The Cardiovascular System: Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,

Florence-Darlington Technical College
CHAPTER 11
The
Cardiovascular
System
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Cardiovascular System
• A closed system of the heart and blood

vessels
• The heart pumps blood
• Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
• The functions of the cardiovascular system
• To deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and
tissues
• To remove carbon dioxide and other waste
products from cells and tissues
The Heart
• Location
• Thorax between the lungs in the inferior
mediastinum
• Orientation
• Pointed apex directed toward left hip
• Base points toward right shoulder
• About the size of your fist

Midsternal line
2nd rib
Sternum
Diaphragm Point of
maximal
intensity
(PMI)
(a)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.1a

Mediastinum
Heart
Left lung
Posterior
(b)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.1b
Superior Aorta
vena cava Parietal
pleura (cut)
Pulmonary Left lung
trunk
Pericardium
(cut)
Apex of
heart
Diaphragm
(c)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.1c

Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid artery
Superior vena cava Left subclavian artery
Right pulmonary artery Aortic arch

Ligamentum arteriosum
Ascending aorta
Left pulmonary artery
Pulmonary trunk Left pulmonary veins
Right pulmonary Left atrium

veins
Auricle of left atrium
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery
in coronary sulcus (right Left coronary artery in
atrioventricular groove) coronary sulcus (left
atrioventricular groove)
Anterior cardiac vein
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Anterior interventricular
Small cardiac vein artery (in anterior
interventricular sulcus)
Inferior vena cava
Apex
(a)

The Heart: Coverings
• Pericardium—a double-walled sac
• Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial
• Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous
pericardium and composed of two layers
• Visceral pericardium
• Next to heart; also known as the
epicardium
• Parietal pericardium
• Outside layer that lines the inner surface
of the fibrous pericardium
• Serous fluid fills the space between the layers
of pericardium
Pulmonary
trunk Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous
Pericardium pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Myocardium Epicardium
(visceral layer
of serous
pericardium) Heart
wall
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart chamber
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.2

The Heart: Heart Wall
• Three layers
• Epicardium
• Outside layer
• This layer is the visceral pericardium
• Connective tissue layer
• Myocardium
• Middle layer
• Mostly cardiac muscle
• Endocardium
• Inner layer
• Endothelium
Pulmonary
trunk Fibrous pericardium
Parietal layer of serous
Pericardium pericardium
Pericardial cavity
Myocardium Epicardium
(visceral layer
of serous
pericardium) Heart
wall
Myocardium
Endocardium
Heart chamber

Superior vena cava Aorta

Right pulmonary artery
Left atrium
Right atrium Left pulmonary veins

Right pulmonary
veins Pulmonary semilunar valve
Left atrioventricular valve
Fossa ovalis
(bicuspid valve)
Aortic semilunar valve
Right atrioventricular
valve (tricuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum

Inferior vena cava
Myocardium
Visceral pericardium
(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves.

The Heart: Chambers
• Right and left side act as separate pumps
• Four chambers
• Atria
• Receiving chambers
• Right atrium
• Left atrium
• Ventricles
• Discharging chambers
• Right ventricle
• Left ventricle

Left atrium

Right pulmonary
Fossa ovalis
(bicuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava
Myocardium

Left
ventricle
Right
ventricle
Muscular
interventricular
septum
The Heart: Septa
• Interventricular septum
• Separates the two ventricles
• Interatrial septum
• Separates the two atria


Left atrium

Right pulmonary
Fossa ovalis
(bicuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava
Myocardium

The Heart’s Role in Blood Circulation
• Systemic circulation
• Blood flows from the left side of the heart
through the body tissues and back to the
right side of the heart
• Pulmonary circulation
• Blood flows from the right side of the heart
to the lungs and back to the left side of the
heart

Capillary beds
of lungs where
gas exchange
occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries Pulmonary
veins
Venae Aorta and
cavae branches
Left
atrium
Left
Right ventricle
atrium Heart
Right
ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Capillary
beds of all
body tissues
KEY: where gas
Oxygen-rich, exchange
CO2-poor blood occurs
Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood
The Heart: Valves
• Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent
backflow
• Four valves
• Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between atria and
ventricles
• Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart)
• Tricuspid valve (right side of heart)
• Semilunar valves—between ventricle and artery
• Pulmonary semilunar valve
• Aortic semilunar valve


Left atrium

Right pulmonary
Fossa ovalis
(bicuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava
Myocardium

The Heart: Valves
• AV valves
• Anchored in place by chordae tendineae (“heart
strings”)
• Open during heart relaxation and closed during
ventricular contraction
• Semilunar valves
• Closed during heart relaxation but open during
ventricular contraction
• Notice these valves operate opposite of one another
to force a one-way path of blood through the heart

(a) Operation of the AV valves
1 Blood returning
to the atria puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open.
Ventricles
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6a, step 1

1 Blood returning
to the atria puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open.
2 As the ventricles
fill, AV valve flaps
hang limply into
ventricles.
Ventricles

1 Blood returning
to the atria puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open.
2 As the ventricles
hang limply into
ventricles.
3 Atria contract, Ventricles
forcing additional
blood into ventricles.
AV valves open;
atrial pressure
greater than
ventricular pressure

1 Blood returning 4 Ventricles contract,

to the atria puts forcing blood against
pressure against AV valve flaps.
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open.
2 As the ventricles
hang limply into
ventricles.
forcing additional
AV valves open;
atrial pressure
greater than


AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open. 5 AV valves close.
2 As the ventricles
hang limply into
ventricles.
forcing additional
AV valves open;
atrial pressure
greater than


AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open. 5 AV valves close.
2 As the ventricles 6 Chordae
fill, AV valve flaps tendineae tighten,
hang limply into preventing valve
ventricles. flaps from everting
into atria.
forcing additional
AV valves open; AV valves closed;

atrial pressure atrial pressure
greater than less than
ventricular pressure ventricular pressure

(b) Operation of the semilunar valves
Pulmonary
trunk Aorta
1 As ventricles
contract and
intraventricular
pressure rises,
blood is pushed up
against semilunar
valves, forcing
them open.
Semilunar valves open
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6b, step 1

(b) Operation of the semilunar valves
Pulmonary
trunk Aorta
1 As ventricles 2 As ventricles
contract and relax and
intraventricular intraventricular
pressure rises, pressure falls,
blood is pushed up blood flows
against semilunar back from arteries,
valves, forcing filling the leaflets
them open. of semilunar
valves and forcing
them to close.
Semilunar valves open Semilunar valves closed
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6b, step 2

Cardiac Circulation
• Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the
myocardium
• The heart has its own nourishing circulatory system
consisting of
• Coronary arteries—branch from the aorta to supply the
heart muscle with oxygenated blood
• Cardiac veins—drain the myocardium of blood
• Coronary sinus—a large vein on the posterior of the
heart, receives blood from cardiac veins
• Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus


Ascending aorta

veins
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Inferior vena cava
Apex
(a)

The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
• Arteries
• Aorta
• Leaves left ventricle
• Pulmonary arteries
• Leave right ventricle

The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
• Veins
• Superior and inferior venae cavae
• Enter right atrium
• Pulmonary veins (four)
• Enter left atrium


Ascending aorta

veins
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Inferior vena cava
Apex
(a)

Blood Flow Through the Heart
• Superior and inferior venae cavae dump blood

into the right atrium
• From right atrium, through the tricuspid valve,
blood travels to the right ventricle
• From the right ventricle, blood leaves the heart
as it passes through the pulmonary semilunar
valve into the pulmonary trunk
• Pulmonary trunk splits into right and left
pulmonary arteries that carry blood to the lungs

Blood Flow Through the Heart
• Oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is

dropped off by blood in the lungs
• Oxygen-rich blood returns to the heart through
the four pulmonary veins
• Blood enters the left atrium and travels
through the bicuspid valve into the left
ventricle
• From the left ventricle, blood leaves the heart
via the aortic semilunar valve and aorta

Capillary beds
of lungs where
gas exchange
occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries Pulmonary
veins
Venae Aorta and
cavae branches
Left
atrium
Left
Right ventricle
atrium Heart
Right
ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Capillary
beds of all
body tissues
KEY: where gas
Oxygen-rich, exchange
CO2-poor blood occurs
Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood
The Heart: Conduction System
• Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

• Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way

The Heart: Conduction System
• Special tissue sets the pace
• Sinoatrial node = SA node (“pacemaker”), is in the
right atrium
• Atrioventricular node = AV node, is at the junction
of the atria and ventricles
• Atrioventricular bundle = AV bundle (bundle of
His), is in the interventricular septum
• Bundle branches are in the interventricular septum
• Purkinje fibers spread within the ventricle wall
muscles

Superior
vena cava
Sinoatrial (SA)
node (pacemaker) Left atrium
Atrioventricular
(AV) node
Right atrium Atrioventricular

(AV) bundle
(bundle of His)
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers Interventricular

septum

Heart Contractions
• Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial node

(SA node)
• Sequential stimulation occurs at other
autorhythmic cells
• Force cardiac muscle depolarization in one
direction—from atria to ventricles

Heart Contractions
• Once SA node starts the heartbeat

• Impulse spreads to the AV node
• Then the atria contract
• At the AV node, the impulse passes through
the AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje
fibers
• Blood is ejected from the ventricles to the
aorta and pulmonary trunk as the ventricles
contract

Superior
vena cava
Sinoatrial (SA)
node (pacemaker) Left atrium
Atrioventricular
(AV) node
Right atrium Atrioventricular

(AV) bundle
(bundle of His)
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
Purkinje fibers Interventricular

septum

Heart Contractions
• Homeostatic imbalance
• Heart block—damaged AV node releases
them from control of the SA node; result is in
a slower heart rate as ventricles contract at
their own rate
• Ischemia—lack of adequate oxygen supply
to heart muscle
• Fibrillation—a rapid, uncoordinated
shuddering of the heart muscle

Heart Contractions
• Homeostatic imbalance (continued)

• Tachycardia—rapid heart rate over 100
beats per minute
• Bradycardia—slow heart rate less than 60
beats per minutes

The Heart: Cardiac Cycle & Heart Sounds
• Atria contract simultaneously

• Atria relax, then ventricles contract
• Systole = contraction
• Diastole = relaxation

• Cardiac cycle—events of one complete heart

beat
• Mid-to-late diastole
• Pressure in heart is low
• Blood flows from passively into the atria
and into ventricles
• Semilunar valves are closed
• Atrioventricular valves are open
• Atria contract and force blood into ventricles

• Cardiac cycle—events of one complete heart beat
• Ventricular systole
• Blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts
• Atrioventricular valves close causes first heart
sound, “lub”
• Semilunar valves open as blood pushes against
them
• Blood travels out of the ventricles through
pulmonary trunk and aorta
• Atria are relaxed

• Cardiac cycle—events of one complete heart beat
• Early diastole
• At the end of systole, all four valves are briefly
closed at the same time
• Second heart sound is heard as semilunar
valves close, causing “dup” sound
• Atria finish refilling as pressure in the heart drops
• Ventricular pressure is low
• Atrioventricular valves open

Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular Atrial Isovolumetric Ventricular Isovolumetric
filling contraction contraction phase ejection phase relaxation
1 2 3
Mid-to-late diastole Ventricular systole Early diastole
(ventricular filling) (atria in diastole)

Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular
filling
1
Mid-to-late diastole
(ventricular filling)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.8, step 1a

Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular Atrial
filling contraction
1
Mid-to-late diastole
(ventricular filling)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.8, step 1b

Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular Atrial Isovolumetric
filling contraction contraction phase
1 2
Mid-to-late diastole Ventricular systole
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.8, step 2a

Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular Atrial Isovolumetric Ventricular
filling contraction contraction phase ejection phase
1 2
Mid-to-late diastole Ventricular systole
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.8, step 2b

Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular Atrial Isovolumetric Ventricular Isovolumetric
filling contraction contraction phase ejection phase relaxation
1 2 3
Mid-to-late diastole Ventricular systole Early diastole
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.8, step 3

The Heart: Cardiac Output
• Cardiac output (CO)
• Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of
the heart in one minute
• Stroke volume (SV)
• Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one
contraction (each heartbeat)
• Usually remains relatively constant
• About 70 mL of blood is pumped out of the left
ventricle with each heartbeat
• Heart rate (HR)
• Typically 75 beats per minute

The Heart: Cardiac Output
• CO = HR  SV
• CO = HR (75 beats/min)  SV (70 mL/beat)
• CO = 5250 mL/min
• Starling’s law of the heart—the more the
cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the
contraction
• Changing heart rate is the most common way
to change cardiac output

The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
• Increased heart rate

• Sympathetic nervous system
• Crisis
• Low blood pressure
• Hormones
• Epinephrine
• Thyroxine
• Exercise
• Decreased blood volume

The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate
• Decreased heart rate

• Parasympathetic nervous system
• High blood pressure or blood volume
• Decreased venous return

Blood Vessels: The Vascular System
• Transport blood to the tissues and back

• Carry blood away from the heart
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Exchanges between tissues and blood
• Capillary beds
• Return blood toward the heart
• Venules
• Veins

(a) Artery Vein
Blood Vessels: Microscopic Anatomy
• Three layers (tunics)

• Tunic intima
• Endothelium
• Tunic media
• Smooth muscle
• Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
• Tunic externa
• Mostly fibrous connective tissue

Valve
Tunica intima
• Endothelium
• Loose connective tissue
Internal elastic
lamina
Tunica media
• Smooth muscle
• Elastic fibers
External elastic lamina
Tunica externa
• Collagen fibers
Lumen Venule Lumen

Artery Arteriole Vein
Capillary
network
Basement membrane
Endothelial cells
(b)
Capillary
Structural Differences Among Blood
Vessels
• Arteries have a thicker tunica media than veins
• Capillaries are only one cell layer (tunica intima)
to allow for exchanges between blood and
tissue
• Veins have a thinner tunica media than arteries
• Veins also have valves to prevent backflow of
blood
• Lumen of veins are larger than arteries

Valve
Tunica intima
• Endothelium
• Loose connective tissue
Internal elastic
lamina
Tunica media
• Smooth muscle
• Elastic fibers
External elastic lamina
Tunica externa
• Collagen fibers
Lumen Venule Lumen

Artery Arteriole Vein
Capillary
network
Basement membrane
Endothelial cells
(b)
Capillary
Venous Aids for the Return of Blood to
the Heart
• Veins:
• Have a thinner tunica media
• Operate under low pressure
• Have a larger lumen than arteries
• To assist in the movement of blood back to the
heart:
• Larger veins have valves to prevent backflow
• Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward
the heart

Valve (open)
Contracted
skeletal
muscle
Valve (closed)
Vein
Direction of
blood flow

Movement of Blood Through Vessels
• Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart

• Veins use the milking action of muscles to
help move blood

Capillary Beds
• Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels

• Vascular shunt—vessel directly connecting
an arteriole to a venule
• True capillaries—exchange vessels
• Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
• Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
products cross into blood

Vascular shunt
Precapillary sphincters
True
capillaries
Terminal arteriole Postcapillary
venule
(a) Sphincters open; blood flows through true
capillaries.
Major Arteries of System Circulation
• Aorta
• Largest artery in the body
• Leaves from the left ventricle of the heart
• Regions
• Ascending aorta—leaves the left ventricle
• Aortic arch—arches to the left
• Thoracic aorta—travels downward through the
thorax
• Abdominal aorta—passes through the
diaphragm into the abdominopelvic cavity

Major Arteries of System Circulation
• Arterial branches of the ascending aorta

• Right and left coronary arteries serve the
heart


Ascending aorta

veins
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Inferior vena cava
Apex
(a)

Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation
• Arterial branches of the aortia arch (BCS)
• Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the
• Right common carotid artery
• Right subclavian artery
• Left common carotid artery splits into the
• Left internal and external carotid arteries
• Left subclavian artery branches into the
• Vertebral artery
• In the axilla, the subclavian artery becomes the
axillary artery  brachial artery  radial and ulnar
arteries

• Arterial branches of the thoracic aorta

• Intercostal arteries supply the muscles of the
thorax wall
• Other branches of the thoracic aorta supply
the
• Lungs (bronchial arteries)
• Esophagus (esophageal arteries)
• Diaphragm (phrenic arteries)

• Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta

• Celiac trunk is the first branch of the
abdominal aorta. Three branches are
• Left gastric artery (stomach)
• Splenic artery (spleen)
• Common hepatic artery (liver)
• Superior mesenteric artery supplies most of
the small intestine and first half of the large
intestine


• Left and right renal arteries (kidney)
• Left and right gonadal arteries
• Ovarian arteries in females serve the
ovaries
• Testicular arteries in males serve the
testes
• Lumbar arteries serve muscles of the
abdomen and trunk


• Inferior mesenteric artery serves the second
half of the large intestine
• Left and right common iliac arteries are the
final branches of the aorta
• Internal iliac arteries serve the pelvic organs
• External iliac arteries enter the thigh 
femoral artery  popliteal artery  anterior
and posterior tibial arteries

Arteries of the head and trunk
Internal carotid artery
External carotid artery
Common carotid arteries
Vertebral artery Arteries that supply the upper limb
Subclavian artery Subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Aortic arch Axillary artery
Ascending aorta
Coronary artery
Thoracic aorta
(above diaphragm) Brachial artery
Celiac trunk
Abdominal aorta
Superior mesenteric Radial artery
artery Ulnar artery
Renal artery
Gonadal artery
Deep palmar arch
Superficial palmar arch

Digital arteries
Inferior mesenteric artery Arteries that supply the lower limb

Common iliac artery
External iliac artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Internal iliac artery
Anterior tibial artery

Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Arcuate artery

Major Veins of Systemic Circulation
• Superior and inferior vena cava enter the right

atrium of the heart
• Superior vena cava drains the head and
arms
• Inferior vena cava drains the lower body


Left atrium

Right pulmonary
Fossa ovalis
(bicuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava
Myocardium

• Veins draining into the superior vena cava

• Radial and ulnar veins  brachial vein 
axillary vein
• These veins drain the arms
• Cephalic vein drains the lateral aspect of the
arm and empties into the axillary vein
• Basilic vein drains the medial aspect of the arm
and empties into the brachial vein
• Basilic and cephalic veins are jointed at the
median cubital vein (elbow area)


• Subclavian vein receives
• Venous blood from the arm via the axillary
vein
• Venous blood from skin and muscles via
external jugular vein
• Vertebral vein drains the posterior part of the
head
• Internal jugular vein drains the dural sinuses of
the brain


• Left and right brachiocephalic veins receive
venous blood from the
• Subclavian veins
• Vertebral veins
• Internal jugular veins
• Brachiocephalic veins join to form the
superior vena cava  right atrium of heart
• Azygous vein drains the thorax

• Veins draining into the inferior vena cava

• Anterior and posterior tibial veins and fibial
veins drain the legs
• Posterior tibial vein  popliteal vein  femoral
vein  external iliac vein
• Great saphenous veins (longest veins of the
body) receive superficial drainage of the legs
• Each common iliac vein (left and right) is
formed by the union of the internal and external
iliac vein on its own side


• Right gonadal vein drains the right ovary in
females and right testicle in males
• Left gonadal vein empties into the left renal
vein
• Left and right renal veins drain the kidneys
• Hepatic portal vein drains the digestive
organs and travels through the liver before it
enters systemic circulation


• Left and right hepatic veins drain the liver

Veins of the head and trunk
Dural venous sinuses
External jugular vein

Vertebral vein
Internal jugular vein Veins that drain the upper limb
Right and left Subclavian vein
brachiocephalic veins Axillary vein
Superior vena cava Cephalic vein
Brachial vein
Great cardiac vein Basilic vein
Hepatic veins
Splenic vein
Hepatic portal vein
Renal vein Median cubital vein
Superior Ulnar vein
mesenteric vein Radial vein
Inferior
mesenteric vein
Digital veins
Veins that drain the lower limb

External iliac vein
Inferior vena cava Femoral vein
Common iliac vein Great saphenous vein
Popliteal vein
Internal iliac vein
Posterior tibial vein
Anterior tibial vein
Small saphenous vein
Dorsal venous arch

Dorsal metatarsal veins

Arterial Supply of the Brain
• Internal carotid arteries divide into

• Anterior and middle cerebral arteries
• These arteries supply most of the cerebrum
• Vertebral arteries join once within the skull to
form the basilar artery
• Basilar artery serves the brain stem and
cerebellum

Arterial Supply of the Brain
• Posterior cerebral arteries form from the

division of the basilar artery
• These arteries supply the posterior
cerebrum

Circle of Willis
• Anterior and posterior blood supplies are

united by small communicating arterial
branches
• Result—complete circle of connecting blood
vessels called cerebral arterial circle or circle
of Willis

Anterior Cerebral arterial
circle
Frontal lobe (circle of Willis)
Optic chiasma • Anterior
communicating
Middle
artery
cerebral
artery • Anterior
cerebral artery
Internal • Posterior
carotid communicating
artery artery
Mammillary • Posterior
body cerebral artery
Temporal Basilar artery
lobe
Vertebral artery
Pons
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
(a) Posterior
Fetal Circulation
• Fetus receives exchanges of gases, nutrients,

and wastes through the placenta
• Umbilical cord contains three vessels
• Umbilical vein—carries blood rich in
nutrients and oxygen to the fetus
• Umbilical arteries (2)—carry carbon dioxide
and debris-laden blood from fetus to
placenta

Superior vena cava Ductus arteriosus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
Foramen ovale
Inferior vena cava

Hepatic vein
Ductus venosus
Inferior vena cava
Hepatic portal vein
Umbilical vein
Fetal umbilicus
Aorta
Common iliac artery
Umbilical cord
External iliac artery
Internal iliac artery
Umbilical arteries
Urinary bladder
KEY:
High oxygenation
Moderate oxygenation
Low oxygenation
Very low oxygenation Placenta

Fetal Circulation
• Blood flow bypasses the liver through the

ductus venosus and enters the inferior vena
cava  right atrium of heart
• Blood flow bypasses the lungs
• Blood entering right atrium is shunted directly
into the left atrium through the foramen ovale
• Ductus arteriosus connects the aorta and
pulmonary trunk (becomes ligamentum
arteriosum at birth)


Ascending aorta

veins
Right atrium
Circumflex artery
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Great cardiac vein
Marginal artery
Inferior vena cava
Apex
(a)


Left atrium

Right pulmonary
Fossa ovalis
(bicuspid valve)
Left ventricle
Right ventricle

Inferior vena cava
Myocardium

Hepatic Portal Circulation
• Veins of hepatic portal circulation drain

• Digestive organs
• Spleen
• Pancreas
• Hepatic portal vein carries this blood to the
liver
• Liver helps maintain proper glucose, fat, and
protein concentrations in blood

Hepatic Portal Circulation
• Major vessels of hepatic portal circulation

• Inferior and superior mesenteric veins
• Splenic vein
• Left gastric vein

Arterial Venous
blood blood
Inferior
vena cava
Stomach and intestine Liver
Nutrients and Liver cells (hepatocytes)
toxins absorbed
Nutrients
and toxins
leave
Hepatic
portal vein
First capillary bed Second capillary bed

(liver sinusoids) Hepatic
vein
Hepatic portal system

Inferior vena cava
(not part of hepatic
portal system)
Gastric veins
Liver
Spleen
Stomach
Hepatic portal vein
Splenic vein
Inferior
mesenteric vein
Superior
mesenteric vein
Small intestine
Large intestine

Pulse
• Pulse
• Pressure wave of blood
• Monitored at “pressure points” in arteries
where pulse is easily palpated
• Pulse averages 70 to 76 beats per minute
at rest

Superficial temporal artery
Facial artery
Common carotid artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial
artery
Dorsalis pedis
artery
Blood Pressure
• Measurements by health professionals are

made on the pressure in large arteries
• Systolic—pressure at the peak of ventricular
contraction
• Diastolic—pressure when ventricles relax
• Write systolic pressure first and diastolic last
(120/80 mm Hg)
• Pressure in blood vessels decreases as
distance from the heart increases

120
Systolic pressure
100
Pressure (mm Hg)

80
Diastolic
60 pressure
40
20
0
−10
Venules
Venae cavae
Arterioles
Capillaries
Aorta
Arteries
Veins
Blood pressure
120 systolic
70 diastolic
(to be measured)
Brachial
artery
(a) The course of the

brachial artery of
the arm. Assume a
blood pressure of
120/70 in a young,
healthy person.
Pressure
in cuff
above 120;
no sounds
audible
120 mm Hg
Rubber cuff
inflated with
air
Brachial
artery
closed
(b) The blood pressure

cuff is wrapped
snugly around the
arm just above the
elbow and inflated
until the cuff
pressure exceeds the
systolic blood
pressure. At this
point, blood flow into
the arm is stopped,
and a brachial pulse
cannot be felt or
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. heard. Figure 11.21b
Pressure
in cuff
below 120,
but above 70
120 mm Hg
70 mm Hg
Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
(c) The pressure in the cuff

is gradually reduced
while the examiner
listens (auscultates) for
sounds in the brachial
artery with a
stethoscope. The
pressure read as the
first soft tapping
sounds are heard (the
first point at which a
small amount of blood
is spurting through the
constricted artery) is
recorded as the systolic
pressure.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.21c
Pressure
in cuff
below 70;
no sounds
audible
70 mm Hg
(d) As the pressure is

reduced still further,
the sounds become
louder and more
distinct; when the
artery is no longer
constricted and blood
flows freely, the
sounds can no longer
be heard. The
pressure at which the
sounds disappear is
recorded as the
diastolic pressure.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.20d
Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
• BP is blood pressure
• BP is affected by age, weight, time of day,
exercise, body position, emotional state
• CO is the amount of blood pumped out of the left
ventricle per minute
• PR is peripheral resistance, or the amount of friction
blood encounters as it flows through vessels
• Narrowing of blood vessels and increased blood
volume increases PR
• BP = CO  PR

• Neural factors
• Autonomic nervous system adjustments
(sympathetic division)
• Renal factors
• Regulation by altering blood volume
• Renin—hormonal control

• Temperature
• Heat has a vasodilating effect
• Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
• Chemicals
• Various substances can cause increases or
decreases
• Diet

Variations in Blood Pressure
• Normal human range is variable
• Normal
• 140 to 110 mm Hg systolic
• 80 to 75 mm Hg diastolic
• Hypotension
• Low systolic (below 110 mm Hg)
• Often associated with illness
• Hypertension
• High systolic (above 140 mm Hg)
• Can be dangerous if it is chronic

Capillary Exchange
• Substances exchanged due to concentration

gradients
• Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood
• Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the
cells

Capillary Exchange: Mechanisms
• Direct diffusion across plasma membranes

• Endocytosis or exocytosis
• Some capillaries have gaps (intercellular
clefts)
• Plasma membrane not joined by tight
junctions
• Fenestrations (pores) of some capillaries

Lumen of
capillary
Vesicles
Endothelial
Intercellular
fenestration
cleft (pore)
4 Transport
via vesicles
3 Diffusion
through pore
2 Diffusion through
1 Direct intracellular cleft
diffusion
through
membrane Interstitial fluid
Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds
• Blood pressure forces fluid and solutes out of

capillaries
• Osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillaries
• Blood pressure is higher than osmotic
pressure at the arterial end of the capillary bed
• Blood pressure is lower than osmotic pressure
at the venous end of the capillary bed

Tissue cell Interstitial fluid
Net fluid Net fluid

movement movement
Bl out in
oo
df l ow
l ow
o df
o
Bl
Arterial Venule
end of end of
capillary capillary
At the arterial end of At the venule end of

a capillary, blood the capillary, blood
pressure is more than pressure is less than
osmotic pressure, osmotic pressure,
and fluid flows out of and fluid flows from
the capillary and into the interstitial fluid
the interstitial fluid. into the capillary.
Blood pressure is
higher than osmotic
pressure
Osmotic pressure
(remains steady
in capillary bed) Blood pressure is
lower than osmotic
pressure
Developmental Aspects of
the Cardiovascular System
• A simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo
and pumps by the fourth week
• The heart becomes a four-chambered organ
by the end of seven weeks
• Few structural changes occur after the
seventh week

Developmental Aspects of
the Cardiovascular System
• Aging problems associated with the
cardiovascular system include
• Venous valves weaken
• Varicose veins
• Progressive atherosclerosis
• Loss of elasticity of vessels leads to
hypertension
• Coronary artery disease results from vessels
filled with fatty, calcified deposits

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Prepared by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,

• A closed system of the heart and blood

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.1a

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.1c

Right pulmonary artery Aortic arch

Right pulmonary Left atrium

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3a

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.2

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.2

Left pulmonary artery

Right atrium Left pulmonary veins

Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum

(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3b

Left pulmonary artery

Right atrium Left pulmonary veins

Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum

(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3b

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Left pulmonary artery

Right atrium Left pulmonary veins

Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum

(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3b

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Left pulmonary artery

Right atrium Left pulmonary veins

Chordae tendineae Interventricular septum

(b) Frontal section showing interior chambers and valves.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3b

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6a, step 1

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6a, step 2

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6a, step 3

1 Blood returning 4 Ventricles contract,

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6a, step 4

1 Blood returning 4 Ventricles contract,

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6a, step 5

1 Blood returning 4 Ventricles contract,

AV valves open; AV valves closed;

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6a, step 6

Semilunar valves open

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6b, step 1

Semilunar valves open Semilunar valves closed

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.6b, step 2

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Right pulmonary artery Aortic arch

Right pulmonary Left atrium

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3a

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Right pulmonary artery Aortic arch

Right pulmonary Left atrium

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11.3a

• Superior and inferior venae cavae dump blood