Tissue: The Living Fabric

Part A 4
 Tissues

 Groups of cells similar in structure and function

 The four types of tissues

 Epithelial

 Connective

 Muscle

 Nerve
 Epithelial Tissue
 Cellularity – composed almost entirely of cells
 Special contacts – form continuous sheets held
together by tight junctions and desmosomes
 Polarity – apical and basal surfaces
 Supported by connective tissue – reticular and basal
laminae
 Avascular but innervated – contains no blood
vessels but supplied by nerve fibers
 Regenerative – rapidly replaces lost cells by cell
division
 Classification of Epithelia

 Simple or
stratified

Figure 4.1a
 Classification of Epithelia

 Squamous, cuboidal,
or columnar

Figure 4.1b
 Epithelia: Simple Squamous
 Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped
nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
 Usually the lining of serous membranes.

 Functions
 Diffusion and filtration

 Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in

lymphatic and cardiovascular systems

 Present in the kidney glomeruli, lining of heart,

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae
Epithelia: Simple Squamous

Figure 4.2a
 Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal

 Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical

central nuclei
 Function in secretion and absorption

 Present in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory

portions of small glands, and ovary surface
 Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal

 Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical

central nuclei
 Function in secretion and absorption

 Present in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory

portions of small glands, and ovary surface

Figure 4.2b
 Epithelia: Simple Columnar

 Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many

contain cilia
 Goblet cells are often found in this layer
 Function in absorption and secretion
 Nonciliated type line digestive tract and gallbladder
 Ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine tubes, and
some regions of the uterus
 Cilia help move substances through internal
passageways
Epithelia: Simple Columnar

Figure 4.2c
 Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar

 Single layer of cells with different heights; some do

not reach the free surface
 Nuclei are seen at different layers

 Function in secretion and propulsion of mucus

 Present in the male sperm-carrying ducts

(nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)
 Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar

 Single layer of cells with different heights; some do

not reach the free surface
 Nuclei are seen at different layers

 Function in secretion and propulsion of mucus

 Present in the male sperm-carrying ducts

(nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)

Figure 4.2d
 Epithelia: Stratified Squamous

 Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells

 Function in protection of underlying areas subjected

to abrasion
 Forms the external part of the skin’s epidermis
(keratinized cells), and linings of the esophagus,
mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells)
 Epithelia: Stratified Squamous

 Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells

 Function in protection of underlying areas subjected

to abrasion
 Forms the external part of the skin’s epidermis
(keratinized cells), and linings of the esophagus,
mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells)

Figure 4.2e
 Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal and Columnar

 Stratified cuboidal
 Quite rare in the body
 Found in some sweat and mammary glands
 Typically two cell layers thick
 Stratified columnar
 Limited distribution in the body
 Found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some
glandular ducts
 Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of
epithelia
 Epithelia: Transitional

 Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface

cells are dome shaped
 Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary
bladder
 Lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the
urethra
 Epithelia: Transitional

 Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface

cells are dome shaped
 Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary
bladder
 Lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the
urethra

Figure 4.2f
 Epithelia: Glandular

 A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes

an aqueous fluid
 Classified by:
 Site of product release – endocrine or exocrine

 Relative number of cells forming the gland –

unicellular or multicellular
 Endocrine Glands

 Ductless glands that produce hormones

 Secretes their products directly into the blood rather

than through ducts
 Secretions include amino acids, proteins,
glycoproteins, and steroids
 Exocrine Glands

 More numerous than endocrine glands

 Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or

into body cavities
 Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary
glands
 The only important unicellular gland is the goblet
cell
 Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a
duct and secretory unit
 Multicellular Exocrine Glands

 Classified according to:

 Simple or compound duct type

 Structure of their secretory units

Structural Classification of Multicellular
Exocrine Glands

Figure 4.3a-d
Structural Classification of Multicellular
Exocrine Glands

Figure 4.3e-g
Tissue: The Living Fabric
Part B 4
 Modes of Secretion

 Merocrine – products are secreted by exocytosis

(e.g., pancreas, sweat, and salivary glands)
 Holocrine – products are secreted by the rupture of
gland cells (e.g., sebaceous glands)
Modes of Secretion

Figure 4.4
 Connective Tissue

 Found throughout the body; most abundant and

widely distributed in primary tissues
 Connective tissue proper

 Cartilage

 Bone

 Blood
Connective Tissue

Figure 4.5
 Functions of Connective Tissue

 Binding and support

 Protection

 Insulation

 Transportation
 Characteristics of Connective Tissue

 Connective tissues have:

 Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin

 Varying degrees of vascularity

 Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of

ground substance and fibers
 Structural Elements of Connective Tissue

 Ground substance – unstructured material that fills

the space between cells
 Fibers – collagen, elastic, or reticular

 Cells – fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and

hematopoietic stem cells
 Ground Substance

 Interstitial (tissue) fluid

 Adhesion proteins – fibronectin and laminin

 Proteoglycans – glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

 Functions as a molecular sieve through which

nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
Ground Substance: Proteoglycan Structure

Figure 4.6b
 Fibers

 Collagen – tough; provides high tensile strength

 Elastic – long, thin fibers that allow for stretch

 Reticular – branched collagenous fibers that form

delicate networks
 Cells

 Fibroblasts – connective tissue proper

 Chondroblasts – cartilage

 Osteoblasts – bone

 Hematopoietic stem cells – blood

 White blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and

mast cells
 Connective Tissue: Embryonic

 Mesenchyme – embryonic connective tissue

 Gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-
shaped mesenchymal cells
 Gives rise to all other connective tissues

 Found in the embryo

Connective Tissue: Embryonic

Figure 4.8a
 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose

 Areolar connective tissue

 Gel-like matrix with all three connective tissue
fibers
 Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some
white blood cells
 Wraps and cushions organs

 Widely distributed throughout the body

Connective Tissue Proper: Loose

Figure 4.8b
 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose

 Adipose connective tissue

 Matrix similar to areolar connective tissue with
closely packed adipocytes
 Reserves food stores, insulates against heat loss,
and supports and protects
 Found under skin, around kidneys, within
abdomen, and in breasts
 Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly
active organs
Connective Tissue Proper: Loose

Figure 4.8c
 Connective Tissue Proper: Loose

 Reticular connective tissue

 Loose ground substance with reticular fibers

 Reticular cells lie in a fiber network

 Forms a soft internal skeleton, or stroma, that

supports other cell types
 Found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the
spleen
Connective Tissue Proper: Loose

Figure 4.8d
 Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular

 Parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers

 Major cell type is fibroblasts

 Attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and

bone to bone
 Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular

Figure 4.8e
 Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Irregular

 Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some

elastic fibers
 Major cell type is fibroblasts

 Withstands tension in many directions providing

structural strength
 Found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive
tract, and fibrous organ capsules
Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular

Figure 4.8f
Tissue: The Living Fabric
Part C 4
 Connective Tissue: Cartilage

 Hyaline cartilage
 Amorphous, firm matrix with imperceptible
network of collagen fibers
 Chondrocytes lie in lacunae

 Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists

compression
 Forms the costal cartilage

 Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long

bones, nose, trachea, and larynx
Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage

Figure 4.8g
 Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage

 Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic

fibers
 Maintains shape and structure while allowing
flexibility
 Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis
 Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage

 Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic

fibers
 Maintains shape and structure while allowing
flexibility
 Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis

Figure 4.8h
 Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage

 Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with

thick collagen fibers
 Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression
shock
 Found in intervertebral discs (shock absorbent), the
pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint
 Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage

 Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with

thick collagen fibers
 Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression
shock
 Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis,
and in discs of the knee joint

Figure 4.8i
 Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue)

 Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in

bone
 Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well
vascularized
 Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular
action
 Stores calcium, minerals, and fat

 Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis

Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue)

Figure 4.8j
 Connective Tissue: Blood

 Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

 Contained within blood vessels

 Functions in the transport of respiratory gases,

nutrients, and wastes
Connective Tissue: Blood

Figure 4.8k
 Epithelial Membranes

 Cutaneous – skin

Figure 4.9a
 Epithelial Membranes

 Mucous – lines
body cavities open
to the exterior
(e.g., digestive and
respiratory tracts)
 Serous – moist
membranes found in
closed ventral body
cavity
Figure 4.9b
Epithelial Membranes

Figure 4.9c
Tissue: The Living Fabric
Part D 4
 Nervous Tissue

 Branched neurons with long cellular processes and

support cells
 Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors
to effectors
 Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral
nerves

PLAY InterActive Physiology®: Nervous System I: Anatomy Review

Nervous Tissue

Figure 4.10
 Muscle Tissue: Skeletal

 Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious

striations
 Initiates and controls voluntary movement

 Found in skeletal muscles that attach to bones or

skin
 Muscle Tissue: Skeletal

 Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious

striations
 Initiates and controls voluntary movement

 Found in skeletal muscles that attach to bones or

skin

Figure 4.11a
 Muscle Tissue: Cardiac

 Branching, striated, uninucleate cells interlocking at

intercalated discs
 Propels blood into the circulation

 Found in the walls of the heart

 Muscle Tissue: Cardiac

 Branching, striated, uninucleate cells interdigitating

at intercalated discs
 Propels blood into the circulation

 Found in the walls of the heart

Figure 4.11b
 Muscle Tissue: Smooth

 Sheets of spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei

that have no striations
 Propels substances along internal passageways (i.e.,
peristalsis)
 Found in the walls of hollow organs
Muscle Tissue: Smooth

Figure 4.11c
 Tissue Trauma

 Causes inflammation, characterized by:

 Dilation of blood vessels

 Increase in vessel permeability

 Redness, heat, swelling, and pain

 Tissue Repair

 Organization and
restored blood supply
 The blood clot is
replaced with
granulation tissue

 Regeneration and
fibrosis
 Surface epithelium
regenerates and the
scab detaches
Figure 4.12a
 Tissue Repair

 Fibrous tissue
matures and
begins to
resemble the
adjacent tissue

Figure 4.12b
 Tissue Repair

 Results in a
fully
regenerated
epithelium
with
underlying
scar tissue

Figure 4.12c
 Developmental Aspects

 Primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and

endoderm
 Three layers of cells formed early in embryonic
development
 Specialize to form the four primary tissues

 Nerve tissue arises from ectoderm

 Developmental Aspects

 Muscle, connective tissue, endothelium, and

mesothelium arise from mesoderm
 Most mucosae arise from endoderm

 Epithelial tissues arise from all three germ layers

Developmental Aspects

Figure 4.13