7 - HW Rectification

Basic Electronics
18ME (Sec- I, II and III), Spring 2019
Lecture-8
Half Wave Rectification
Dr. Shoaib R. Soomro

Contents
 Introduction
 DC Supply Fundamental
 Operation of HW Rectifier
 Effect of Barrier Potential
 PIV
 Transformer Coupling
2 Dr. Shoaib R. Soomro, 2019

Introduction
 Because of their ability to conduct current in one direction and block current in the other
direction, diodes are used in circuits called rectifiers that convert ac voltage into dc voltage.
 Rectifiers are found in all dc power supplies that operate from an ac voltage source.
 A power supply is an essential part of each electronic system from the simplest to the most
complex
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Introduction
 All active electronic devices require a source of constant dc that can be supplied by a battery or
a dc power supply.
 The dc power supply converts the standard 120V ,60Hz or 220 V,50 Hz ac voltage available
into a constant dc voltage.
 The dc power supply is one of the most common circuits you will find, so it is important to
understand how it works.
 The voltage produced is used to power all types of electronic circuits including consumer
electronics (televisions, DVDs, etc.), computers, industrial controllers, and most laboratory
instrumentation systems and equipment.
 The dc voltage level required depends on the application, but most applications require
relatively low voltages.

DC Power Supply Fundamental

DC Power Supply Fundamental
 Generally the ac input line voltage is stepped down to a lower ac voltage with a transformer.
 Transformer changes ac voltages based on the turns ratio between the primary and secondary.
 If the secondary has more turns than the primary, the output voltage across the secondary will be
higher and the current will be smaller.
 If the secondary has fewer turns than the primary, the output voltage across the secondary will be
lower and the current will be higher
 The rectifier can be either a half-wave rectifier or a full-wave rectifier.
 The filter eliminates the fluctuations in the rectified voltage and produces a relatively smooth dc
voltage.
 The regulator is a circuit that maintains a constant dc voltage for variations in the input line voltage or
in the load.
 The load is a circuit or device connected to the output of the power supply and operates from the
power supply voltage and current

HW Rectifier Operation
 A diode is connected to an ac source and to a load resistor, RL, forming a half-wave rectifier.
 When the sinusoidal input voltage (Vin) goes positive, the diode is forward-biased and
conducts current through the load resistor.
 The current produces an output voltage across the load RL, which has the same shape as the
positive half-cycle of the input voltage.

 When the input voltage goes negative during the second half of its cycle, the diode is reverse-
biased. There is no current, so the voltage across the load resistor is 0 V.
 The net result is that only the positive half-cycles of the ac input voltage appear across the
load.


 The average value of the half-wave rectified output voltage is the value you would measure on
a dc voltmeter.
 Mathematically, it is determined by finding the area under the curve over a full cycle

Effect of Barrier Potential
 When the practical diode model is used with the barrier potential of 0.7 V taken into account.
 During the positive half-cycle, the input voltage must overcome the barrier potential before the
diode becomes forward-biased.
 This results in a half-wave output with a peak value that is 0.7 V less than the peak value of the
input.

Effect of Barrier Potential

Peak Inverse Voltage
 The peak inverse voltage (PIV) equals the peak value of the input voltage, and the diode must
be capable of withstanding this amount of repetitive reverse voltage.
 PIV, occurs at the peak of each negative alternation of the input voltage when the diode is
reverse-biased.

Transformer Coupling
 Transformer is often used to couple the ac input voltage from the source to the rectifier.
 Transformer coupling provides two advantages.
i. it allows the source voltage to be stepped down as needed.

ii. The ac source is electrically isolated from the rectifier, thus preventing a shock hazard in the
secondary circuit.
 The amount that the voltage is stepped down is determined by the turns ratio of the
transformer.
 Turn ratio can be defined as the number of turns in the secondary(Nsec) divided by the number
of turns in the primary (Npri).”i.e n=Nsec/Npri.
 Transformer with a turns ratio less than 1 is a step-down type and one with a turns ratio
greater than 1 is a step-up type.

Transformer Coupling
 The secondary voltage of a transformer equals the turns ratio(n) times the primary voltage.
 If n>1, secondary voltage is greater than the primary voltage.
 If n<1, secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage.
 If n=1 , then primary and secondary voltages are equal .

Half Wave Rectifier with Transformer

Example
 Determine the peak value of the output voltage for the following figure . Assume turns ratio is
0.5

Related Readings and References
 Chapter-2: Diode Applications
 Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, by Robert Boleysted, 7th Ed.
 Chapter-6
 Principles of Electronics by VK Mehta, 11th Ed.
 Lecture notes material courtesy: Engr. Amir Patoli, Electronics Engineering Department.
18 Dr. Shoaib R. Soomro, 2019

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Basic Electronics

18ME (Sec- I, II and III), Spring 2019

Half Wave Rectification

Dr. Shoaib R. Soomro

 Effect of Barrier Potential

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i. it allows the source voltage to be stepped down as needed.

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 If n>1, secondary voltage is greater than the primary voltage.

 If n<1, secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage.

 If n=1 , then primary and secondary voltages are equal .

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