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    Chapter 6 - Generalization

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    Athirah Illaina
    Generalization is the process of reducing the information content of maps due to scale change, purpose, audience or technical constraints. It involves selecting important features and removing less important ones to maintain readability at smaller scales. The level of generalization needed increases as map scale decreases. Key factors that affect generalization are the map's purpose, scale, intended audience, and the need to retain accuracy while meeting graphic limits.

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    Chapter 6 - Generalization

    Uploaded by

    Athirah Illaina
    100 views30 pages
    Generalization is the process of reducing the information content of maps due to scale change, purpose, audience or technical constraints. It involves selecting important features and removing less important ones to maintain readability at smaller scales. The level of generalization needed increases as map scale decreases. Key factors that affect generalization are the map's purpose, scale, intended audience, and the need to retain accuracy while meeting graphic limits.

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    Generalization is the process of reducing the information content of maps due to scale change, purpose, audience or technical constraints. It involves selecting important features and removing less important ones to maintain readability at smaller scales. The level of generalization needed increases as map scale decreases. Key factors that affect generalization are the map's purpose, scale, intended audience, and the need to retain accuracy while meeting graphic limits.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    100 views30 pages

    Chapter 6 - Generalization

    Uploaded by

    Athirah Illaina
    Generalization is the process of reducing the information content of maps due to scale change, purpose, audience or technical constraints. It involves selecting important features and removing less important ones to maintain readability at smaller scales. The level of generalization needed increases as map scale decreases. Key factors that affect generalization are the map's purpose, scale, intended audience, and the need to retain accuracy while meeting graphic limits.

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    CHAPTER 6

    Generalization
    GENERALIZATION
    What is generalization?

    Process of reducing the information content of maps


    due to scale change, map purpose, intended audience,
    and/or technical constraints.
    GENERALIZATION
    Why we need generalization in mapping?

    a) To reduce scope, amount, type and


    cartographic data
    b) To ensure of graphical reality at desired
    scale
    c) To highlighting most important object and
    neglect less important features
    d) To maintain readability and preserve
    geographical meaning of the map
    EFFECT OF SCALE ON VISUAL
    PERCEPTION
    Data captured at one scale are not transferrable to
    widely different scales. Data captured at a larger
    scale are too detailed for smaller scales.
    Data captured at a small scale are too generalized
    for larger scales.

    E.g. If your map is at 1:50,000 it is not reasonable


    to be able to depict a feature or detail smaller
    Larger scale maps

    1:24000
    1 Less area
    2 More details
    Larger scale
    3 Less generalization
    maps
    4 Less classification

    Transformation from large to small scale

    1:100000
    requires generalization and classification:
    City becomes area then point
    Diversity of cities combined into a few
    categories (small, medium and large)
    Minor streets and roads removed
    Different types of roads and streets
    combined into few categories
    1:250000
    Houses then major buildings removed
    Small streams removed
    Details removed from rivers and roads
    Less important text removed

    Smaller scale maps


    1 More area
    1:500000

    Smaller scale 2 Less detail


    maps 3 More generalization
    4 More classification
    Scale reduction without generalization Scale reduction with generalization
    Before generalization

    After generalization
    GENERALIZATION
    When we need generalization?

    a) Conditions Relate to the scale used


    b) Congestion or overcrowding data
    -E.g. : Complex road networks, buildings.
    c) Overlap/conflict of data E.g. Many types of tree
    species combined into one group.
    d) Invisible Small features that cant be identified
    (small ponds, trails)
    e) Coalescence To grow together or into one body
    E.g. Two lakes coalesced into one.
    GENERALIZATION
    How to generalize?

    Selection Displacement

    Simplification Smoothing

    Collapse Classification

    Aggregation Symbolization

    Amalgamation Refinement

    Typification Elimination

    Exaggeration Size reduction


    GENERALIZATION
    Selection
    Select the most important (due to some criteria) features
    or/and objects and eliminate the not so important
    whole features or objects

    Capitals, large, medium and Capitals, large, medium and Capitals and large cities only, no
    small cities, European Highway small cities, European Highway roads
    system and major country roads system
    GENERALIZATION
    Simplification
    Process of selecting the characteristic, or shape and reject the
    redundant point considered to be unnecessary
    Determine important characteristics of feature attributes and eliminate
    unwanted detail
    Benefits : Reduce plotting time & reduce storage

    Original coastal lines Simplifies coastal lines


    GENERALIZATION
    Collapse
    Replace feature or object physical details with abstract geometrical
    objects or details of low dimension
    An objects geometry is completely changed

    Area to point

    Area to line
    GENERALIZATION
    Aggregation
    Group several homogeneous objects or features into one object on the
    same level of the object's hierarchy

    Original city blocks Aggregated city blocks


    GENERALIZATION
    Amalgamation
    Group several homogeneous objects into one object on the higher level
    of the object's hierarchy

    Original buildings Amalgamated blocks


    GENERALIZATION
    Typification
    -Reduces the density of spatial objects, as well as their levels of detail
    -Preserves the representative distribution pattern of these objects

    Representations
    illustrating typification
    given by classification of
    point, line and area
    features.
    GENERALIZATION
    Exaggeration
    -Amplify the whole object or a specific portion by not preserving its size.
    -Done to highlight distinguishable shapes or details of an object.
    -Used to enlarge parts of objects, either because they do not satisfy the
    geometric constraints, or because such parts are of special interest

    Original group of lakes Smallest lakes is exaggerated


    GENERALIZATION
    Displacement
    -Employ a shifting of objects from original positions in order to resolve
    topological conflicts of more than one object overlapping.
    -This operation might be important to solve conflicts between objects
    that are too close or to preserve important neighbourhood relations.

    Original positions of buildings Displaced buildings


    and roads
    GENERALIZATION
    Smoothing
    Allows an aesthetic refinement by reducing the angularity of angles
    between segments of linear objects
    Reduce sharp angularity from objects having smooth shapes

    Original coastal lines Smoothed coastal lines


    GENERALIZATION
    Classification
    -Ordering, scaling and grouping of features by their attributes and
    attributes values
    -Goal of classification : To combines items that share similar
    geographic attributes into a new object
    -Group the classes for comprehension and ease of representation
    GENERALIZATION
    Symbolization
    -Combines items that share similar geographic attributes into a new
    object, which in turn has a higher level of abstraction, in addition to a
    new symbol
    -Nearly similar to classification where certain geometries are assigned
    to create a new form of features

    Before symbolization After symbolization


    GENERALIZATION
    Refinement
    -Involves reducing a set of features, such as a group of roads, to a
    simpler representation

    Before refinement After refinement


    GENERALIZATION
    Elimination
    Eliminates various geographic objects because of their small size or
    lesser importance with regards to the maps theme (e.g. elimination of
    small islands, elimination of short streets)

    Before elimination After elimination


    GENERALIZATION
    Size reduction
    Reduces the size of a given geographic object

    Before size reduction After size reduction


    GENERALIZATION
    What factors affect generalization?

    Map Purpose &


    Conditions in Map Scale
    Use

    Retention of
    Graphic Limits
    Accuracy
    GENERALIZATION
    Map Purpose & Conditions in Use

    The purpose of a map can significantly affect the type, numbers, and
    spatial representation of features placed on a map.
    For an example two different users may apply two intended purposes of
    map:

    Situation 1 : Road setting between two villages


    Construction engineers may need a content which supports geologic
    interpretation and environmental impact assessment .

    Situation 2 : Fertilization plan in a piece of land


    A farmers would need soil orders and watershed locations to support
    crop yield.
    GENERALIZATION

    Construction engineer Farmer

    Though these two distinct applications may


    be developed from the same data source,
    the different generalization involved so they
    would be specific to each application.
    GENERALIZATION
    Map Scale
    It is important that the selection of final map scale coincide the maps
    purpose and intended audience.
    This target scale will determine the amount and type of information
    which remains subsequent to the generalization.

    DIRECT RELATION TO SCALE

    The smaller scale, more generalization needed to


    be done to the features selected.
    GENERALIZATION

    1: 24000 1: 100000 1: 250000

    Mount Rainier at different scale


    GENERALIZATION
    Retention of Accuracy

    Maintaining accuracy and refers quality and quantity to the absolute


    conditions of the map.

    1. Quality of data affect the quality of the map produced


    2. Accuracy of data sources also need to be consider
    3. Lack or abundance of data (quantity matters) also can affect
    maps performance
    4. Cartographer should also determine the accuracy of the data
    used for the maps construction
    GENERALIZATION
    Graphic Limits

    Another factors which affect the generalization process is graphic


    limits.

    We can break these factors into two groups:-


    a) Technical limits by the cartographers tools
    b) Perceptual limits of the human eye

    In digital cartography, graphic limits refer to the capacity of the


    monitor and software to perform the generalization.

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