Hypothesis and Variables

Hypothesis
and
Variables
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
educated guess
HOW TO STATE YOUR HYPOTHESIS?
1) null statement;
2) alternative statement
3) cause and effect statement.
Research problem
Effectof Light and

Temperature on the
Growth of Tomatoes.
What factors affect
the growth of
tomatoes?”
light and temperature.
two hypotheses are to be formulated
HOW TO STATE YOUR HYPOTHESIS?
1) null statement;
2) alternative statement
3) cause and effect statement.
Null hypothesis
 indicates the value of population parameter to be tested.

This is known as hypothesis of “no difference”. Usually, this
type of hypothesis is formulated for the sole purpose of
being rejected.
 What factors affect the growth of tomatoes?”
1. Varying light has no significant effect on the growth of
tomatoes
2. Varying temperature has no significant effect on the growth
of tomatoes.
Alternative Hypothesis
is the operational statement of the experimenter’s

research hypothesis or the prediction derived from the
theory being tested
What factors affect the growth of tomatoes?”
1. Varying light has a significant effect on the growth of

tomatoes
2. Varying temperature has a significant effect on the
growth of tomatoes.
Cause and Effect Hypothesis
reflectsthe connection of two variables of the main

subject in the study.
What factors affect the growth of tomatoes?”
1. If light is varied, then the growth of tomatoes is affected.
2. If temperature is varied, then the growth of tomatoes is

affected.
Variables
A variable is a property or quantity
that can be taken on different
values.
Effect of Light and Temperature on the Growth of
Tomatoes
(1) growth of tomatoes measured in terms of number of
leaves per plant, length of stem, number of flowers per
plant and yield per plan
(2) intensity, wavelength, frequency, and color of light;
and
(3) type of temperature and temperature in degree
Celsius.
INDEPENDENT VS. DEPENDENT VARIABLES
I. Independent variable (IV)- variable which is

manipulated such that its values are chosen and set by
the researcher. Its value is independent of the behavior
of the subject.
II. Dependent variable- variable pertains to behavior or
change in characteristic of the subjects that is recorded
during experimentation.
Effect of Light and Temperature on the Growth of Tomatoes
Independent ?
Dependent ?
Effect of Light and Temperature on the Growth of Tomatoes
Independent – light and

temperature
Dependent – growth of
tomatoes
In a study to determine whether
how long a student sleeps affects
test scores, the independent
variable is __________ while the
dependent variable is the ______.
In a study to determine whether
how long a student sleeps affects
test scores, the independent
variable is length of time spent
sleeping while the dependent
variable is the test score.
You want to compare brands of
paper towels, to see which holds the
most liquid. The independent
variable in your experiment would
be the ________. The dependent
variable would be the _________.
You want to compare brands of
paper towels, to see which holds the
most liquid. The independent
variable in your experiment would
be the brand of paper towel. The
dependent variable would be the
amount of liquid absorbed by a
paper towel.
Ifyou want to know whether
caffeine affects your appetite,
___________would be the
independent variable. ________
would be the dependent variable.
Ifyou want to know whether
caffeine affects your appetite, the
presence/absence of amount of
caffeine would be the independent
variable. How hungry you are would
be the dependent variable.
In a psychology experiment,
researchers want to discover if
listening to classical music helps
students earn better grades on a math
exam. In this example,
_______________ are the dependent
variable and the _______ is the
independent variable.
In a psychology experiment,
researchers want to discover if
listening to classical music helps
students earn better grades on a math
exam. In this example, the scores on
the math exams are the dependent
variable and the classical music is the
independent variable.
1.In a study looking at
how tutoring impacts test
scores, what is the
dependent and
independent variable?
1.D:participant
’s test score
I:tutoring
2.You want to see which type
of fertilizer helps plants grow
fastest. The experimenter
add different brands of
fertilizer to each plant and
see how tall they are.
2.D:plant height
I:type of
fertilizer
3.You want to
determine whether a
chemical is essential
for rat nutrition.
3.D:health of the rat
I:presence and
absence of the
chemical
4.If a scientist conducts an
experiment to test the theory
that a vitamin could extend a
person’s life-expectancy. This
is controlled by the
experimenting scientist.
4.D:life span
I:vitamin or
amount of vitamin
5.How well you
perform in a race
depends on your
training.
5.D:race
performance
I:training
6.How much you
weigh depends on
your diet
6.D:weight
I:diet
7.How much you
earn depends
upon the number
of hours you work
7.D:amount earned
I:number of
working hours
8.You are interested
in how stress affects
heart rate in humans
8.D:heart rate
I:stress
9.Perform an experiment
where you will examine a
person’s ability to throw a
ball when they haven’t
eaten for specific period of
time.
9.D:ability to
throw a ball
I:hunger
In an experiment to test how
the amount of sunlight affects
the growth of radishes. The
independent variable is the
amount of sunlight each plant
receives.
In an experiment to test how
the amount of sunlight affects
the growth of radishes. The
independent variable is the
amount of sunlight each plant
receives.
In an experiment to test the
effect a gasoline additive has
on gas mileage in a car, the
amount of additive per gallon is
the independent variable.
effect of eating carbohydrates
on weight loss, the amount of
carbohydrates eaten daily is
the independent variable.
effect of sleep deprivation on
student test scores, the amount
of sleep a student would get
nightly is the independent
variable.
effect an insecticide has on
keeping earwigs out of the
house, the independent
variable is the type of
insecticide used.
2 kinds of group in an experiment
Experimental group
Control group
2 kinds of group in an experiment
Experimental group- one group of

subjects that is exposed to a
certain treatment.
Control group – exposed to the
absence of the treatment
Quantitative Variables and
Qualitative Variables
Quantitative Variables and Qualitative
Variables
1. Quantitative variable can take

values corresponding to the points on a
real line
2. Qualitative variable are variables
that are not numerical.
Levels of measurement of variables
 Nominal scale
 Ordinal scale
 Interval scale
 Ratio scale
Nominal Scale
 lowest level of measurement. It simply defines groups of the subjects.

 Temperature levels
 Gender
 Tomato variety
Ordinal Scale
 The values of the variable in this scale are not given different names but they
are also arranged according to the amount or quantity of the attribute or
characteristic of the subjects.
 Levels of intensity
 Size of shirt
Interval Scale
 Equal differences between the values of the measurements obtained for the
subjects would mean equal differences in the amount of property or attributes
the subject possesses.
 the difference between 20°C and 25°C is the name as the difference be-tween
25°C and 30°C.
Ratio Scale
 the zero point in this scale indicated the absence of quantity being measured.
 zero point in the ratio scale of Kelvin temperature scale indicates the tempera-
ture at which heat is absolutely absent in a body. Nothing is colder than this
temper-ature.

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Hypothesis and Variables

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Hypothesis

Effectof Light and

 indicates the value of population parameter to be tested.

is the operational statement of the experimenter’s

1. Varying light has a significant effect on the growth of

reflectsthe connection of two variables of the main

1. If light is varied, then the growth of tomatoes is affected.

2. If temperature is varied, then the growth of tomatoes is

I. Independent variable (IV)- variable which is

Independent – light and

Experimental group- one group of

1. Quantitative variable can take

 lowest level of measurement. It simply defines groups of the subjects.

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