INTRODUCTION TO

CRIMINOLOGY
Prof. Aidalyn Bustamante Barrido, MBA, Phd PAc
CRIMINOLOGY
DEFINED
1. In its Broadest Sense
Criminology is the entire body
of knowledge regarding crime
and criminals and the efforts of
society to repress and prevent
commission of crime. It includes
within its scope

a. The making of laws

b. of breaking of laws and
c. of reacting towards the
breaking of laws.
2. In its Narrowest Sense

Criminology is the
scientific study of crimes
and criminals. This
scientific study is
extended only on three
basis lines and they are:
1. Sociology of Law- investigating
the nature of criminal law and
its administration

2. Etymology of crime- Analysis

of the causation of crimes and
behaviour of criminals

3. Penology- study of the control

of crimes and the rehabilitation
of offenders
Criminological Domain
 Criminal Statistics
 Criminal Demography
 Criminal Psychology
 Criminal Physical
 Anthropology
 Criminal Psychiatry or
Psychoanalysis
 Criminal Law
 Police Science or
Criminalistics.
Triad of Crime
(Universal Elements of
Crime)
 Desire (Motive)
 Capability

(Instruments)
 Opportunity (chance or

occasion)
Nature of Crime
 Crime Mala in Se – acts

which by nature are

wrongful or sinful, e.g.
murder, rape, theft,
arson, estafa, etc
Crime Mala in Prohibita –
are acts made wrongful and
punished only by special
laws, e.g. violations of PD
1866, PD 1612, BP 22, PD
825, etc.
Legal Classification of
Crimes
Felonies – are acts
punished by the RPC
Offenses – are acts
punished by special laws
Infractions of Laws – are
acts punished by
city/municipal
ordinances
Two Main Theories of
Crime Causation

Classical Theory
That man is essentially a
moral creature who is
capable of thinking
(rationality) that he fully
knows the consequences
of his acts (full
responsibility)
That people have freewill
to choose between
normal or criminal
conduct and behaviors

That crimes are

committed for grid or
personal need and
satisfactions and crime
can be controlled by fear
of criminal punishment
and sanctions
Positivists Theory
That crime is not the
product of freewill
because criminals were
driven to commit crime
because of conditions in
their lives
Criminological Classification
of Crimes

1. As to the result of crimes:

a. Acquisitive crimes – when
the offender acquire
something as consequence of
his criminal act.
b. Extinctive crime – when
the end of a criminal act is
destructive.
2. As to the time or period
committed:
a. Seasonal crime – those
committed only a certain
period of the year like
violation of taw law
b. Situational crime – those
committed only when the
given situation conducive to
its commission.
3. As to the length of
the time committed:
a. Instant crime – those
committed in the
shortest possible
crime.
b. Espisodial crimes –
those committed by
the series of acts in a
lengthy space of time.
4. As to the place of the
location of the
commission:
a. Static crime – those
committed in only one
place.
b. Continuing crime –
those that can be
committed several places
Example; Forcible crime
with rape, kidnapping with
ransom
5. As to the use of mental
faculties;
a. Rational crime – those
committed with intension
and offender is in full
possession of sanity.
b. Irrational crime – those
committed by the person
who do not know the
nature and quality of his
act on account of the
disease of mind.
6. As to the types of offenders:
a. White collar crimes – those
committed by person of
respectability and of the upper
socio-economic class in the
course of their occupational
activities. Ex. Adulteration of
food by the manufacturer.
b. Blue Collars crime – those
committed by ordinary
professional criminal to
maintain their livelihood.
7. As to the standard of
living of the criminals:
a. Crimes of the upper
world-falsification cases
– upper class criminal
b. Crimes of the under
world – bag snatching –
criminals that are under
privilege. Ex. Hold-up
and snatching.
Classification of Criminal
According to Behavioral
System
Acute Criminal – person
who violates the Criminal
Law because of Impulse
of the moment, passion
or anger or spell of
extreme jealousy.
Chronic Criminal – person who
acted in accordance with their
deliberated thinking, such as:
 Neurotic Criminal – person
with intra psychic conflict
between the social and anti
social components of his/her
present personality Ex. A
Kleptomaniac
 Normal Criminals – a criminal
photo type resembling a
normal individual.
 Ordinary Criminal – the
lowest form of criminals
engage in petty crimes
with lack of
organization and mental
ability to plan.
 Organized Criminal – this
type of criminal is being
flared most. They exist in
the street and in the
highest position in the
government.
Example of highly
organized crime is
Narcopalitics
Big Three in Criminology
Cesare Lombroso – Founder
of the Classical School with
the theory of the “Born
Criminal”
Enrico Ferri – Founder of the
positivist school which
focused more on social and
economic influences on the
criminal and crime rates. He
was a student of Cesare
Lombroso.
Rafaelle Garafalo
(1851-1934) was an Italian jurist and a
student of Cesare Lombroso. He rejected
the doctrine of free will and supported the
position that crime can be understood only
if it is studied by scientific methods. He
attempted to formulate a sociological
definition of crime that would designate
those acts which can be repressed by
punishment. These constituted "Natural
Crime" and were considered offenses
violating the two basic altruistic sentiments
common to all people, namely, probity and
pity. Crime is an immoral act that is
injurious to society. This was more of a
psychological orientation than Lombroso's
physical-type anthropology.
PRINCIPAL DIVISIONS
OF CRIMINOLOGY
1. The Sociology of Law
– concerned itself with
the role of social
forces in the shaping
of criminal law in
society.
2. Criminal Etiology –
scientific analysis of
the causes of crime. It
focuses on the causes
of criminal behavior
3. Penology – concern with
the control of crime, study
of punishment. Concerns
also with the isolation
custody, reformation and
re integration in the society
of persons labeled as
criminals by the
authorities.
4. Crime Statistics –
measures and studies
regarding amount and
trend of crime. Analysis
of volume of crime in a
given time and use as
data to support the study
of crime and criminals
FACTORS THAT
ENHANCE THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

1. Criminal Demography
– study of the
relationship between
criminality and
population.
2. Criminal Epidiomology –
study of the relationship
between environment and
criminality.

3. Criminal Ecology – study

of criminality in relation to
spatial distribution in a
community.
4. Criminal Physical
Anthropology – study of
criminality in relation to
physical constitution of
men.
5. Criminal Psychology –
study of human behavior
in relation to criminality.
6. Criminal Psychiatry –
study of human mind in
relation to criminality.

7. Victimology – study of
the role of the victim in the
commission of crime.
c. Season of the year crimes against
person in in crisis during summer
than in rainy days while crime
against property are on the rise
during wet season.
d. Soil formation – crimes against
property dominates, the highland
crimes against persons dominate
the low land area.
e. Month of the year
f. Temperature
g. Humidity atmospheric pressure
h. Wind Velocity
2. The Biological
Factors

a. Physiognomy –
relationship between
the facial features.
b. Phrenology or
Craniology –
study of external
formation of the skull
that indicates the
conformation of the
brain and the
development of its
various parts in relation
to the behavior of the
criminal.
c. Somatotype Theory –
has something to do with
the body type or
physique of man. Their
temperament is also
associated with their
body built.
Physiognomy • greek
word physis “nature” and
gnomon “
judge/interpreter”
Also known called as
Anthroposcopy; the art
of determining character
or personal
characteristics from the
form or features
Craniology
The science of
character divination,
faculty psychology,
theory of brain and
what the 19th century
phrenologists called “
The only True Science
of Mind”
Phrenology
came from the theories
of the idiosyncratic
Viennese physician
Franz Joseph Gall
2. The Biological Factors
Heredity – as the causes of
crime.
a. Study of Kalikak Family Tree
(By Henry Goddard) - about
Martin Kalikak who was a
soldier during the revolutionary
war in America had an illicit
affair with a feeble-minded girl.
About 489 descendants traced
from their family tree 143 were
feeble-minded. 46 were normal
After the war Kalikak
married an ideal person
from a good family and
out of their marriage had
produced 4967
descendants only 1
became normal 2
became alcoholic 1
became criminal and 1
convicted of religious
offense.
b. Study of Juke Family Tree (By
Richard Dugdale) –

The Juke Family was consisted of 6

girls some of whom were
illegitimate. One of them, Ada Juke
was also known as “Margaret”
became the “mother of all
criminals”. Dugdale traced her 1,
200 descendants for 75 years from
its origin and found 280 as
paupers, 140 criminals, 7
murderers, 50 prostitutes, 440
afflicted with sexual diseases and
30 were persecuted for bastardy.
c. Study of Sir Jonathan
Edward Family Tree –
Jonathan Edward was a famous
preacher during the colonial
period. When his family was
traced, one of the descendants
was found to be criminal and
many became successful and
famous, some became
president and magistrate,
writers, preachers and
teachers.
d. Study of Kretschmer
By classifying types of
physique and the type of
crimes they are prone to
commit:
1. Pyknic type: Those who are
stout and with round bodies.
They tend to commit
deception, fraud and
violence.
2. Athletic type Those who are
muscular and slender.

3. Asthenic type: Those who

are skinny and slender. Their
crimes are pretty thievery and
fraud.
4. Dysplastic or mixed type
Those who are less clear
evident having any
predominant type. Their
offenses are against decency
and morality.
e. Study of William Sheldon
(Varieties of Delinquency
Youth)
1. Endomorph – a person who is
round, fat and fleshy with short
tempering limbs and small
bones. Sometimes called
Viscerotonic Temperaments.
Viscerotonic Temperaments -
who is a person characterized by
the tendency to relax
comfortable loves luxury an
essentially extrovert.
2. Ectomorph – a person is
thin, small, and bony mass,
relatively great surface area.
Cerebrotonic temperaments

3. Mesomorph – a person
whose big bone and
muscular and tends to have a
large trunk, heavy chest and
large wrist and hands
Somatonic Temperaments.
3. Sociological Causes of
Crimes
a. Lack of parental guidance
b. Broken homes and Family
c. Injuring Status of
Neighborhood
d. Bad association with
criminal groups
e. Lack of recreational facilities
for proper use of leisure time
f. Lack of employment poverty
3.1. Sociological Theory - the
most widely accepted theory
of criminal behavior is
sociological approach.
• Differential Association
Theory by Edwin H.
Sutherland that criminal
behavior is learned.
• Law of Imitations by Gabriel
Tarde explained that crime is
a result of imitation,
simulations and idolatry
• Theory of Anomie by Emile
Durkheim
Explain that crime is a normal
part of society (as in birth
and death). He stressed that
crime is produced when there
is breakdown in social values
and order.
Characteristics of a Normal Home
1. Physically complete where both
natural parent are present
2. There is social and religious
similarity in the group
3. It must be economically stable
to maintain normal health
4. Both parents must have the
same cultural backgrounds
5. There must be physical and
psychological normality
6. There must be functional
adequacy
Basic Needs of Children

1. Security
2. Recognition
3. Status
4. Companionship
Kinds of Disorganized or
Broken Homes

a. Home with criminal pattern

b. Home in which there are
unsatisfactory relations
because of domination,
favoritism, non – soliciture,
neglect, jealousy, step parent
and interfering relatives.
c. Home socially or
normally maladjusted
because of difference of
race, religion or an
immoral situation.
d. Home in which one
parent has physical or
mental disability.
e. Home under economic
pressures unemployment.
Theories on Sociological
Causes of Crimes
1. Differential Identification
Theory by Daniel Glasser
2. Imitation – Suggestion
Theory by Gabriel Tarde
3. Differential Social
Organization Theory
4. Conflict of Culture Theory
by Thorsten Sellin
5. Containment Theory by
Criminogenic Factors
Causes of Crimes
a. Failure of the School in
character development of
the children and the youth
1. Primary functions of the
school
2. Relationship between
school and delinquency or
crimes
b. The teaching of religion
may sometimes be
misdirected from its purpose
and objective
c. The mass communication
media develop an artificial
environment of crimes and
delinquency and influence
the public to violate the law
d. Political causes may
likewise bring out on artificial
set of crime
SIGMUD FREUD (The Ego and
The ld., 1927)
 “Id” - Instinct of social drives.
 “Ego” – this forms part of man’s
physical organization between his
sensory stimuli on one hand and
his motor activity on the other. the
ego operates on the basis of
expediency.
 “Super-ego” conscience of man.
The super-ego tries to control the
ego and maybe represented by the
voice of God.
General Index of Criminality

This criminosynthesis explains the

reason why a person may
commit a crime or inhibit himself
from doing so under the
following conditions:
 Need Frustration – the person
before committing the crime is
likely to feel unhappy,
unsatisfied, resentful or angry
about something in particular or
about life in general.
 Internal Inhibition – it refers
to all types of internal forces
which may prevent a person
from committing a crime.
 External Inhibition – refers
to all types of external forces
which may prevent an
individual from committing
crime.
This criminosynthesis explains the
reason why a person may commit a
crime or inhibit himself from doing
so under the following conditions:
 Contact with Reality – This refers
to the extent to which person can
learn from his past experiences,
especially his past mistakes, as well
as to the extent to which he can
evaluate accurately the present
situation and foresee the
consequence of his parent action in
 Situational Crime potential –
this refers to the cultural
opportunity to commit the
crime, that is to the easiest or
possibilities to commit a crime
offered by a given place,
situation person or
environment.
This criminosynthesis explains
the reason why a person may
commit a crime or inhibit
himself from doing so under
the following conditions:
 Potential Satisfaction – This
refers to the balance of gain
and loss that a person may
experience if he commits a
given crime.
Mental Disturbance as Causes
of Crimes

The following are cases of mental

disturbances which are sometimes
the causes of criminality and the
development of criminal behavior
 Mental Deficiency – a condition of
arrested or incomplete
development of the mind existing
before the age of 18, disease or
injury
 Schizophrenia – this is
sometimes called dementia
praecox which is a form of
psychosis characterized by
thinking disturbance and
regression to a more
relatively unimpaired and
intellectual functions are well
preserved.
 Compulsive Neurosis – this
is uncontrollable or
irresistible impulse to do
something.
The following are cases of
mental disturbances which
are sometimes the causes
of criminality and the
development of criminal
behavior
 Epilepsy – this is a
condition characterized by
convulsive seizures and a
tendency to mental
deterioration.
 Alcoholism – this is a form vice
causing mental disturbance. It is
a condition wherein a person is
under the influence of
intoxicating liquor or alcohol.
 Drug Addiction – this is
another form of vice which
causes strong mental
disturbance. It is the state of
periodic or chronic intoxication
produced by the repeated
consumption of natural or
LUNCH