SK015 1.3 Stoichiometry Student
SK015 1.3 Stoichiometry Student
SK015 1.3 Stoichiometry Student
3 Stoichiometry
6/17/2018 MATTER 1
Determine 1) Define limiting reactant &
Oxidation percentage yield
number
2) Stoichiometric calculation
Balancing equation:
1) Chemical equation by inspection method
2) Redox equation by ion electron method 2
Learning Outcome
At the end of this subtopic, students should
be able to:
a) Determine the oxidation number of an
element in a chemical formula
b) Write and balance:
i. Chemical equation by inspection method
ii. Redox equation by ion electron method
MATTER 3
OXIDATION–REDUCTION REACTION
An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction is a type of
chemical reaction that involves a transfer of
electrons between two species. The oxidation
number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by
gaining or losing an electron.
OXIDATION–REDUCTION REACTION
Also call Redox reaction
Oxidation reaction Reduction reaction
Substance loses Substance gains
electron(s) electron(s)
Increase oxidation Decrease oxidation
number number
Act as reducing agent Act as oxidizing agent
(reductant) (oxidant)
Substance gains oxygen Substance loses oxygen
Example of Redox reaction
Examples of redox reactions
oRusting iron
OXIDATION NUMBER
The charge the atom would have in a molecule
(or an ionic compound) if electrons were
completely transferred
Example:
Oxidation number of F in NaF = -1
Oxidation number of Cl in HCl = -1
Oxidation number of Cl in Cl2O7 = +7
Oxidation number of F in OF2 = +1
7. In neutral molecule, the sum of the oxidation number
of all atoms that made up the molecule is equal to zero.
Example:
Oxidation number of H2O = 0
Oxidation number of HCl = 0
Oxidation number of KMnO4 = 0
MATTER 12
8. For polyatomic ions, the total oxidation number of all
atoms that made up the polyatomic ion must be equal
to the net charge of the ion.
Example:
Oxidation number of MnO4- = -1
Oxidation number of Cr2O72- = -2
Oxidation number of NO3- = -1
MATTER 13
EXAMPLE 1
Assign the oxidation number of Cr in K2Cr2O7
Solution :
Let x = oxidation number of Cr
sum oxidation no K2Cr2O7 = 0
2 (+1) + 2x + 7 (-2) = 0
2 x = + 12
x =+6
Oxidation number of Cr = +6
MATTER 14
EXAMPLE 2
Assign the oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O72-
Solution :
Let x = oxidation number of Cr
sum oxidation no Cr2O7 2- = -2
2 x + 7 (-2) = -2
2 x = + 12
x =+6
Oxidation number of Cr = +6
MATTER 15
Exercise1
EXERCISE
1. Assign the oxidation number of underlined element in
the following chemical compounds.
i. MnO2 ii. MnO4-
iii. KClO3 iv. Cl2O72-
MATTER 16
EXERCISE 2
Determine the oxidation number of the
underlined element in these compounds:
a) Zinc chloride, ZnCl2
b) Sulfur trioxide, SO3
c) Nitric acid, HNO3
d) Scandium oxide, Sc2O3
e) Gallium chloride, GaCl3
f) Hydrogen phosphate ion, HPO4–
g) Manganate ion, MnO4–
h) Iodine trifluoride, IF3
CHEMICAL EQUATION
Reactants Products
? 8H18
__C ? 2 ?
+ __O ? 2O
__CO2 + __H
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS: Inspection Method
25
1C
8H18 + 2
O2 8 CO2 + 9 H2O x 2
REACTANTS: PRODUCTS:
16 C 16 C
36 H 36 H
50 O 50 O
EXAMPLE 1
Convert the following into balanced equations:
ANS:
235.2 g H2O
Ans: EXAMPLE 1
Mole of CH3OH = Mass of CH3OH (g)
Molar mass of CH3OH (g/mol)
209 g
= = 6.531 mol of CH3OH
32.0 g/mol
From the equation:
2 CH3OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 4H2O
2 mol of CH3OH produce 4 mol of H2O
6.531 mol of CH3OH produce 6.531 x 4
2
= 13.062 mol of H2O
Mass of H2O = Mole of H2O x Molar mass of H2O
= 6.531 mol x 18 g/mol = 235.2 g
BALANCING REDOX EQUATIONS
For more complex redox reactions, use
ion–electron method
Fe 2+ + MnO4 → - Fe 3+ + Mn 2+
oxidation
STEP 2: divide the eq. into half reactions
oxidation : Fe2+ → Fe3+
reduction : MnO4- → Mn2+
MATTER 29
STEP 3: Balance each half-reaction
a) balance the element other than oxygen and
hydrogen
Left Right
i. Fe2+→ Fe3+ 1 mol Fe 1 mol Fe
ii. MnO4- → Mn2+ 1 mol Mn 1 mol Mn
i. Fe2+ → Fe3+
ii. MnO4- + 8 H+ → Mn2+ + 4 H2O
MATTER 30
c) balance the charge by adding electrons to the side with
the greater overall positive charge.
i. Fe2+ → Fe3+ + 1e
(+2) (+3)
ii. MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e → Mn2+ + 4H2O
(-1) (+8) (+2) (0)
+7 +2
MATTER 31
STEP 4: Balance electrons for both half-reactions
Multiply each half-reaction by an integer, so that
number of electron lost in one half-reaction equals
the number gained in the other.
i. 5 Fe2+ → 5 Fe3+ + 5e
MATTER 33
STEP 6: check the overall equation.
Check the equation to make sure that there are the
same number of atoms of each kind and the same
total charge on both sides.
MATTER 34
Balancing Redox Reaction:
In Basic Solution
For reactions in basic solutions, add OH- to both sides of
the equation for every H+ that appears in the final
equation.
MATTER
Example:EXERCISE
In Acidic1Solution
C2O42- + MnO4- + H+ → CO2 + Mn2+ + H2O
Solution:
1. i. Oxidation :
ii. Reduction :
2. i.
ii.
3. i.
ii.
MATTER 36
EXERCISE 1
4. i.
ii.
5. i.
ii.
MATTER 37
Example: In Basic2Solution
EXERCISE
Cr(OH)3 + IO3- + OH- → CrO32- + I- + H2O
Solution:
1. i. Oxidation :
ii. Reduction :
2. i.
ii.
3. i.
ii.
MATTER 38
EXERCISE 2
4. i.
ii.
5. i.
ii.
6.
7.
MATTER 39
Normally, we write the net ionic equation to
balance redox equations!
Excess Excess
LIMITING REACTANT
Reactants used up first in a reaction
Limit the amount of products formed
H2 + F2 2 HF
“ A limiting reactant is the reactant that is
completely consumed in a reaction and limits the
amount of products formed.”
EXCESS REACTANT
H2 + F2 2HF
3 mol 2 mol 4 mol
(theoretical yield)
H2 + F2 2HF
3 mol 2 mol 3.5 mol (Actual yield)
4 mol (Theoretical yield)
Actual Yield
% Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
Actual Yield
Ans: EXAMPLE 1
mass 100000 g
Mole o f SiO2 = molar mass = = 1663.89 mol
60.1 g/mol
From the equation:
SiO2 + 3C SiC + 2CO
1 mol of SiO2 produce 1 mol of SiC
1663.89 x 1 = 1663.89 mol SiC
So, 1663.89 mol of SiO2 produce
1
Mass of SiC = 1663.89 mol x 40.1 g/mol
= 66722.39 g
= 66.72 kg (theoretical yield)
Actual Yield 51.4 kg
% Yield = x 100 = x 100 = 77.04 %
Theoretical Yield 66.72 kg
Exam Sample 1
Amount of HCl
available (0.16 mol) is more than needed (0.111 mol)
85 X 0.0555 mol
Actual yield = = 0.0472 mol
100
ANS:
3.47 x 103 g
1) Acid-Base titration
2) Redox titration
EXAMPLE – 34 1
EXAMPLE 1.2
MATTER 70
Answer : 56.8 mL
EXERCISE
EXAMPLE – 352 1.2
ANS:
0.545 M
EXERCISE
EXAMPLE – 363 1.2
ANS:
65.4% Fe
EXERCISE 4
A solution containing Fe 2+ ions is titrated with K2Cr2O7
solution in acidic condition. Fe 2+ ions are oxidized to Fe 3+
ions Cr2O7 2- ions are reduced to Cr 3+ ions. 25.00 mL of the
solution that contains Fe 2+ ions is required to titrated with
31.00 mL of 1.85 x 10 -2 M K2Cr2O7 solution.
a) Write a balanced equation for the titration
b) Calculate the concentration of Fe 2+ ions in the solution.
Ans: b) 0.1376 M