THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

Chapter 4
 LANTAYA
REPORTERS
DEGUINION
INGUILLO
GERNALE
TOLDO
ACUÑA
QUIJADA
SOMBILON
 • Political Globalization – the amount of political co-
operation there between countries.

Four Key Attributes of World Politics

INTRODUCTION 1. There are states that are independent from one another.
2. These states interact with one another through diplomacy
3. International organizations exist to facilitate these
interactions.
4. Beyond facilitating meeting among states, theses
organizations also take live on their own.

by: Yrika Quijada

 State versus Nation
STATE NATION

Political Team Ethnic Team

4 essential elements; History or Origin

PEOPLE Culture
TERRITORY Religion
INTRODUCTION GOVERNMENT Language
SOVEREIGHNITY

Nation-State – The combination of the two and can be defined as a

political community that derive from civic society to legitimately
execute peace.
The Globalization of politics created an atmosphere where the
ideas of the nation-state, state sovereignty, government control,
and state policies are challenged from all sides.
by: Yrika Quijada
 What is Global Governance?
• It encompasses activity at the international, transnational, and regional
levels, and refers to activities in the public and private sectors that
transcend national boundaries.
GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
Factors behind the emergence of global governance.
IN THE 21ST
 Declining power of nation-state.
CENTURY
 The Vast flows of all sorts of things that run into and often right through
the borders of nation-states.
 Mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally, into various
nation-states.
 Horrendous events within nation-sates that the states themselves is
unable to control and carry out.

by: Yrika Quijada

 • One of the key aspects of state sovereignty is the government.
It is a group of people who have the ultimate authority to act
on behalf of a state.

EFFECTS OF
GLOBALIZATION • Each state has its own right to self determination and that
other country should not intervene in the affairs of that state
TO unless there are extraordinary reasons to do so.
GOVERNMENTS
• Other countries must recognize sovereignty or the right to
govern one’s own territorial borders. Each state is autonomous
unto itself and responsible within its own system of
government to those who are governed.

by: Faith Inguillo

 • The decisions, the conflict, and the resolution of that conflict
are done through the institutions of government established
and codified in that particular state, whether or not through
elections . Elections, especially in democratic society provide
the leadership of the state. In addition, the policy is developed
and implemented in the interest of the people of a state by a
specific government.
EFFECTS OF
GLOBALIZATION
TO • A civil society within a state can also act as a counterweight or
as a supplement to government. Civil society includes the
GOVERNMENTS private economy, educational institutions, churches, hospitals,
fraternal organizations, and other non-profit organizations

• There have been several challenges to the government and

ultimately, to state autonomy. We can divide these challenges
into four: traditional challenges, challenges from national or
identity movements, global economics, and global social
movements.
by: Faith Inguillo
 • External intervention can generally be described as invasion
by other country. These days, we can see external
intervention in other forms.
Ex: Russia’s external intervention into the affairs of Ukraine, a
sovereign state in the post- Soviet era, as another instance of
intervention in the autonomy of the state.

TRADITIONAL • Internal political challenges can also happen. There are also
CHALLENGES regional organizations challenging state autonomy.
Ex: The United Nations intervened in Sudan because of several
years of civil war. More recently in Europe, specifically in Greece,
it also interfered in the Greek debt crisis.

by: Faith Inguillo

 • The next challenges are part of a national identity or
movement.

• National identities can develop to produce nationalism,

political nationalism that can lead to the creation of nation
CHALLENGES FROM states.
NATIONAL/IDENTITY
MOVEMENTS
• It is important to know that a nation has cultural identity
that people attached to, while a state is a definite entity due
to its specific boundaries.

• Global movement, such as the Al-Queda and ISIS, are

another example of national or identity movement.

by: Edelyn Deguinion

 The third major source of challenge comes from the global
economics. Global economy demands the states to conform to the
rules of free-market capitalism. Government austerity comes from
developments of organizations that cooperate across countries, such
as WTO and regional agreements, such as NAFTA, the European
Union (EU), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Neoliberal Economics/ Neoliberal Capitalism

GLOBAL  Started in the 1980s
ECONOMICS  It focuses on free trade and dismantling trade barriers
 It made sure that governments did not impose restrictive
regulations on corporate presence, as well as on the free flow
of capital and jobs
 It requires a state to cooperate in the global market through
the free flow capital, the privatization of services, and fiscal
austerity or constraint
 Thus, neoliberal economics is seen as a threat, in general,
because a state cannot protect its own economic interest as a
sovereign state.
by: Keith Lantaya
 •Greece is one of example that explains how neoliberal
economics can threaten the sovereignty of a state. It began in 1981
when Greece joined the EU. As a larger alliance, the EU broke down
all kinds of barriers among its member states, including Greece, like
passports, visas, and license plates. It allowed people to travel
across European borders and encouraged economic cooperation
and collaboration of member states. Twenty years later, Greece
adopted the euro as its own currency and got rid of the drachma.
GLOBAL The government of Greece borrowed money for infrastructure
improvements, largely linked to their hosting of the 2004 Olympics.
ECONOMICS This put Greece in a large debt. In 2007 and 2008, the worldwide
financial crisis made Greece’s economy to collapse.

•IMF balled them out from the crisis in exchange for more
austerity. In conclusion, economic crises can force government to
subscribe to the terms and conditions of the global financial market
and of other nations that can help them regain economic
stability.
by: Keith Lantaya
 Social movements - are movements of people that are
spontaneous or that emerge through enormous grassroots
organization. These social movements are transnational
movements which means they occur across countries and across
borders. Therefore, states have less control over them.

GLOBAL Example:
 Human Rights Movement
SOCIAL  International Consensus

MOVEMENTS 
Environmental Movement
Consensus on Women’s Right
 Rights of Personal Autonomy

There is also an increased role in international

organizations like the United Nations and the
International Criminal Court in Hague, the role of non-
governmental organizations like Doctors Without Borders
or Amnesty International, and the role of global media.
by: Keith Lantaya
 STATE
• The state is the distinctive political community
with its own set of rules and practices and that is
more or less separate from other communities.
THE RELEVANCE • The modern term “state” is derived from the
OF THE STATE world Status.
AMID
GLOBALIZATION 4 ELEMENTS OF STATE

• People
• Territory
• Government
• Sovereignty

by: Jenny Gernale

 1. PEOPLE
• Population is the most important element
of the state because there can be no state
without population.

THE RELEVANCE • This population does not refer to a

homadic people.
OF THE STATE
AMID
GLOBALIZATION
2. TERRITORY
• A territory has cleared by the government.
• A territory is effictively controll from one
place to another wothout having any
foxed territory for residence. There is no
state.

by: Jenny Gernale

 3. GOVERNMENT
• The government regulates relations among
its own people and with other states.
• The agency or machinery through which
THE RELEVANCE common policies and determined by which
common affairs are regulated and common
OF THE STATE interest promoted.
AMID
GLOBALIZATION 4. SOVEREIGNTY
• The word “Soveregnty” means to supreme
and final legal authority above and beyond
which no legal power exist.
• Without sovereignty there is very
possibility of forces of lawless sweeping
away the whole society.

by: Jenny Gernale

 NATION
• Nation refers to the people
rather than any kind of
formal territorial boundaries
THE RELEVANCE
for institutions. Its is a
OF THE STATE
collective identity grounded
AMID
on a nation of shared history
GLOBALIZATION and culture.

by: Jenny Gernale

 • If we talk about Philippines as a state, we may
refer to the Philippine government, the Phillipine
territory and its internal and external sovereignty.

THE RELEVANCE
OF THE STATE • If we talk about Philippines as a nation, we refer
AMID to shared collective nation of democracy or
GLOBALIZATION history and our collective identity.

In other word ,
THE STATE IS A POLITICAL CONCEPT
THE NATION IS A CULTURAL CONCEPT

by: Jenny Gernale

 ARGUMENTS MADE INCLUDING THE
NATION-STATE
THE RELEVANCE
OF THE STATE  Retain at least some power in the face of Globalization
AMID (Concley 2002)
GLOBALIZATION
 The efficacy in the face of globalization (Mann 2007)

 The role of the state is enduring and even increasing in

advance industrial socities (Beland 2018)

by: Jenny Gernale

 There are several international organization that governments of
countries around the world and individuals participate in. These
include:

• United Nations
INSTITUTIONS • The International Court of Justice
THAT GOVERN
• NAFTA
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS • NATO

by: Charisse Acuña

 Global politics entails relationship of countries and different
government and non-governmental organizations. The Unites
Nations (UN) is one of the leading political organizations in the
world where nation-states meet and deliberate. It started with 50
PEACE TREATIES members from different countries. Generally, it functions in four
areas: military issues, economic issues, environmental issues, and
AND MILITARY human protection.
ALLIANCES: The
UN and NATO

by: Charisse Acuña

 Main things UN does

• Maintaining peace and security - is the number goal of the UN, as well as
providing a forum where countries could gather to discuss global issues.
PEACE TREATIES
AND MILITARY
• United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) - its primary goal
is to help children around the world.
ALLIANCES: The
• Economic issues – main focus of the UN is the reduction of global
UN and NATO inequality. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cover a range of
concerns for the improvement of all aspects of life.
• Environmental issues - such as pollution and hazardous wastes, are
addresses through United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP).
• Human rights – the UN promotes and protect human right through
different organizations and mechanisms.

by: Charisse Acuña

 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) it is
a defensive treaty or a military alliance between the United States,
Canada, and 25 European countries. This treaty and international
organization is based on the idea of collecting security. The countries
PEACE TREATIES in this organization basically agreed to combine their militaries and
AND MILITARY announce to the world that if a country messes with one of its
ALLIANCES: The members, the other countries will come to their defense.
UN and NATO

by: Charisse Acuña

 • The Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries) is a non-
organization organization (NGO) NGO's are not tied to any
NON- country. This is allow them to operate freely throughout the
GOVERNMENTAL world. They provide emergency relief such as food, water and
ORGANIZATIONS medical supplies for those whose home or towns have been
destroyed disaster or war. Since they are neutral government
(NGO)
are more likely to let them come into their countries to help.
The head quarters of International Red Cross is in Geneva,
Switzerland, they have branches all around the world.

• In addition to Red Cross there are many NGO’s dedicated to

helping people around the world. Doctors without border
provide free emergency healthcare in disaster areas.
by: Jenny Gernale
 The WTO and NAFTA
• Though good in nature, WTO is not without criticism. In
fact, a protest in Seattle at a 1999 WTO Conference led to
GLOBAL a major riot.
ECONOMIC • NAFTA is not without criticism either. Some
ASSOCIATIONS: American autoworkers protested against NAFTA as
The WTO and several car companies moved their factories to Mexico in
NAFTA search for cheaper labor.

by: Rocel Sombilon

 Globalism refers to the network of connections that
GLOBALIZATION transcends distances of different countries in the world. In other
ANG GLOBALISM words, the links among countries and people are better associated
with globalism while the speed in which they become linked with
one another is globalization.

by: Rocel Sombilon

 Differences of Globalism and Globalization:
 Globalization means connectedness while globalism is not, it will
lead to confusion that the present is only time in which people got
connected while in the past they were not. Before, connected
through conquest, now connected through internet, etc. Societies
in the world have always been connected; what makes the
contemporary world different from the past is the type and speed
GLOBALIZATION of connection that people and societies experience.
ANG GLOBALISM
 We can also differentiate globalism and globalization in terms of
its “thickness” (Nye, 2002). Globalism is thin. As it becomes
thicker, globalization happens. This means that being able to
connect countries in the world through a more dynamic and faster
way is globalization.
- Example is the global trade: The connections were not intense not
“thick”. In contrast to the contemporary world, “globalism
becomes increasing thick: (Nye, 2002, p.1)..
by: Rocel Sombilon
 - This is where globalization comes in. If we look at the global trade
today, it has reached a greater number of people around the world.
For example, the selling of products can be done online as well.

GLOBALIZATION
Four Distinct Dimensions of Globalism by Nye (2002)
ANG GLOBALISM
1. Economic globalism,

- Involves long-distance flows of goods, services, and capital,

and the information and perceptions that accompany market
exchange. It also involves the organization of the processes
that are linked to these flows.
- Like economic globalism, the three other dimensions also
become thicker and faster as globalization intensifies.
by: Rocel Sombilon
 2. Military globalism
- Refers to the long-distance networks of interdependence in
which force, and the threat or promise of force, are employed.
.- The enormous speed of potential conflict and threat of nuclear
war is an example of military globalism.
3. Environmental globalism
- Refers to the long-distance transport of materials in the
GLOBALIZATION atmosphere or oceans, or of biological substances such as
ANG GLOBALISM pathogens or genetic materials that affect health and well-being.
- In terms of environmental globalism, global warming continues to
accelerate.
4. Social and cultural globalism
- The last dimension, “involves movement of ideas, information,
images, and of people who carry ideas and information with
them” (Nye, 2002, p. 2).
- For instance, religious ideas have spread throughout the world at
greater scope and speed.
by: Rocel Sombilon
 Informationalism -is a mode of development of
modern society that is structured by and based on
knowledge. Globalism is tied to the notion of
networks. According to Castells 2000, Networks
constitute the fundamental pattern of life, of all kinds
INFORMATIONALISM of life.

by: Edelyn Deguinion

 What is the type of connection that
INFORMATIONALISM exists and begins to increase in the
contemporary world?

by: Edelyn Deguinion

 • This technological paradigm,
associated with computer science and
modern telecommunication, that
replaces industrialism is called
informationalism.
INFORMATIONALISM

by: Edelyn Deguinion

 • Citizenship is associated with rights and obligations.

• This is driven by identity and values. It is also about encouraging young

GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP people to develop the knowledge, skills, and values they need to engage
with the world.

• “Global citizenship is a moral and ethical disposition that can guide the
understanding of individuals or groups of global contexts, and remind
them of their relative responsibilities and various communities”- Caecilla
Johanna van Peski

• “Global citizens might be a new type of people that can travel within these
various boundaries and somehow still makes sense of the word.”- Caecilla
by: Caryl Toldo Johanna van Peski
 3 APPROACHES OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC RESISTANCE

• Trade protectionism- This involves the systematic government intervention in

foreign trade through tariffs and non-tarrifs in order to encourage barriers in order
to encourage domestic producers and deter their foreign competitors (McAleese,
2007). This shields the domestic economy from systemic shocks.

• Fair trade - This is a different approach to economic globalization, which emerged

as a counter to neoliberal "free trade" principles (Nicholls and Opal, 2005). Fair
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP trade alms at a more moral and equitable global economic system. Its ability to
supply a mass.

• Globalization - It talks about the speed up of movements and exchanges all over
the world. The dynamics of globalization demands the efforts of the whole array of
inter-governmental organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank;
International NGOs like Greenpeace and Amnesty International; and the citizen
initiatives and community action groups that reach above the nation-state level
like the World Social Forum and Occupy Movement. Ultimately, reforms in global
governance are required to allow world citizens to take more part directly in all
by: Caryl Toldo aspects of human life at the global level.
 Like globalization resistance to globalization is multiple,
complex contradictory, and ambiguous. This movement also has
the potential emerge as the new public sphere, which may
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP uphold progressive values such as autonomy, democracy, peace,
ecological sustainability, and social justice. These forces of
resistance are themselves products of globalization and can be
seen a globalization from below.
(Smith, 2005)

by: Caryl Toldo

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