Dura Pipe Presentation

Drainage Design
The Edge Manchester

Agenda
• Limitations of the Primary Vented Stack

• Design of Soil and Waste Systems
• Other Design Criteria
Soil and Waste System Types
System I - Single stack system with partly filled branch discharge pipes
-Sanitary appliances are connected to partly filled branch discharge pipes are designed
with a filling degree of 0.5 (50%) and are connected to a single discharge stack.
Based on German Swiss Austrian practice
System II - Single discharge stack with small bore discharge branch pipes
-Sanitary appliances are connected to small discharge pipes. The small bore discharge
pipes are designed with a filling degree of 0.7 (70%) and are connected to a single
discharge stack. Based on Scandinavian practice
System III - Single stack system with full bore branch discharge pipes
-Sanitary appliances are connected to full bore discharge pipes. The full bore branch
discharge pipes are designed with a filling degree of 1.0 (100%) and each branch
discharge pipe is separately connected to a single discharge stack. Based on UK
practice
System IV - Separate discharge stack system

-Drainage systems type I,II,III,may also be divided into black water stack serving WC’s
and urinals and a grey water stack serving other appliances Based on French practice
Design Criteria
There are four main areas of design criteria:-
SIZE - pipes will be large enough to carry anticipated

discharge
AIRTIGHT & WATERTIGHT - foul air must be excluded

from entering the building. Leakage must be prevented.
GRADIENT - a fall is to be provided on all pipes.
ACCESS - to be provided for:

-Testing
-Maintenance
Design Criteria
Sufficient access should be provided to enable all pipework to

be tested and maintained
Access covers, caps etc should be sited to facilitate the
insertion of testing equipment and the use of cleaning equipment
and /or for the removal of blockages
Use of equipment should not be impeded by the structure or
other services
Access points should not be located where they will give rise to
nuisance or danger if spillage occurs
Fit access above spill level and extend to the face of a duct or
floor level
Drainage Design – Including European Code
BS EN 12056
Sizing BS EN 12056
1. Using table 2
select the
total number
of appliances
running in to
the stack
2. Add up the
dishcarge
units DU for
these
appliances
Sizing
3. Select the
frequency factor
for the use of the
appliances using
table 3.
4. Work out the waste

water flow rate Qww
Sizing
5. Use the Qww (litres per second)

to size the pipe using table 11.
We use swept entry fittings in the

UK but there is also a column
for sizing square entry.
Table 12 is used if the soil and

waste system is to be
secondary vented
Sizing Example
Congested eg. Football Stadium
50 number 6 litre WC’s = 50x 1.7 = 85
100 number WHB’s =100x 0.3 =30
Total Discharge Units = 115
The square root of 115 = 10.7
Frequency factor = 1.0
10.7 x 1.0 = 10.7
Therefore a 150 mm stack is required

Limitations of the Primary Vented Stack (PVS)
Design Guidelines for Branch Pipes (PVS)

Table 2 of the UK Building Regulation H shows clearly the diameters and
lengths allowed for branch pipes in an primary vented system
Siphoning Traps
Self Siphonage – Branch pipe fills up

causing an area of negative pressure to be left
behind in the pipe. This negative pressure acts
on the trap once the basin has run empty
causing the trap level to fall.
Induced Siphonage – Caused when two

appliances are connected to the same branch
pipe (typically bath and basin). The branch pipe
connected to the stack fills up and the water
flowing from the bath past the basin ‘t’ sets up a
venturi which causes negative pressure in the
basin pipe acting on the basin trap.
Solution to Siphoning Traps
Increase the pipe size immediately after the trap
Ensure the pipe length between end appliance and pipe is

less than 1.7m when the slope is less than 1.25 degrees
Use resealing or Anti-vacuum traps
Fit an air admittance valve (this has limitations)
Fully vent the system (the preferred and best solution)

Rules for Using Air Admittance Valves (AAV)

The head of the drain should always vent to atmosphere
A ratio of 9:1 max should be used
Not suitable over 5 storeys
Will only deal with negative pressure!
Should never be used outside

Offsets and Base of Stack Bends

Positive pressure is created within a soil and waste system
at offset areas and at base of stack bends.
A PVS can dissipate this air surcharge in domestic and light

commercial installations but heavy utilisation of this
installation could cause the traps to be blown
For base of stack bends strict rules govern the diameter of

the bend and connection distances from the bend to the first
appliance.
Base of Stack Bends
Dimension L
Up to 3 Floors 450mm
Up to 5 Floors 740mm
Above 5 Floors 1 Floor
Minimum radius r = 200mm
At least Double the Pipe Diameter

Other Design Guidelines
Control of Thermal Movement in Plastic Systems

Plastic systems in general shall expand and contract with a rise and fall in
ambient temperature.
This expansion, although minimal, should be allowed for in a plastic soil and
waste system.
Expansion is usually controlled using an expansion coupling which is

anchored to a floor or wall so that it cannot move. The pipe then expands or
contracts in to this fitting.
As a rule of thumb any pipe over 1 meter long should have an anchor point
and expansion coupling.
Expansion within a building should be fitted at each floor level, outside of the
‘hot’ area of the stack and for horizontal runs every 4 meters (for uPVC)
Review
Looked at the four systems that in theory we can design to in the UK.
Looked at the four relevant design criteria within BS EN 12056 for good soil and
waste drainage design:
-Size
-Access
-Gradient
-Air and Water Tight
Looked at the limitations of system 3 – primary vented stack, with discharge

branches allowed to run 100% full.
Looked at how to equalise the positive and negative pressure fluctuations in a

primary vented stack by introducing the concept of secondary venting
Looked at other design criteria such as crossflow and control of thermal movement
Sound
Attenuated
Drainage
System
What is Friaphon?
Purpose-designed plastic above ground soil

& rainwater stack system with in-built
sound attenuating properties
What is Friaphon?
• System Overview – Jointed with double

– Sizes 110mm & 160mm couplers/rubber ring
joints
– Dual layer 5.5mm thick
– BS EN 1329 fittings for
pipe
waste pipe connection
– Thick walled moulded
fittings
– Rubber lined support &
sliding clips
Where is it used?
Anywhere noise is an issue!!

• Apartments/MultiStorey
Buildings
• Hotels
• Hospitals
• Public Buildings/Libraries
• Entertainment Venues
• Restaurants
The Edge, Manchester
Why choose Friaphon?
• Complies and exceeds world wide noise

reduction standards
• Significantly lower installed costs over cast iron,
lagged PVC & HDPE
– Lightweight & easily installed by one operative
– High impact resistance
– Temperature & chemical resistant bore
– Fire rated B2 , Self extinguishing (DIN 4102)
– Traditional rubber ring jointed
Friaphon - Sound Attenuation
• Dual Technology Pipe

– Two layers of plastic
inseparably bonded
– ABS/ASA/PVC-U
inner/PVC-U mineral
reinforced outer
– Sound waves reflected
along boundary layers
and absorbed by the
pipe’s mass
Guarantees excellent sound insulation!!

• Fittings
– Thick walled fittings
achieve a high sound
insulation level resulting
from minor sound
vibrations
– Long & short cushioning
sections reduce noise
from directional changes

• Double Coupler
– Floating mounting
provides acoustic
segregation between
pipe, coupler & pipe
preventing transmission
of structure-borne sound
– Integral expansion
compensator

• Support & Sliding

Clips
– Friaphon sound proofing,
rubber lined support &
sliding clips reduce the
transmission of structure-
borne noise

World Wide Sound Proofing
Standards - DIN 4109:10
Source: Fraunhofer Institute for

Construction Physics
Why choose Friaphon?
• Fire resistance • Corrosion resistant

– B2, Self extinguishing • Impact resistant
• Temperature – High impact resistance
resistance • Space saving
– Short periods to 95 0 C – No need for lagging
– Continuously to 90 0 C
• Chemical resistant
– Good chemical
resistance
Major UK Projects
• 276 Apartments, The Edge,

Manchester
• 258 Apartments, The NV
Building, Manchester
• Beetham Tower, Liverpool
• Carden Hall, Cheshire
• Queen Elizabeth Hospital,
Woolwich
• Barnet General Hospital
• Coventry University Library
• Cowley Manor Hotel
• University College Cork, Art
Gallery
What is Friaphon?
• Friaphon is
– The ‘sound’
alternative to cast
iron...
– The ‘sound’
alternative to lagged
PVC & HDPE….
Friaphon guarantees excellent sound insulation!!

Akatherm HDPE Drainage
System
Akatherm HDPE drainage
• Above and below ground soil &
waste and rainwater system
– Sizes
• 75mm-315mm
– Tempered Pipe
• 5m lengths
– Spigot fittings
• Expansion/Access
– Electrofusion couplers
– Universal electrofusion control
box
Akatherm HDPE drainage
• Suitable for
– Apartments
– Hotels
– Schools
– Hospitals
– Offices
– Industrial
Properties and benefits of HDPE
• Impact resistant
• Elastic – suitable for burying in concrete
• Smooth internal wall
• Weather resistant UV resistant
• Non toxic environmentally friendly
• Prefabrication
• Lightweight
Jointing Techniques
Electrofusion
Electrofusion 75-315 mm
• Universal welding unit

– Colour coded cables
Buttwelding
Akatherm References
• Beetham Tower,
Manchester
• River Place Apartments,
Liverpool
• Royal Mills, Manchester
• Green Quarter,
Manchester
Summary
• Impact resistant material
– Damage resistant/Low repair costs
• Easy electrofusion welding
– No leaks/No problems
• Wide range of sizes 75-315mm
– For above & below ground application
• Lower installed cost vs. cast iron
– 50% installed cost savings!

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Drainage Design

The Edge Manchester

• Limitations of the Primary Vented Stack

System IV - Separate discharge stack system

There are four main areas of design criteria:-

SIZE - pipes will be large enough to carry anticipated

AIRTIGHT & WATERTIGHT - foul air must be excluded

GRADIENT - a fall is to be provided on all pipes.

ACCESS - to be provided for:

Sufficient access should be provided to enable all pipework to

4. Work out the waste

5. Use the Qww (litres per second)

We use swept entry fittings in the

Table 12 is used if the soil and

Congested eg. Football Stadium

50 number 6 litre WC’s = 50x 1.7 = 85

100 number WHB’s =100x 0.3 =30

Total Discharge Units = 115

The square root of 115 = 10.7

Frequency factor = 1.0

10.7 x 1.0 = 10.7

Therefore a 150 mm stack is required

Design Guidelines for Branch Pipes (PVS)

Self Siphonage – Branch pipe fills up

Induced Siphonage – Caused when two

Solution to Siphoning Traps

Increase the pipe size immediately after the trap

Ensure the pipe length between end appliance and pipe is

Use resealing or Anti-vacuum traps

Fit an air admittance valve (this has limitations)

Fully vent the system (the preferred and best solution)

Rules for Using Air Admittance Valves (AAV)

A ratio of 9:1 max should be used

Not suitable over 5 storeys

Will only deal with negative pressure!

Should never be used outside

Offsets and Base of Stack Bends

A PVS can dissipate this air surcharge in domestic and light

For base of stack bends strict rules govern the diameter of

Base of Stack Bends

Above 5 Floors 1 Floor

Minimum radius r = 200mm

At least Double the Pipe Diameter

Control of Thermal Movement in Plastic Systems

Expansion is usually controlled using an expansion coupling which is

-Air and Water Tight

Looked at the limitations of system 3 – primary vented stack, with discharge

Looked at how to equalise the positive and negative pressure fluctuations in a

Purpose-designed plastic above ground soil

• System Overview – Jointed with double

Anywhere noise is an issue!!

• Complies and exceeds world wide noise

• Dual Technology Pipe

Guarantees excellent sound insulation!!

Guarantees excellent sound insulation!!

Guarantees excellent sound insulation!!

• Support & Sliding

Guarantees excellent sound insulation!!

Source: Fraunhofer Institute for