ANGULAR

MOMENTUM
MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS
 FOR LINEAR MOTION
For Newton’s Second Law:
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Recall: where acceleration is the change velocity with respect time
𝑑𝑣
𝐹 =𝑚
𝑑𝑡
Linear momentum
𝑑(𝑚𝑣) 𝑑𝑃
𝐹 = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(Sum of forces acting on control volume) = (rate of momentum out of control volume)
– (rate of momentum into control volume) + (rate of accumulation of momentum)

For Steady Flow,

෍ 𝐹 = ෍ 𝑚𝑣 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍ 𝑚𝑣 𝑖𝑛
Newton’s second law requires that there must be a
force acting in the tangential direction to cause
angular acceleration. Moment or torque is the
strength of the rotating effect, is proportional to the
magnitude of the force and its distance from the axis
of rotation. The perpendicular distance from the axis of
rotation to the line of action of the force is called the
moment arm, and the magnitude of torque M acting
on a point mass m at normal distance r from the axis of
rotation is expressed as

𝑀 = 𝑟𝐹 = 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡 = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝛼
When in terms of the moment of inertia of the body
about the axis of rotation, which is a measure of the
inertia of a body against rotation.
𝑀 = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝛼 = 𝐼𝛼
The relation 𝑀 = 𝐼𝛼 is the counterpart of Newton’s
second law, with torque replacing force, moment of
inertia replacing mass, and angular acceleration
replacing linear acceleration.
For linear motion
𝐹
𝑎=
𝑚
For rotational motion
𝑀 𝑀
𝛼= =
𝐼 𝑚𝑟 2
Recall: For rotating bodies, rotational motion is
to be considered. Rotational motion is a
motion during which all points in the
body move in circles about the axis of
rotation. Rotational motion is described
with angular quantities such as angular
distance θ, angular velocity 𝜔 , and
angular acceleration 𝛼.
Ԧ

𝑑𝜃 𝑣
𝜔= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑟
𝑑𝜔 𝑑2 𝜃 1 𝑑𝑣 𝑎𝑡
𝛼= = 2= =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑟 𝑑𝑡 𝑟
Or
𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 and 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑟𝛼
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
The moment of a force 𝐹Ԧ about a point O is the vector (or cross) product moment of a force:
𝑀 = 𝑟Ԧ × 𝐹Ԧ
𝑀 = 𝐹𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
For tangential velocity 𝑠𝑖𝑛 90 = 1, we go back to our momentum balance:

𝐹 𝑟= ෍ 𝑚𝑣 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍ 𝑚𝑣 𝑖𝑛 𝑟

෍ 𝑀 = ෍ 𝑟𝑚𝑣 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍ 𝑟𝑚𝑣 𝑖𝑛

Since 𝑣 = 𝑟𝜔 , we will get the magnitude of the torque

𝑇 = ෍ 𝑚𝑟 2 𝜔 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍ 𝑚𝑟 2 𝜔 𝑖𝑛
Recall:
The angular velocity of rotating
machinery is typically expressed in
rpm (number of revolutions per
minute) and denoted by 𝑛ሶ .Noting
that velocity is distance traveled per
unit time and the angular distance
traveled during each revolution is
2𝜋, the angular velocity of rotating
machinery is

𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑛ሶ (rad/min)
ANGULAR MOMENTUM
Consider a constant force F acting in the tangential direction on the outer
surface of a shaft of radius r rotating at an rpm of 𝑛ሶ . Noting that work W
is force times distance, and power W is work done per unit time and thus
force times velocity,
𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝐹𝑣 = 𝐹𝑟𝜔 = 𝑀𝜔
𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝜔𝑀 = 2𝜋𝑛𝑀
ሶ
 ANGULAR MOMENTUM
The moment of a force is equal to the product of the force and the normal distance, the
magnitude of the moment of momentum, called the angular momentum:
𝐻 = 𝑟𝑚𝑣 = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝜔 = 𝐼𝜔
where again I is the moment of inertia of the body about the axis of rotation. It can also be
expressed more generally in vector form as
𝐻 = 𝐼𝜔
Hence the angular momentum equation:
𝑑𝜔 𝑑 𝐼𝜔 𝑑𝐻
𝑀 = 𝐼 𝛼Ԧ = 𝐼 = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
ANGULAR
MOMENTUM
Example problems
Momentum Balance:

𝑑𝑃
= ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑣𝑖𝑛 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 + ෍ 𝐹
𝑑𝑡
System is steady state:

෍ 𝐹 = ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍ 𝑚ሶ 𝑣𝑖𝑛

Multiplying both sides by moment arm:

෍ 𝐹𝑟 = ෍ 𝑟𝑚
ሶ 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍ 𝑟𝑚ሶ 𝑣𝑖𝑛

Since 𝑀 = 𝐹𝑟, then we get

෍ 𝑀 = ෍ 𝑟𝑚ሶ 𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 − ෍ 𝑟𝑚
ሶ 𝑣𝑖𝑛
Noting that the moments of all forces and momentum flows
passing through point A are zero, the only force that yields a
moment about point A since the force and the moment arm
is in the same direction. Now we get the equation,

෍ 𝑀 = 𝑟𝑚𝑣
ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡

The summation of moment σ 𝑀 equals to the moment at

point A and the Moment caused by the half of the weight of
the horizontal arm situated 2 meters from point A taking all
counterclockwise direction are positive

σ 𝑀 = 𝑀𝐴 − 𝑟𝑊 and σ 𝑀 = −𝑟𝑚𝑣
ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
 Thus the equation would be,

𝑀𝐴 − 𝑟𝑊 = −𝑟𝑚𝑣
ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡

Solving for 𝑀𝐴 and substituting the values, we get

𝑀𝐴 = 𝑟𝑊 − 𝑟𝑚𝑣 ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
= 0.5𝑚 118 𝑁 − 2𝑚 23.56 3
𝑠 𝑠
𝑀𝐴 = −82.5 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚

The negative sign indicates that the assumed direction for 𝑀𝐴 is

wrong and should be reversed. Therefore, a moment of 82.5 N · m
acts at the stem of the pipe in the clockwise direction. That is, the
concrete base must apply a 82.5 N · m moment on the pipe stem in
the clockwise direction to counteract the excess moment caused
by the exit stream.
ANGULAR
MOMENTUM
Example problems
Sample Problem 6-9. Power Generation from a
Sprinkler System. A large lawn sprinkler with four
identical arms is to be converted into a turbine to
generate electric power by attaching a generator to
its rotating head. Water enters the sprinkler form
the base along the axis of rotation at a rate of 20
L/s and leaves the nozzles in the tangential
direction. The sprinkler of each jet is 1 cm, and the
normal distance between the axis of rotation and
the center of each nozzle is 0.6 m. Estimate the
electric power produced.
 Required:
The electric power produced by the
generator

Assumptions:
– The flow is cyclically steady and
turbulent
– Water is discharged to the Properties:
atmosphere and is at 20 ᵒC
– Minor losses are neglected Density of water at 20 ᵒC:
998.23 kg/m3
 To calculate the power generated
Solutions: 𝑊ሶ = 𝜔𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
Mass balance around sprinkler: (for nonreactive process)
𝑑𝑚
= ෍ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ − ෍ 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ
𝑑𝑡
At steady state:

෍ 𝑚𝑖𝑛
ሶ = ෍ 𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑡
ሶ = 𝑚ሶ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 4𝑚ሶ 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒

At constant density and cross sectional area

𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
Since 𝑚ሶ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝜌𝑉ሶ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
For this system 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚3 1000 𝑚𝐿 𝐿
𝑚ሶ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 998.23 3 20
𝑚 1003 𝑚𝐿 1𝐿 𝑠
4𝑚ሶ 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝒈/𝒔
 To calculate the power generated
Solutions: 𝑊ሶ = 𝜔𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
Finding 𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
Angular momentum balance: (at steady state)

ሶ − ෍ 𝑟𝑚𝑉
෍ 𝑀 = ෍ 𝑟𝑚𝑉 ሶ
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛
For the control volume, only the velocity out from the nozzle and the tangential velocity
affect the torque of the shaft.
𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 𝑟𝑚ሶ 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 or −𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = −4𝑟𝑚ሶ 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡
To find the average velocity of the water jet relative
𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡,𝑟 + 𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒
All of these three velocities are in tangential direction so 𝜃 = 90° and taking the direction of
jet flow as positive

For this system 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡,𝑟 − 𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒

 Solutions:
Where 𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡,𝑟 is the relative velocity (jet velocity relative to the nozzle)

𝐿 1 𝑚3
𝑉ሶ𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 𝑉ሶ𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 5
𝑠 1000 𝐿
𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡,𝑟 = = 𝜋 = 2
𝐴𝑗𝑒𝑡 2
𝐷𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝜋 1𝑚
4 1 𝑐𝑚 ×
4 100 𝑐𝑚
𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡,𝑟 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
The tangential velocities of the nozzles is
𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 𝑟𝜔 , since 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑛ሶ
𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 𝑟2𝜋𝑛ሶ
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝒎
For this system 𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 = 2𝜋 0.6𝑚 300
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣 60 𝑠
= 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟓
𝒔
From the two calculated values, we can get the average velocity of the water jet
𝑚 𝑚 𝒎
𝑉𝑗𝑒𝑡 = 63.66 − 18.85 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟏
𝑠 𝑠 𝒔
 Solutions:

Solving for the torque,

𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 = 0.6𝑚 9.96 44.81 = 𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟕 𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
𝑠 𝑠

Calculating the power generated becomes,

𝑊ሶ = 𝜔𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑘𝑊
𝑊ሶ = 31.42 537.37 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 𝑚
𝑠 1000 𝑁 ∙
𝑠
For this system 𝑾ሶ = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗 𝒌𝑾
 Discussion:

First Limiting Case: Second Limiting Case:

Sprinkler is stuck Sprinkler is disconnected

Since Vnozzle= 0. Since Vjet= 0.

Thus Vnozzle = Vjet r = 63.66 m/s,
𝑚
𝜔 𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑧𝑙𝑒 63.66 60 𝑠
Thus Vjet = Vjet r = 63.66 m/s, 𝑛ሶ = = = 𝑠
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 0.6𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
giving Tshaft, max = 764 N•m.
= 1013 𝑟𝑝𝑚

Torque is maximum Torque is zero