Process Control System

PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
READING COMPREHENSION
Control system provide a means of replacing human operators in many industrial processes. They are widely used to monitor and control
pressure, temperature, motor speed, the flow of a liquid, or any physical variable. They must be capable of fulfilling a number of functions. First,
the physical variable to be controlled, such as the air temperature in a factory or the pressure of a hydraulic system, must be measured. Then its
value must be compared with the desired value. Next, action has to be taken to reduce to zero the difference between the actual and desired
value.
The basic components of a control system are an input transducer, an error sensor, a controller and an output transducer. The input transducer
converts changes in the physical variable into electrical signals. Figure 1 shows one type of transducer which converts changes in pressure to
frequency changes. Pressure changes move the diaphragm in or out, thus altering the position of the ferrite core in L1 which forms part of a
tuned circuit. This causes the frequency of the oscillator. The output is then fed to an error sensor.
The error sensor measures the deviation between the actual and desired values for the variable. The controller into whatever form of energy is
required to change the physical variable. It may be a valve, a heater, a motor or any electrically operated piece of equipment. An example is a
motor-operated valve which controls the flow of fluid in a pipeline.
Let us take as an example a process system for controlling the speed of a dc motor. The input transducer measures the speed and converts into
a voltage. The error sensor compares this voltage with the voltage across a speed-setting potentiometer. The error sensor output is fed to the
controller which sends a signal to the power supply of the motor. This increases or reduces the supply of current to the motor, thus controlling
its speed.
The operation of a process control system is summarized in figure 2 which shows a closed-loop sysetm. In such a system the results of the action
of the controller are constantly fed back to it.
MEANING FROM THE CONTEXT
• monitor : ( warn - check - convert)

• Desired : (actual – changed – required)
• Deviation: (mistake – bias – difference)
• Converts: (changes – controls - generates)
CONTEXTUAL REFERENCE
1. They must be capable of fulfilling a number of functions (control systems)

2. Then its value must be compared with the desired value. (the physical
variable)
3. This causes the frequency of the circuit to change, thus altering the output
frequency of the oscillator. (altering the position of the ferrite core)
4. It may be a valve, a heater, a motor, or any electrically operated piece of
equipment. (the output transducer)
5. In such an system the result of the action of the controller are constantly fed
back to it. (a closed-loop system)
1. What must a process control system be capable of doing?
Measuring the variable to be controlled, comparing its value with the desired value and changing it to the desired value.
1. Compare an input transducer with an output transducer.
An input transducer convert changes in the physical variable into electrical signals whereas an output transducer converts
the electrical signals from the controller into whatever form of energy is required to change the variable.
1. What is the function of an error sensor?
The error sensor measure the difference between actual and desired values for the variable.
1. What is a closed loop-system?
A closed loop-system is one in which the results of the action of the controller are fed back to it.
1. How does a control system provides means replacing human operators?
A control system monitors a physical variable and corrects any deviation automatically.
C AUSE AND EFFECT
• Example:
• Worn brushes cause sparking
• Worn brushes -------> sparking
Study this:
i) Current flows through the filament
ii) The bulb lights
Action (i) is the cause.
Action (ii) is the effect. We can link two of them:
Using cause to
 Current flows through the filament causing the bulb to light.
Using an –ing clause
 Current flows through the filament thereby lighting the bulb.
CAUSE AND EFFECT
No. Cause Effect

1 The cathode is heated. Electrons are emitted.
2 The current rises sharply. The circuit breaker
opens.
3. A voltage is applied to the Y plates. The electron beam is
deflected.
4. The thermostat contacts open at 20 degree The heating system is
Celcius. turned off.
5. The current flows through the conductor. A magnetic field is set up
around the conductor.
6. The current passes through the water. The water breaks down
into hydrogen and
oxygen.
1. The cathode is heated causing electrons to be emitted.
2. The current rises sharply causing the circuit-breaker to open.
3. A voltage is applied to the Y plates, deflecting the electron beam.
4. The thermostat contacts open at 20 decree Celcius, thereby turning off the
heating system.
5. The current flows through the conductor, setting up a magnetic field round
the conductor.
6. The electrons strike the screen causing it to glow.

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PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM

• monitor : ( warn - check - convert)

1. They must be capable of fulfilling a number of functions (control systems)

No. Cause Effect

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