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    The document discusses topics related to coding speech at low bit rates, including adaptive delta modulation and adaptive sub-band coding. It provides examples of adaptive delta modulation systems with variable step sizes controlled by the signal input. It describes the goals of waveform coders to remove redundancies from speech signals and efficiently assign available bits. Adaptive DPCM and adaptive sub-band coding are introduced as two schemes for low bit rate speech coding. Adaptive DPCM uses both adaptive quantization and prediction, while adaptive sub-band coding divides the speech signal into frequency sub-bands before encoding.

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    The document discusses topics related to coding speech at low bit rates, including adaptive delta modulation and adaptive sub-band coding. It provides examples of adaptive delta modulation systems with variable step sizes controlled by the signal input. It describes the goals of waveform coders to remove redundancies from speech signals and efficiently assign available bits. Adaptive DPCM and adaptive sub-band coding are introduced as two schemes for low bit rate speech coding. Adaptive DPCM uses both adaptive quantization and prediction, while adaptive sub-band coding divides the speech signal into frequency sub-bands before encoding.

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    146423_DM ADM OK

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    The document discusses topics related to coding speech at low bit rates, including adaptive delta modulation and adaptive sub-band coding. It provides examples of adaptive delta modulation systems with variable step sizes controlled by the signal input. It describes the goals of waveform coders to remove redundancies from speech signals and efficiently assign available bits. Adaptive DPCM and adaptive sub-band coding are introduced as two schemes for low bit rate speech coding. Adaptive DPCM uses both adaptive quantization and prediction, while adaptive sub-band coding divides the speech signal into frequency sub-bands before encoding.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    102 views32 pages

    DM Adm Ok

    Uploaded by

    p17421183048 ANA MAWARNI MUSTIKAWATI
    The document discusses topics related to coding speech at low bit rates, including adaptive delta modulation and adaptive sub-band coding. It provides examples of adaptive delta modulation systems with variable step sizes controlled by the signal input. It describes the goals of waveform coders to remove redundancies from speech signals and efficiently assign available bits. Adaptive DPCM and adaptive sub-band coding are introduced as two schemes for low bit rate speech coding. Adaptive DPCM uses both adaptive quantization and prediction, while adaptive sub-band coding divides the speech signal into frequency sub-bands before encoding.

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    of 32

    Topics for the Session

    Delta Modulation
    Adaptive delta Modulation
    &
    Coding Speech at low bit rates
    • Adaptive DPCM
    • Adaptive Sub-band Coding.
    DM- Slope overload
    For Sinusoidal Signal x(t) = A.cos(2πf0t)

    Condition for no slope-overload error

     dx(t ) 
     max  2 f 0 A A
    Ts dt 2 f 0Ts
    Quantization Noise --SNR
    Signal-to-quantization noise ratio
    Pmax 3
    (SNR)O  
    No 8 Wf 0 Ts
    2 2 3

    f0 - message signal bandwidth


    W - Cutoff frequency of the Low-pass filter
    Ts - Sampling interval, Ts = 1/ fs
    Problem –1
    Q. Consider a Speech Signal with maximum
    frequency of 3.4KHz and maximum
    amplitude of 1volt. This speech signal is
    applied to a delta modulator whose bit
    rate is set at 60kbit/sec. Explain the
    choice of an appropriate step size for the
    modulator.
    Problem –1 : Solution
    Bandwidth of the signal = 3.4 KHz.
    Maximum amplitude = 1 volt
    Bit Rate = 60Kbits/sec
    Sampling rate = 60K Samples/sec.
    STEP SIZE = 0.356 Volts

      2 f 0 ATs
    Problem –2
    Q. Consider a Speech Signal with maximum
    frequency of 3.4KHz and maximum
    amplitude of 1volt. This speech signal is
    applied to a delta modulator whose bit
    rate is set at 20kbit/sec. Explain the
    choice of an appropriate step size for the
    modulator.
    Problem –2 : Solution
    Bandwidth of the signal = 3.4 KHz.
    Maximum amplitude = 1 volt
    Bit Rate = 20Kbits/sec
    Sampling rate = 20K Samples/sec.
    STEP SIZE = 1.068 Volts

      2 f 0 ATs
    Problem –3
    Q. Consider a Delta modulator system designed
    to operate at 4 times the Nyquist rate for a
    signal with a 4KHz bandwidth. The step
    size of the quantizer is 400mV.
    a) Find the maximum amplitude of a 1 KHz
    input sinusoid for which the delta modulator
    does not show slope overload.
    b) Find post-filtered output SNR.
    Problem –3 : Solution
    Bandwidth of the signal = f0 = 4 KHz.
    Nyquist Rate = 8K samples/sec
    Sampling Rate = 32K samples/sec.
    Step Size = 400 mV
    a) For 4KHz sinusoid, Amax = 2.037 volts.
    b) Assuming LPF bandwidth = W= 4KHz
    3
    SNR = 311.2586 (SNR)O  2 2 3
    8 Wf 0 Ts
    = 24.93 dB
    Adaptive Delta Modulation

    Variable Step Size

    Input signal is varying fast - Step Size is increased

    Input signal is varying slow - Step Size is reduced


    A D M - Transmitter
    Logic for
    Step-size
    Control

    Input + Output
    One-bit
    x(nTs) Σ
    Quantizer
    -

    Delay
    Ts
    A D M - Receiver
    Input + Low-Pass Output
    X Σ
    Filter

    Delay
    Logic for Ts
    Step-size
    Control
    ADM

    Step size constraint


     min   (nTs )   max

    δmax = controls the slope overload distortion


    δmin = controls the idle channel noise.
    ADM
    Adaptation Rule for δ(nTs):
    δ(nTs) = g(nTs). δ(nTs - Ts)
    g(nTs) – Time varying multiplier
    Constant factor ADM with one bit memory
    g(nTs) = K if b(nTs) = b(nTs – Ts)
    g(nTs) = K-1 if b(nTs) = b(nTs – Ts)

    Note: K=1.5 well matched for Speech and images.


    CODING SPEECH AT LOW BIT RATES
    – PCM – Standard rate = 64 Kbits/sec
    High Bandwidth.

    – Fundamental limit of information theory


    For Speech, Bit Rate < 64Kbits/sec
    CODING SPEECH AT LOW BIT RATES
    Two aims for the design of waveform coder
    1. To Remove Redundancies from the
    speech signal as far as possible.
    2. To assign the available bits to code the
    non redundant parts of the speech in an
    efficient manner.
    CODING SPEECH AT LOW BIT RATES

    Two Schemes :
    1. Adaptive DPCM
    2. Adaptive Sub-band Coding.
    Adaptive DPCM

    – A Digital coding Scheme


    – Uses both:
    – Adaptive Quantization
    – Adaptive Prediction
    Adaptive Quantization
    Quantizer operates with time varying Step size.

    Step size Δ(nTs) = Φ. σ^x(nTs)


    where Φ – Constant
    σ^x(nTs) – estimate of the σx(nTs)
    Adaptive Quantization

    Two Schemes:( For ESTIMATION)


    1. Adaptive Quantization with forward
    Estimation. ( AQF)
    2. Adaptive Quantization with
    Backward Estimation. ( AQB).
    AQF:
    Unquantized samples of the input
    signal are used to derive forward
    estimates of σx(nTs).
    AQB:
    Samples of the Quantizer output of
    the input signal are used to derive
    Backward estimates of σx(nTs).
    Adaptive Prediction

    Two Schemes:( For PREDICTION)


    1. Adaptive Prediction with forward
    Estimation. ( APF)
    2. Adaptive Prediction with Backward
    Estimation. ( APB).
    APF:
    Unquantized samples of the input
    signal are used to derive estimates
    of the predictor coefficients.
    APB:
    Samples of the Quantizer output and the
    prediction error are used to derive
    estimates of the predictor coefficients.
    Adaptive Sub-band coding ( ASBC)

    PCM & ADPCM – Time- domain


    Coders

    ASBC – Frequency domain Coder


    ASBC

    1. Speech signal is divided into


    number of sub-bands.
    2. Each band is encoded separately.
    Line Codes
    NRZ-Unipolar
    V
    1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
    0

    Bit 1 +V
    Bit 0 0
    Line codes
    NRZ-Polar
    +V
    1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
    0

    -V

    Bit 1 +V
    Bit 0 -V
    Line Codes
    NRZ-Bipolar
    V
    1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
    0

    Bit 1 +V, -V, alternating 1’s


    Bit 0 0
    NRZ-Unipolar
    V
    1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
    0
    NRZ-Polar
    +V
    0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1

    -V
    NRZ-Bipolar
    V
    1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
    0
    PCM Waveform 0 – HIGH
    1 – LOW
    Conclusion.
    Modulasi Pulse
    • PAM : Keluaran proses Sampling
    • PWM : Ada Comparator
    • PPM :

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