Metales
Metales
Metales
Components are given capital letters: A, B, C or the element symbols Cu, Zn, C. In
brass the main components are Cu and Zn. In carbon steel the main components are
Fe and C.
Partition
Behavior
changes
adding
another
substance
.
(a) One-dimensional phase diagram for a pure substance: a temperature scale showing the
phase boundary between solid and liquid – the melting point; (b) the A-rich end of a binary A-
B phase diagram, illustrating partition of the melting point between solidus and liquidus
boundaries.
Isomorphous phase diagram for the Cu-Ni system.
“isomorphous” meaning “single-structured”
COOLING CURVES
AND LATENT HEAT
Solvus boundaries are the boundaries between the single and two-
phase regions.
CONSTRUCTING A PHASE DIAGRAM WITH SOLUBILITY LIMITS
Partition
Partial phase diagram for the Pb-Sn system, showing the limiting behaviour at high
and low temperatures.
CONSTRUCTING A PHASE DIAGRAM WITH SOLUBILITY LIMITS
field
Partial phase diagram for the Pb-Sn system, showing the limiting behaviour at high
and low temperatures.
CONSTRUCTING A PHASE DIAGRAM WITH SOLUBILITY LIMITS
Phase diagram for the Pb-Sn system, showing the limiting behaviour at high and low
temperatures.
At this special temperature and
composition, two solid phases and liquid of
that composition can co-exist.
- Read off the three compositions (for the alloy, and the two ends of the tie-
line);
In principle they therefore plot as a vertical line representing the single phase
– with the compound then forming one of the phases in both of the two phase
fields to either side.
In principle they therefore plot as a vertical line representing the single phase
– with the compound then forming one of the phases in both of the two phase
fields to either side.
Features:
• It seems to has 5
One-phase field different phase
diagrams.
• Intermetallic compounds:
fixed composition. Do
not vary with T.
• Solidus lines are vertical.
Two-phase field
The iron-carbon system
BCC
Austenita
FCC
Ferrite
• Distancia interatómica
• 2.9 Å a 800ºC
• 2.905 Å a 900ºC
• Estructura cristalina BCC
• No es magnética (T > 768°C)
• Mecánicamente tiene muy
poco interés.
Hierro γ (gamma)
• Se forma entre los 900°C y
1400°C
• Estructura cristalina FCC
• Volumen mayor Feα (3.65 Å)
• Capacidad alta para formar
soluciones sólidas
• Reducción de la distancia
interatómica (2.93 Å)
• Máxima solubilidad de
carbono es 0.007% a 1487°C
• Poco interés en la siderurgia
• Se inicia la fusion Fe puro a los
1537°C
25 at% C
Ferrite, Austenite and δ-Iron Solid Solutions
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
Eutectoid 𝛼 𝛽+𝛾
𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
Peritectic 𝛼+𝐿 𝛽
Peritectoid 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝛼+𝛽 𝛾
Monotectic 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐿1 𝛼 + 𝐿2
Eutectic
Eutectoid
Peritectic
CULTURAL PARENTHESIS
Hipoeutectoid iron
Cu-1.6%wt Be Alloy
Fase Ferrita
• Solución sólida del carbono Feα y Feβ
• Estructura cristalina BCC
• Baja solubilidad de carbono
• 0.008% a Tamb
• 0.022% a T = 723°C
• Características mecánicas
• Dúctil y maleable (alargamiento 35 a
40% )
• Baja dureza (90 HB)
• Resistencia a la rupture 275 MPa
• Magnética T < 768°C
• No magnética T > 768°C
Fase Austenita
• Solución sólida del carbono en Feγ
• Estructura cristalina FCC
• Alta solubilidad de carbono
• Hasta 2.11% T = 1130°C
• Características mecánicas
• Dúctil (alargamiento 30 a 60% )
• Alta dureza (300 HB)
• Resistencia a la rupture 860 a 1030
MPa
• Material paramagnético
• Estabilidad térmica
Fase Cementita
• Compuesto metaestable Fe3C con 6.67%
• Estructura ortorrombica
• 12 átomos Fe y 4 átomos de C
• 4.5 x 5 x 6.7 Å
• Alta solubilidad de carbono
• Hasta 2.11% T = 1130°C
• Características mecánicas
• Frágil (alargamiento < 5% )
• Alta dureza (68 HRC)
• Resistencia a la rupture 2.940 MPa
• Magnético T < 230°C
Fase Perlita
• Mezcla eutectoide
• 0.77% de C a Tconstante = 727°C)
• 88.6% Fe3C + 11.4% Feα
• Enfriamiento lento
• Tlímite = 727°C
• Características mecánicas
• Dúctil (alargamiento 15% )
• Media dureza (190 a 300 HB)
• Resistencia a la rupture 780 MPa
• Existen dos tipos:
• Pelita fina – Dura y resistente
• Perlita gruesa – Menos dura y más
dúctil
Enfriamiento lento (perlita gruesa) Enfriamiento rápido (perlita fina)
Esfuerzo Resistencia Esfuerzo Resistencia
Carbono % de % de
de cedencia mecánica a la de cedencia mecánica a la
% elongación elongación
(psi) tension (psi) (psi) tension (psi)
0.20 42750 57200 36.5 50250 64000 36.0
0.40 51250 75250 30.0 54250 85500 28.0
0.60 54000 90750 25.0 61000 112500 18.0
0.80 54500 89250 23.0 76000 146500 11.0
0.95 55000 95250 13.0 72500 147000 9.5
Fase Ledeburita
• Naturaleza eutéctica
• Constituyente de las fundiciones
• Es estable en el rango 1148°C < T < 727°C
• No existe a temperatura ambiente
Agujas en zig-zag
Fase Martensita
• Enfriamiento rápido de la austenita
• No ocurre la difusión del C
• Solución sólida sobresaturada de C en Feα
• Estructura tetragonal centrada
• Velocidad de enfriamiento alta (120°/h)
• Características mecánicas
• Frágil (alargamiento 0.5 a 2.5% )
• Alta dureza (48 a 68 HRC – 0.35 y 0.9 %C)
• Resistencia a la rupture 1.80 a 2.45 MPa
Fase Bainita
• Constituyente intermedio entre Feγ y
martensita
• Tratamiento isotérmico Austempering (250 y
600°C)
• 500 y 550°C se obtiene bainita superior
• 250 y 400°C se obtiene bainita inferior
• Características mecánicas
• Frágil (alargamiento 5% )
Bainita inferior • Alta dureza (50 HRC – Promedio)
• Resistencia a la rupture 1.77 MPa
Bainita superior • Z = 46.4% (estricción relativa)
Temperature (°C)
% wt A
It uses the standards from the American Iron and Steel Institute
(A.I.S.I.) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (S.A.E.). Alloy steels and
carbon steels for a number of years were designated with specific grades
by a four-digit SAE/AISE numerical index system. Grades for alloy steels
and carbon steels were identified by this system based on standard
chemical compositions. A discontinuity in the relationship between grade
designations and the AISI occurred as a result of the decision made by the
AISI to stop writing material specifications.
XXXX
Type of Amount of
material carbon in
selected. the steel.
Stainless steels are
also included in the
AISI steel
specifications range.
The stainless steels
are provided with
three digit numbers
starting with 2, 3, 4,
or 5. The 300 series
austenitic stainless
grades and the 400
series martensitic
grades are the
popular stainless
steel specifications.
Stainless steels are also included in the AISI steel specifications range.
The stainless steels are provided with three digit numbers starting with 2,
3, 4, or 5. The 300 series austenitic stainless grades and the 400 series
martensitic grades are the popular stainless steel specifications.
Manganese Sulphur
Chromium Molybdenum
Nickel
The last two digits indicate that the carbon concentration is 0.01%.
For example:
steel
Major secondary
Non-modified carbon elements are not
steel present.
Additional letters added between the second and third digits
include B when boron is added (between 0.0005 and 0.003%) for enhanced
hardenability, and L when lead is added (between 0.15 and 0.35%) for
enhanced machinability. The prefix M is used to designate merchant
quality steel (the least restrictive quality descriptor for hot-rolled steel
bars used in noncritical parts of structures and machinery). The
prefix E (electric-furnace steel) and the suffix H (hardenability
requirements) are mainly applicable to alloy steels. The full series of
classification groups is shown in Table 2-4.
Boron Lead