Transmission Line Models

 Previous lectures have covered how to calculate

the distributed series inductance, shunt
capacitance, and series resistance of
transmission lines:
– That is, we have calculated the inductance L,
capacitance C, and resistance r per unit length,
– We can also think of the shunt conductance g per
unit length,
– Each infinitesimal length dx of transmission line
consists of a series impedance rdx + jωLdx and a
shunt admittance gdx + jωCdx,
 In this section we will use these distributed
parameters to develop the transmission line
models used in power system analysis.
1
Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit
•Our model of an infinitesimal length of
transmission line is shown below:

dx Ldx
Units on
z and y are
dx
per unit
length!

For operation at frequency w, let z = r + jw L

and y = g + jwC (with g usually equal to 0)
2
Derivation of V, I Relationships
dx Ldx

dx

We can then derive the following relationships:

dV = I ( x ) z dx
dI = (V ( x ) + dV ) y dx � V ( x ) y dx,
on neglecting the dVdx term,
dV dI
( x) = z I ( x) ( x ) = yV ( x )
dx dx 3
Setting up a Second Order Equation
dV dI
( x) = z I ( x) ( x ) = yV ( x )
dx dx
We can rewrite these two, first order differential
equations as a single second order equation
d 2V dI
2
( x ) = z ( x ) = zyV ( x )
dx dx
d 2V
2
( x ) - zyV ( x ) = 0
dx

4
V, I Relationships, cont’d

Define the propagation constant g as

g = yz = a + j b
where
a = the attenuation constant
b = the phase constant

5
 Equation for Voltage
The general equation for V is
V ( x ) = k1eg x + k2 e -g x ,
which can be rewritten as
eg x + e -g x eg x - e - g x
V ( x ) = ( k1 + k2 )( ) + ( k1 - k2 )( )
2 2
Let K1 = k1 + k2 and K 2 = k1 - k2 . Then
eg x + e -g x eg x - e -g x
V ( x ) = K1 ( ) + K2 ( )
2 2
= K1 cosh(g x ) + K 2 sinh(g x )
6
 Real Hyperbolic Functions
For real g x, the cosh and sinh functions have
the following form:
cosh(g x ) sinh(g x )

d cosh(g x) dsinh(g x)
= g sinh(g x) = g cosh(g x)
dx dx
7
Complex Hyperbolic Functions
For complex g x = aˆ + j bˆ
cosh(g x ) = cosh aˆ cos bˆ + j sinh aˆ sin bˆ
sinh(g x ) = sinh aˆ cos bˆ + j cosh aˆ sin bˆ
Make sure your calculator handles sinh and
cosh of complex numbers.
You will need this for homework and for the
mid-term!

8
 Determining Line Voltage
The voltage along the line is determined based upon
the current/voltage relationships at the terminals.
Assuming we know V and I at one end (say the
"receiving end" with VR and I R where x = 0) we can
determine the constants K1 and K 2 , and hence the
voltage at any point on the line.
We will mostly be interested in the voltage and
current at the other, "sending end," of the line.

9
Determining Line Voltage, cont’d
V ( x ) = K1 cosh(g x ) + K 2 sinh(g x )
V (0) = VR = K1 cosh(0) + K 2 sinh(0)
Since cosh(0) = 1 & sinh(0) = 0 � K1 = VR
dV ( x )
= zI ( x ) = K1g sinh(g x ) + K 2g cosh(g x )
dx
zI R IR z z
� K2 = = = IR
g yz y
V ( x ) = VR cosh(g x ) + I R Z c sinh(g x )
z
where Z c = = characteristic impedance
y 10
 Determining Line Current
By similar reasoning we can determine I ( x)
VR
I ( x ) = I R cosh(g x ) + sinh(g x )
Zc
where x is the distance along the line from the
receiving end.
Pout
Define transmission efficiency as h = ;
Pin
that is, efficiency means the real power out (delivered)
divided by the real power in.
11
 Transmission Line Example
Assume we have a 765 kV transmission line with
a receiving end voltage of 765 kV (line to line),
a receiving end power S R = 2000 + j1000 MVA and
z = 0.0201 + j 0.535 = 0.535а 87.8 W
mile
y = j 7.75 �10-6 = 7.75 �10-6 �90.0�S
mile
Then
g ==�а
zy 2.036 10-3 88.9 / mile
z
Zc = = 262.7 а -1.1 W
y 12
Transmission Line Example, cont’d
Do per phase analysis, using single phase power
and line to neutral voltages. Then
VR = 765 = 441.7а 0 kV
3
*
6�
�(2000 + j1000) �10
IR = � 3 �
= 1688�- 26.6�A
�3 �а�
441.7 0 10 �
V ( x) = VR cosh(g x) + I R Z c sinh(g x)
2.036+ 10-3 88.9 )
= 441,700а 0 cosh( x ��а
27.7 sinh( x 2.036 10-3 88.9 )
443,440�-����а
13
Transmission Line Example, cont’d
Squares and crosses show real and reactive power flow, where
a positive value of flow means flow to the left.

Receiving end Sending end

14
 Lossless Transmission Lines
For a lossless line the characteristic impedance, Z c ,
is known as the surge impedance.
jw L L
Zc = = W (a real value)
jwC C
If a lossless line is terminated in impedance Z c then:
VR
Zc =
IR
Then I R Z c = VR so we get...

15
Lossless Transmission Lines
V ( x) = VR cosh(g x) + I R Z c sinh(g x),
= VR cosh g x + VR sinh g x,
= VR (cosh g x + sinh g x).
VR
I ( x) = I R cosh(g x) + sinh(g x)
Zc
VR VR
= cosh g x + sinh g x,
Zc Zc
VR
= (cosh g x + sinh g x)
Zc
V ( x)
That is, for every location x, = Zc .
I ( x) 16
 Lossless Transmission Lines
Since the line is lossless this implies that for every location x,
the real power flow is constant. Therefore:
Real power flow = �(V ( x ) I ( x )*) = �( Z c I ( x ) I ( x )*) =
�( Z c | I ( x ) |2 ) = Z c | I ( x ) |2 is constant and equals Z c | I (0) |2 .
Therefore, at each x, I ( x ) = I (0) = I R .
V ( x)
So, since = Zc , V ( x ) = V (0) = VR and
I ( x)
2
V ( x)
Define to be the "surge impedance loading" (SIL).
Zc
If load power P > SIL then line consumes VArs;
otherwise, the line generates VArs. 17
 Transmission Matrix Model
•Often we are only interested in the terminal
characteristics of the transmission line.
Therefore we can model it as a “black box:”
IS IR
+ Transmission +
VS Line
VR
- -

� VS � �A B �� VR �
With � �= � �� ,
�
� IS � � C D �� IR �
where A, B, C , D are determined from general equation
noting that VS and I S correspond to x equaling length of line.
Assume length of line is l. 18
Transmission Matrix Model, cont’d
�VS � �A B �� VR �
With � �= � �� �
I
�S � � C D I
��R �
Use voltage/current relationships to solve for A, B, C , D
VS = V (l ) = VR cosh g l + Z c I R sinh g l
VR
I S = I (l ) = I R cosh g l + sinh g l
Zc
�cosh g l Z c sinh g l �
�A B � � �
T = � �= 1
�C D � � sinh g l cosh g l �
�Zc �
19
 Equivalent Circuit Model
A circuit model is another "black box" model.
We will try to represent as a p equivalent circuit.

To do this, we’ll use the T matrix values to derive the

parameters Z' and Y' that match the behavior of the
equivalent circuit to that of the T matrix.
We do this by first finding the relationship between
sending and receiving end for the equivalent circuit. 20
Equivalent Circuit Parameters
VS - VR Y'
- VR = I R
Z' 2
� Z 'Y ' �
VS = � 1+ VR + Z ' I R
�
� 2 �
Y' Y'
I S = VS + VR + I R
2 2
� Z 'Y ' � � Z 'Y ' �
IS = Y '� 1+ �VR + �1+ �I R
� 4 � � 2 �
� 1 + Z 'Y ' Z ' �
�VS � � 2 ��VR �
� � = � �� �
� I S � � � Z 'Y ' � � Z 'Y ' � � IR �
�
Y '�1+ � �1+ �
�� 4 �� 2 � � 21
Equivalent circuit parameters
We now need to solve for Z ' and Y '.
Solve for Z ' using B element:
B = Z C sinh g l = Z '
Then using A we can solve for Y '
Z 'Y '
A = coshg l = 1 +
2
Y' cosh g l - 1 1 gl
= = tanh
2 Z c sinh g l Z c 2

22
 Simplified Parameters
These values can be simplified as follows:
z l zl
Z ' = Z C sinh g l = sinh g l
y l zl
sinh g l
=Z with Z @zl (recalling g = zy )
gl
Y' 1 gl y l yl gl
= tanh = tanh
2 Zc 2 z l yl 2

tanh gl
Y 2
= with Y @yl
2 gl
2 23
 Simplified Parameters
For medium lines make the following approximations:
sinh g l
Z' = Z (assumes �1)
gl
Y' Y tanh(g l / 2)
= (assumes �1)
2 2 gl/2
sinhγl tanh(γl/2)
Length
γl γl/2
50 miles 0.998а� -� 1.001
0.02 0.01
100 miles 0.993а� -� 1.004
0.09 0.04
200 miles 0.972а� -� 1.014
0.35 0.18
24
 Three Line Models
Long Line Model (longer than 200 miles)
tanh gl
sinh g l Y ' Y 2
use Z ' = Z , =
gl 2 2 gl
2
Medium Line Model (between 50 and 200 miles)
Y
use Z and
2
Short Line Model (less than 50 miles)
use Z (i.e., assume Y is zero)
The long line model is always correct.
The other models are usually good approximations
25
for the conditions described.
 Power Transfer in Short Lines
•Often we'd like to know the maximum power that
could be transferred through a short transmission line
+
I1 Transmission I2 +
Line with
V1 S12 Impedance Z S21 V2
- -
*
V1 - V2 �
�
S12 = V1I1*
= V1 � �
� Z �
with V1 = V1 �q1, V2 = V2 �q 2 , Z = Z �q Z
2
V1 V1 V2
S12 = �q Z - �(q Z + q12 )
Z Z 26
 Power Transfer in Lossless Lines
If we assume a line is lossless with impedance jX and
are just interested in real power transfer then:
2
V1 V1 V2
P12 + jQ12 = а 90 - а (90 + q12 )
Z Z
Since - cos(90�+ q12 ) = sin q12 , we get
V1 V2
P12 = sin q12
X
Hence the maximum power transfer is
V1 V2
P12Max = ,
X
This power transfer limit is called
the steady-state stability limit. 27
Limits Affecting Max. Power Transfer
 Thermal limits
– limit is due to heating of conductor and hence depends
heavily on ambient conditions.
– For many lines, sagging is the limiting constraint.
– Newer conductors/materials limit can limit sag.
– Trees grow, and will eventually hit lines if they are planted
under the line,
– Note that thermal limit is different to the steady-state
stability limit that we just calculated:
– Thermal limits due to losses,
– Steady-state stability limit applies even for lossless line!
28
Tree Trimming: Before

29
Tree Trimming: After

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 Other Limits Affecting Power Transfer

 Angle limits
– while the maximum power transfer (steady-state
stability limit) occurs when the line angle
difference is 90 degrees, actual limit is
substantially less due to interaction of multiple
lines in the system
 Voltage stability limits
– as power transfers increases, reactive losses
increase as I2X. As reactive power increases the
voltage falls, resulting in a potentially cascading
voltage collapse.
31