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PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this PowerPoint slide may be displayed, reproduced or distributed
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Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Chapter 16

THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT
Development is a graphical method of obtaining the area of the surfaces of a solid.
When a solid is opened out and its complete surface is laid on a plane, the surface of
the solid is said to be developed. The figure thus obtained is called a development of the
surfaces of the solid or simply development. Development of the solid, when folded or
rolled, gives the solid.
METHOD OF DEVELOPMENT
The following two methods are mainly employed to obtain the development of surfaces
of solids:
1. Parallel line development: This method is employed to develop the surfaces of
prisms and cylinders. Two parallel lines (called stretch-out lines) are drawn from the
two ends of the solids and the lateral faces are located between these lines.
2. Radial line development: This method is employed to develop the surfaces of
pyramids and cones. An arc of radius equal to the slant edge/generator is drawn and
the lateral faces/curved face are marked properly inside the arc.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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PARALLEL LINE DEVELOPMENT

Example 16.1 The Fig. 16.3(a) shows the FV of a cube of side 50 mm. Develop all the
faces of the cube.
Solution Refer Fig. 16.3(b).
A cube has six equal square faces. To obtain the development, draw two parallel
stretch-out lines, one each from the top and bottom face. Draw four lateral faces 1, 2,
3 and 4 between these lines as shown. The top face 5 and bottom face 6 can be drawn
attached to any one lateral face. Note that the sides of all the faces in the development
are equal to 50 mm.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Example 16.3 The two views of a triangular prism of side of base 50 mm and length
of axis 80 mm are shown in Fig. 16.5(a). Develop the prism.
Solution Refer Fig. 16.5(b).
A triangular prism has three equal rectangular lateral faces and two equal triangular
end faces. In a development, the three lateral faces, 1, 2 and 3, are drawn between the
stretch-out lines. The end faces 4 and 5 are attached to a lateral face. All the faces
show their true shapes.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Example 16.4 Figure 16.6(a) shows the FV and TV of a cube (in the third-angle
method of projection) cut by an AIP as shown. Draw the development of the
remaining part of the cube.
Solution Refer Fig. 16.6(b). It shows the development along edge A–1.
1. Locate points p’, q’, r’, m’ and n’ at the intersection of the cutting plane with the
edges.

2. Draw the stretch-out lines A– A and 1–1 directly in line with a’ c’ and 1’3’
respectively.

3. Assuming the cube to be whole, draw four squares for the vertical faces (i.e., A–B–2
–1, B–C–3 –2, C–D–4 –3 and D–A–1 –4), one square for the top (i.e., 3 –4 –1 –2) and
another for the bottom (i.e., C–D– A– B) as shown to represent the development.

4. Project p’ to P on 1 –A in development. Similarly, project q’ ( r’) to Q and R on 2– B

and 4– D respectively. The projector lines must be parallel to stretch-out lines.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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5. The line 2’(4’)–3’ does not represent the TLs of the respective edges. TV shows the
TLs of these edges. Hence, project m’ (n’) to m and n in TV between 3–2 and 3–4
respectively. Now, 3–m and 3–n respectively give the true distances of points M
and N from corner 3. Therefore, mark M and N in the development such that 3–
M = 3–m and 3– N = 3– n. Note that M is on 3–2 and N is on 3–4. As the edge 3–2
appears twice in the development, M will also appear twice.

6. Join the points located in the development in the correct sequence, i.e. P– Q–M–3–
M– N–R– P– A– D–A– B– C– B– A– P. Show this curve by thicker lines. The
folding lines, i.e., QB, 3– C, 3– N, etc., may also be thickened. Keep the other lines
thin since they do not lie on the actual development.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Fig. 16.6

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Example 16.5 Figure 16.7(a) shows a cylinder cut by an AIP. Draw the development
of truncated cylinder.
Solution Refer Fig. 16.7(b).
1. Divide the circle in TV into 12 equal parts. Project the division points to the FV
and draw the generators. Mark points p1’, p2’, p3’, etc., at the intersection of the
AIP and the generators.

2. Draw the development of the lateral surface of the whole cylinder. The length of the
line 1–1 is equal to π x 50 = 157 mm (circumference of the circle). Divide the length
of 157 mm into 12 equal parts. Draw lines 2– B, 3– C, 4– D, etc.

3. Draw horizontal lines through points p1’, p2’, p3’, etc., to cut the corresponding
generators (i.e., 2–B, 3– C, D–4, etc.) in points P1, P2, P3, etc. Draw a smooth
curve through these points. The figure A–P1– P2– P3 … P11– A–1–1– A is the
required development.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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RADIAL LINE DEVELOPMENT

Example 16.6 Figure 16.8(a) shows the two views of a triangular pyramid of base
side 50 mm and slant height 85 mm. Obtain the development of the pyramid.
Solution Refer Fig. 16.8(b).
A triangular pyramid has three equal lateral triangular faces and an equilateral
triangular base face. To draw the development, first draw OA parallel and equal to
slant height o’a’. Then, with O as a centre and radius = OA, draw an arc. Obtain the
three sides of the base of the pyramid inside this arc. This is done by cutting the arcs
of radius 50 mm, subsequently with the centres A, B and C on the bigger arc. Join AB,
BC and CA. Also join these sides with O to obtain faces 1, 2 and 3 in development.
Attach the base face 4 to any one of the lateral faces as shown.
Note that the pyramid is opened from the edge o’a’, hence OA will appear twice in the
development.

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Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Example 16.7 Figure 16.9(a) shows the TV and FV of a cone of base diameter 50 mm
and slant height 75 mm. Draw the development of its curved surface.
Solution Refer Fig. 16.9(b).
When the curved surface of a cone is opened and laid on a plane, it shows the shape of
a sector. The included angle of the sector depends on the slant height, R and the
radius of the base of the cone, r. The radius of the sector will be equal to the slant
height of the cone. The length of the arc will be equal to the circumference of the base
of the cone, i.e., 2πr. If θ is the included angle (in radian) of the sector, then, Rθ = 2πr.
i.e., θ = 2π( r/ R)
i.e., θ (in degree) = 360( r/ R)
Therefore, the first step is to find the included angle of the sector, θ. In this example, θ
= 360 (25/75) = 120°. Then draw a line OA, parallel and equal to an extreme generator
o’a’. With O as a centre and radius = OA, draw an arc of included angle 120° to
complete the sector. As the cone is opened from the edge o’a’, OA will appear twice in
the development.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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If R = 2r then θ = 180°, i.e., if the slant height of a cone is equal to its diameter of
base then its development is a semicircle of radius equal to the slant height.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Example 16.8 A cone of base diameter 40 mm and slant height 60 mm is kept on the
ground on its base. An AIP inclined at 45° to the HP cuts the cone through the
midpoint of the axis. Draw the development.
Solution Refer Fig. 16.10.
1. Draw FV and TV as shown. Locate the AIP.
2. Divide the TV into 12 equal parts and draw the corresponding lateral lines (i.e.,
generators) in FV. Mark points p1’, p2’, p3’, …, p12’ at the points of intersections of
the AIP with generators of the cone.
3. Obtain the included angle of the sector. θ = (20/60)* 360 = 120°.
4. Draw O–1 parallel and equal to o’–7. Then draw sector O–1–1– O with O as a centre
and included angle 120°.
5. Divide the sector into 12 equal parts (i.e., 10° each). Draw lines O–2, O–3, O–4, …,
O–12.
6. Project points p1’, p2’, p3’, …, p12’ from FV to corresponding lines in development
and mark points P1, P2, P3, …, P12 respectively. Join all these points by a smooth
freehand curve.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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ANTI-DEVELOPMENT
Anti-development is the reverse process of development. In this case, the developed
surface of a solid is given and one has to draw the solid.
Example 16.10 Figure 16.12(a) shows the development of a cut cylinder of height 170
mm. Draw the solid from development.
Solution The cut cylinder obtained from the given development is shown in Fig.
16.12(b).
1. Enclose the given development in rectangle 1–1–1’–1’ as shown.

2. Find the diameter of the cylinder, i.e., 157/π = 50 mm.

3. Draw FV and half TV of the cylinder as shown. Full TV is not necessary since 6
divisions of the semicircle will serve the purpose of 12 divisions of the circle as
shown.

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4. Divide the length 1–1 in the development into 12 equal parts and draw vertical lines
through each point, viz., 2–2’, 3–3’, 4–4’, …, 12–12’. Locate the points of intersections
of these vertical lines with the arc and mark them as P1, P2, P3, …, P12.

5. Divide half TV into 6 equal parts and obtain the corresponding lateral lines in FV.

6. Projects points P1, P2, P3, …, P11 from development to corresponding lateral lines
in FV and mark these points as p1’, p2’, p3’, …, p11’.

Point Q lies between 11’–12’. First locate it between 11–12 in half TV in such a way
that 12’– Q in development = 12– q in half TV. Project q from half TV to q’ in FV
exactly in between 11’–12’.

7. Join points p1’, p2’, p3’, …, q’ by smooth curve. The cut cylinder thus obtained
represents the required anti-development.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Example 16.11 A regular pentagonal prism of side 40 mm and length of axis 75 mm is kept
on the ground on its base with one of its rectangular faces away from the observer and
parallel to the VP. A thread is wound around the prism starting from the nearest corner
of the base and is brought back to the top of the same vertical edge. Find the minimum
length of the thread and show it in FV and SV.
Solution Refer Fig. 16.13.
1. Draw TV of the prism with one edge parallel to XY and a corner nearest to the observer.
Obtain FV and SV.
2. Draw development A– A– A1– A1 of the whole prism as shown.
3. Draw a straight line A1– A in development. A1– A represents the minimum length of the
thread. This is because the shortest distance between any two points is the length of
straight line joining them. Note that A1 and A represent two ends of the same vertical
edge of the prism.
4. Locate points of intersection of the thread with vertical lines through B, C, D and E.
Mark them as 1, 2, 3 and 4.
5. Project points 1, 2, 3 and 4 on respective edges in FV and SV. Join a1’–1’–2’–3’–4’– a’
and a1”–1”– 2”–3”–4”– a”. Points 1’–2’–3’–4’ are joined by dashed lines as the part of
thread is invisible from the front. In SV, a1”–1”–2” is hidden.

Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008
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Engineering Drawing with an Introduction to AutoCAD”, Dhananjay A Jolhe, Tata McGraw Hill, Ed. 2008