdx + jLdx and
a shunt admittance gdx + jCdx,
In this section we will use these distributed

parameters to develop the transmission
line models used in power system analysis.
3
Transmission Line Equivalent

Circuit
Our model of an infinitesimal length
of transmission line is shown below:
dx
dx
Ldx
Units on
z and y are
per unit
length!
For operation at frequency , let z r j L

and y g jC (with g usually equal to 0)
Derivation of V, I
Relationships
dx
Ldx
dx
We can then derive the following relationships:

dV I ( x ) z dx
dI
(V ( x ) dV ) y dx V ( x ) y dx,
on neglecting the dVdx term,
dV
dI
( x) z I ( x)
( x ) yV ( x )
dx
dx
Setting up a Second Order

Equation
dV
dI
( x) z I ( x)
( x ) yV ( x )
dx
dx
We can rewrite these two, first order differential
equations as a single second order equation
d 2V
dI
( x ) z ( x ) zyV ( x )
2
dx
dx
d 2V
( x ) zyV ( x ) 0
2
dx
6
V, I Relationships, contd
Define the propagation constant as
yz j
where
the attenuation constant
the phase constant
Equation for Voltage

The general equation for V is
V ( x ) k1e x k2 e x ,
which can be rewritten as
e x e x
e x e x
V ( x ) ( k1 k2 )(
) ( k1 k2 )(
)
2
2
Let K1 k1 k2 and K 2 k1 k2 . Then
e x e x
e x e x
V ( x ) K1 (
) K2 (
)
2
2
K1 cosh( x ) K 2 sinh( x )
8
Real Hyperbolic Functions

For real x, the cosh and sinh functions have
the following form:
cosh( x )
d cosh( x)
sinh( x)
dx
sinh( x )
dsinh( x)
cosh( x)
dx
9
Complex Hyperbolic
Functions
For complex x j
cosh( x )
cosh cos j sinh sin

sinh cos j cosh sin
sinh( x )
Make sure your calculator handles sinh and
cosh of complex numbers.
You will need this for homework and for the
mid-term!
10
Determining Line Voltage
The voltage along the line is determined based upon

the current/voltage relationships at the terminals.
Assuming we know V and I at one end (say the
"receiving end" with VR and I R where x = 0) we can
determine the constants K1 and K 2 , and hence the
voltage at any point on the line.
We will mostly be interested in the voltage and
current at the other, "sending end," of the line.
11
Determining Line Voltage,

contd
V ( x ) K cosh( x ) K sinh( x )
1
V (0) VR
K1 cosh(0) K 2 sinh(0)
Since cosh(0) 1 & sinh(0) 0 K1 VR

dV ( x )
dx
zI ( x ) K1 sinh( x ) K 2 cosh( x )
zI R
K2
IR z
z
IR
y
yz
V ( x ) VR cosh( x ) I R Z c sinh( x )
where Z c
z
y
characteristic impedance
12
Determining Line Current

By similar reasoning we can determine I ( x )
VR
I ( x ) I R cosh( x ) sinh( x )
Zc
where x is the distance along the line from the
receiving end.
Pout
Define transmission efficiency as
;
Pin
that is, efficiency means the real power out (delivered)
divided by the real power in.
13
Transmission Line Example

Assume we have a 765 kV transmission line with
a receiving end voltage of 765 kV (line to line),
a receiving end power S R 2000 j1000 MVA and
z = 0.0201 + j 0.535 = 0.53587.8
y = j 7.75 106
mile
= 7.75 106 90.0 S
mile
Then
zy
2.036 103 88.9 / mile
Zc
z
y
262.7 -1.1
14
Transmission Line Example,

contd
Do per phase analysis, using single phase power
and line to neutral voltages. Then
VR
765
441.70 kV
3
IR
6 *
(2000 j1000) 10

3
3 441.70 10
1688 26.6 A
V ( x) VR cosh( x) I R Z c sinh( x)
441,7000 cosh( x 2.036 103 88.9)
443,440 27.7 sinh( x 2.036 103 88.9)
15
Transmission Line Example,

Squares and crosses show contd
real and reactive power flow, where
a positive value of flow means flow to the left.
Receiving end
Sending end
16
Lossless Transmission Lines

For a lossless line the characteristic impedance, Z c ,
is known as the surge impedance.
Zc
j L
jC
(a real value)
C
If a lossless line is terminated in impedance Z c then:

VR
Zc
IR
Then I R Z c VR so we get...
17

V ( x) VR cosh( x) I R Z c sinh( x),
VR cosh x VR sinh x,
VR (cosh x sinh x).
VR
I ( x) I R cosh( x) sinh( x)
Zc
VR
VR
cosh x sinh x,
Zc
Zc
VR
(cosh x sinh x)
Zc
V ( x)
That is, for every location x,
Zc .
I ( x)
18

Since the line is lossless this implies that for every location x,
the real power flow is constant. Therefore:
Real power flow (V ( x ) I ( x )*) ( Z c I ( x ) I ( x )*)
( Z c | I ( x ) |2 ) Z c | I ( x ) |2 is constant and equals Z c | I (0) |2 .
Therefore, at each x, I ( x ) I (0) I R .
V ( x)
So, since
Zc ,
I ( x)
V ( x ) V (0) VR and
V ( x)
Define
to be the "surge impedance loading" (SIL).
Zc
If load power P > SIL then line consumes
VArs; otherwise, the line generates VArs.
19
Transmission Matrix Model

Often we are only interested in the terminal
characteristics of the transmission line.
Therefore we can model it as a black box:
+
VS
I
S
Transmission
Line
IR
VR
VS
A B VR
With
,
C D I R
I S
where A, B, C , D are determined from general equation
noting that VS and I S correspond to x equaling length of line.
Assume length of line is l.
20
Transmission Matrix Model,

contd
VS
A B VR
With
I
I
C
D
R
S
Use voltage/current relationships to solve for A, B, C , D
VS V (l ) VR cosh l Z c I R sinh l
VR
I S I (l ) I R cosh l sinh l
Zc
A B
T
C
D
cosh l
1
sinh l
Zc
Z c sinh l
cosh l
21
Equivalent Circuit Model

A circuit model is another "black box" model.
We will try to represent as a equivalent circuit.
To do this, well use the T matrix values to

derive the
parameters Z' and Y' that match the behavior
of the equivalent circuit to that of the T
22
matrix.
VS
Equivalent Circuit
Parameters
V
Y'
R
Z'
VR
IR
2
Z 'Y '
VS 1
VR Z ' I R
2
Y'
Y'
I S VS VR I R
2
2
Z 'Y '
Z ' Y '
IS Y ' 1
VR 1
IR
4
2
1 Z 'Y '
Z
'
VR
VS
2

I
S
Y ' 1 Z ' Y ' 1 Z ' Y' I R

4
2
23
Equivalent circuit
parameters
We now need to solve for Z ' and Y '.
Solve for Z ' using B element:
B Z C sinh l Z '
Then using A we can solve for Y '
Z 'Y '
A = cosh l 1
2
Y'
cosh l 1 1
l
tanh
2
Z c sinh l Z c
2
24
Simplified Parameters
These values can be simplified as follows:
Z ' Z C sinh l
z l zl
sinh l
y l zl
sinh l
Z
with Z @zl (recalling zy )
l
Y'
1
l
tanh
2
Zc
2
l
tanh
Y
2
2 l
2
y l yl
l
tanh
z l yl
2
with Y @yl
25
Simplified Parameters
For medium lines make the following approximations:
sinh l
Z' Z
(assumes
1)
l
Y' Y
tanh( l / 2)
(assumes
1)
2 2
l/2
sinhl
tanh(l/2)
Length
l
l/2
50 miles
0.9980.02 1.001 0.01
100 miles 0.9930.09 1.004 0.04
200 miles 0.9720.35 1.014 0.18
26
Three Line Models
Long Line Model (longer than 200 miles)

l
tanh
sinh l Y ' Y
2
use Z ' Z
,
l
2 2 l
2
Medium Line Model (between 50 and 200 miles)
Y
use Z and
2
Short Line Model (less than 50 miles)
use Z (i.e., assume Y is zero)
The long line model is always correct.
The other models are usually good approximations
for the conditions described.
27
Power Transfer in Short

Lines
Often we'd like to know the maximum power that
could be transferred through a short transmission line
V1
+
-
I
S1 12
I2
Transmission
Line with
Impedance Z
S21
+
-
V2
V1 V2
S12
V1
with V1 V1 1, V2 V2 2 , Z Z Z
V1I1*
S12
V1
V1 V2
Z
( Z 12 )
Z
Z
28
Power Transfer in Lossless

If we assume a line isLines
lossless with impedance jX and
are just interested in real power transfer then:
2
P12 jQ12
V1
V1 V2
90
(90 12 )
Z
Z
Since - cos(90 12 ) sin 12 , we get

V1 V2
P12
sin 12
X
Hence the maximum power transfer is
V1 V2
,
X
This power transfer limit is called
the steady-state stability limit.
P12Max
29
Limits Affecting Max. Power

Transfer
Thermal limits
limit is due to heating of conductor and hence
depends heavily on ambient conditions.
For many lines, sagging is the limiting constraint.
Newer conductors/materials limit can limit sag.
Trees grow, and will eventually hit lines if they are
planted under the line,
Note that thermal limit is different to the steadystate stability limit that we just calculated:
Thermal limits due to losses,
Steady-state stability limit applies even for lossless line!
30
Tree Trimming: Before
31
Tree Trimming: After
32
Other Limits Affecting Power

Transfer
Angle limits
while the maximum power transfer
(steady-state stability limit) occurs when
the line angle difference is 90 degrees,
actual limit is substantially less due to
interaction of multiple lines in the system
Voltage stability limits

as power transfers increases, reactive
losses increase as I2X. As reactive power
increases the voltage falls, resulting in a
potentially cascading voltage collapse.
33

Power System Analysis: Transmission Line Models

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power System Analysis: Transmission Line Models

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power System Analysis: Transmission Line Models

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EE 369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Transmission Line Models

That is, we have calculated the inductance L,

In this section we will use these distributed

Transmission Line Equivalent

For operation at frequency , let z r j L

We can then derive the following relationships:

Setting up a Second Order

Equation for Voltage

Real Hyperbolic Functions

cosh cos j sinh sin

Determining Line Voltage

The voltage along the line is determined based upon

Determining Line Voltage,

Since cosh(0) 1 & sinh(0) 0 K1 VR

Determining Line Current

Transmission Line Example

2.036 103 88.9 / mile

Transmission Line Example,

Transmission Line Example,

Lossless Transmission Lines

If a lossless line is terminated in impedance Z c then:

Lossless Transmission Lines

Lossless Transmission Lines

Transmission Matrix Model

Transmission Matrix Model,

Equivalent Circuit Model

To do this, well use the T matrix values to

Three Line Models

Long Line Model (longer than 200 miles)

Power Transfer in Short

Power Transfer in Lossless

Since - cos(90 12 ) sin 12 , we get

Limits Affecting Max. Power

Tree Trimming: Before

Tree Trimming: After

Other Limits Affecting Power

Voltage stability limits

You might also like