CHAPTER 2:

Kinematics of linear
motion
(5 hours)

SF017 1
Learning Outcome:

2.1 Linear Motion (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Define distance, displacement, speed, velocity,
acceleration and related parameters: uniform
velocity, average velocity, instantaneous velocity,
uniform acceleration, average acceleration and
instantaneous acceleration.
 Sketch graphs of displacement-time, velocity-time
and acceleration-time.

SF017 2
2.0 Kinematics of Linear motion
 is defined as the studies of motion of an objects without
considering the effects that produce the motion.
 There are two types of motion:
 Linear or straight line motion (1-D)
 with constant (uniform) velocity

 with constant (uniform) acceleration, e.g. free fall

motion
 Projectile motion (2-D)
 x-component (horizontal)

 y-component (vertical)

SF017 3
2.1. Linear motion (1-D)

2.1.1. Distance, d
 scalar quantity.
 is defined as the length of actual path between two
points.
points
 For example :
Q

 The length of the path from P to Q is 25 cm.

SF017 4
 
2.1.2 Displacement,
s

 vector quantity
 is defined as the distance between initial
point and final point in a straight line.
line
 The S.I. unit of displacement is metre (m).

SF017 5
2.1.2 Displacement, s

Example 1:
An object P moves 20 m to the
east after that 10 m to the south
and finally moves 30 m to west.
Determine the displacement of P
relative to the original position.

SF017 6
Solution example 1
N

W O 20 m
E

10 m

P 10 m 20 m

S
The magnitude of the displacement is given by
2 2
OP  10  10  14.1 m
SF017 7
Solution example 1
 and its direction is

 10 
1 
θ  tan    45
 10 
or to the south-west

SF017 8
2.1.3 Speed , v

is defined the rate of change of distance.

distance
 scalar quantity.
 Equation:

change of distance
speed 
time interval
or
Δd
v
Δt

SF017 9
 
2.1.4 Velocity,
v
 is a vector quantity.
 The S.I. unit for velocity is m s-1.

Average velocity, vav

 is defined as the rate of change of displacement.
displacement
 Equation:

change of displacement
vav  or
time interval
 Its direction is in the same direction of the change in displacement.
displacement
s2  s1 Δs
vav  vav 
t 2  t1 Δt

SF017 10
2.1.4 Velocity,
Instantaneous velocity, v
 is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of
displacement.
displacement
 Equation: limit s
v
t  0 t
ds
v
dt
 An object is moving in uniform velocity if
ds
 constant
dt
SF017 11
2.1.4 Velocity,

Displacement,s - time,t graph

s
Q

The gradient of the tangent to the

s1 curve at point Q
= the instantaneous velocity at time,
t = t1

0 t1 t
 Therefore Gradient of s-t graph = velocity

SF017 12
 
2.1.5 Acceleration, a
 vector quantity
 The S.I. unit for acceleration is m s -2.

Average acceleration, aav

 is defined as the rate of change of velocity.
velocity
 Equation:
change of velocity
aav 
time interval
v2  v1 Δv
aav  or a 
t 2  t1 av
Δt

SF017 13
 
2.1.5 Acceleration, a

 Its direction is in the same direction of

motion.
motion
 The acceleration of an object is uniform when
the magnitude of velocity changes at a
constant rate and along fixed direction.

SF017 14
 
2.1.5 Acceleration, a
Instantaneous acceleration, a
 is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of
velocity.
velocity
 Equation: limit v
a
t  0 t
dv d 2 s
a  2
dt dt
 An object is moving in uniform acceleration if
dv
 constant
dt
SF017 15
 
2.1.5 Acceleration, a

Deceleration, a
 is a negative acceleration.
acceleration
 The object is slowing down meaning the
speed of the object decreases with time.
time

SF017 16
 
2.1.5 Acceleration, a
Velocity,v-timet graph
v
The gradient of the tangent
to the curve at point Q is the
instantaneous acceleration
Q at time, t = t1
v1

0 t1 t

Therefore,
Gradient of v-t graph = acceleration

SF017 17
2.1.6 Graphical methods
Displacement against time graph (s-t)
(a) Uniform velocity

Gradient = constant
0 t

SF017 18
2.1.6 Graphical methods
(b) The velocity increases with time

Gradient increases with

time

0 t

SF017 19
2.1.6 Graphical methods

(c) s
Q
Gradient at point R is negative.
R
P
The direction of
Gradient at point Q is zero.
velocity is changing.

The velocity is zero.

0 t

SF017 20
2.1.6 Graphical methods
Velocity versus time graph (v-t)
v v Uniform
acceleration
Uniform velocity

0 t1 (a) t2 t 0 t1 t
(b) t2

Area under the v-t graph = displacement

SF017 21
2.1.6 Graphical methods

v B
C

A Area under the v-t graph = displacement

0 t1 t2 (c) t

•The gradient at point A is positive – a > 0(speeding up)

•The gradient at point B is zero – a= 0
•The gradient at point C is negative – a < 0(slowing down)

SF017 22
2.1.6 Graphical methods
 From the equation of instantaneous velocity,
ds
v
dt
 ds   vdt
Therefore t2
s   vdt


t1
s  shaded area under the v  t graph
Simulation 2.1 Simulation 2.2 Simulation 2.3

SF017 23
 Example 2 :
A toy train moves slowly along a straight track according to the
displacement, s against time, t graph in figure 2.1.
s (cm)
10
8
6
4
2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s)
Figure 2.1
a. Explain qualitatively the motion of the toy train.
b. Sketch a velocity (cm s-1) against time (s) graph.
c. Determine the average velocity for the whole journey.
d. Calculate the instantaneous velocity at t = 12 s.
SF017 24
Solution example 2
a. 0 to 6 s :The train moves at a constant
velocity of 0.68 cm s1.
6 to 10 s :The train stops.
10 to 14 s :The train moves in the same
direction at a constant velocity of 1.50cms 1.
v (cm s1)
b.
1.50

0.68

SF017
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 t (s) 25
Solution example 2
c. s2  s1
vav 
t 2  t1
10  0
vav 
14  0
vav  0.714 cm s 1

d. v  average velocity from 10 s to 14 s

s2  s1
v
t 2  t1
v  1.50 cm s 1
SF017 26
 Example 3 :
A velocity-time (v-t) graph in figure 2.2 shows the motion of a lift.
v (m s1)

4
2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t (s)
-2
-4
Figure 2.2
a. Describe qualitatively the motion of the lift.
b. Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s-1) against time (s).
c. Determine the total distance travelled by the lift and its
displacement.
d. Calculate the average acceleration between 20 s to 40 s.
SF017 27
Solution example 3
a. 0 to 5 s : Lift moves upward from rest with a constant
acceleration of 0.4 m s2.
5 to 15 s : The velocity of the lift increases from 2 m s1 to
4 m s1 but the acceleration decreasing to
0.2 m s2.
15 to 20 s : Lift moving with constant velocity of 4 m s1.
20 to 25 s : Lift decelerates at a constant rate of 0.8 m s2.
25 to 30 s : Lift at rest or stationary.
30 to 35 s : Lift moves downward with a constant acceleration
of 0.8 m s2.
35 to 40 s : Lift moving downward with constant velocity
of 4 m s1.
40 to 50 s : Lift decelerates at a constant rate of 0.4 m s2
and comes to rest.

SF017 28
Solution example 3
b. a (m s )
2

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t (s)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

SF017 29
 c. i. v (m
s1)
4
2 A2 A3
A1
0
5 10 15 2 25 30 35A440 45 50 t (s)
-2 A5
0
-4

Total distance  area under the graph of v-t

 A1  A 2  A 3  A 4  A 5
Total distance  115 m

SF017 30
Solution example 3
c. ii.
Displacement  area under the graph of v-t
 A1  A 2  A 3  A 4  A 5
Displacement  15 m
d. v2  v1
aav 
t 2  t1
44
aav 
40  20
aav  0.4 m s 2
SF017 31
 Exercise 2.1 :
1. Figure 2.3 shows a velocity versus time graph for an object
constrained to move along a line. The positive direction is to
the right.

Figure 2.3
a. Describe the motion of the object in 10 s.
b. Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s-2) against time (s) for
the whole journey.
c. Calculate the displacement of the object in 10 s.
SF017ANS. : 6 m 32
Exercise 2.1 :
2. A train pulls out of a station and accelerates steadily for
20 s until its velocity reaches 8 m s1. It then travels at a
constant velocity for 100 s, then it decelerates steadily
to rest in a further time of 30 s.
a. Sketch a velocity-time graph for the journey.
b. Calculate the acceleration and the distance
travelled in each part of the journey.
c. Calculate the average velocity for the journey.
Physics For Advanced Level, 4th edition, Jim Breithaupt, Nelson
Thornes, pg.15, no. 1.11
ANS. : 0.4 m s2,0 m s2,-0.267 m s2, 80 m, 800 m, 120 m;
6.67 m s1.

SF017 33
Learning Outcome:
2.2 Uniformly accelerated motion (1 hour)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Derive and apply equations of motion with
uniform acceleration:

v  u  at
1 2
s  ut  at
2
2 2
v  u  2as

SF017 34
2.2. Uniformly accelerated motion

 From the definition of average acceleration, uniform

(constant)
constant acceleration is given by
v u
a
t
v  u  at (1)

where v : final velocity

u : initial velocity
a : uniform (constant) acceleration
t : time

SF017 35
2.2. Uniformly accelerated motion
 From equation (1), the velocity-time graph is shown in
figure 2.4: velocity

u
Figure 2.4
t time
0
 From the graph,
The displacement after time, s = shaded area under the
graph (trapezium)
Hence, 1
s u  v t
2
(2)
SF017 36
2.2. Uniformly accelerated motion
 By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2) thus
1
s  u  u  at t
2
1 2
s  ut  at (3)
2

SF017 37
2.2. Uniformly accelerated motion

•From eq. (1), v  u   at

multiply
2s
•From eq. (2), v  u  
t

 2s 
v  u v  u    at 
 t 

2 2
v  u  2as (4)

SF017 38
2.2. Uniformly accelerated motion
 Notes:
 equations (1) – (4) can be used if the motion in a
straight line with constant acceleration.
 For a body moving at constant velocity, ( a = 0) the
equations (1) and (4) become
vu
Therefore the equations (2) and (3) can be written
as
s  vt constant velocity

SF017 39
 Example 4 :

A plane on a runway takes 16.2 s over a

distance of 1200 m to take off from rest.
Assuming constant acceleration during
take off, calculate
a. the speed on leaving the ground,
b. the acceleration during take off.

SF017 40
 Solution example 4 :

a) a ?

s  1200 m
u0 t  16.2 s v?
1
s  u  v t
2
1
1200  0  v 16.2  v  148 m s 1
2

SF017 41
 Solution example 4 :
b. By using the equation of linear motion,
v 2  u 2  2as
1482  0  2a1200
a  9.13 m s 2
OR
1 2
s  ut  at
2
1
1200  0  a16.2 
2

2
2
a  9.14 m s

SF017 42
 Example 5 :

A bus travelling steadily at 30 m s1 along a straight road

passes a stationary car which, 5 s later, begins to move
with a uniform acceleration of 2 m s 2 in the same
direction as the bus. Determine
a. the time taken for the car to acquire the same
velocity as the bus,
b. the distance travelled by the car when it is level
with the bus.

SF017 43
Solution example 5 :
vb  30 m s 1  constant ; uc  0; ac  2 ms 2

a) vc  vb  30 m s 1

vc  u c  a c t c

30  0  2 tc

tc  15 s

SF017 44
Solution example 5 :
b) vb  30 m s 1 vb vb
b b b
a c  2 m s 2
c uc  0 c
tb  0 s tb  5 s tb  t
s c  sb
From the diagram, Therefore
tb  t ; t c  t  5
s c  sb sc  vb t
1 2
uc tc  ac tc  vbtb sc  3039.4
2 sc  1183 m
1
0  2 t  5  30t
2

2
SF017
t  39.4 s 45
 Example 6 :
A particle moves along horizontal line according to the
equation
3 2
s  3t  4t  2t
Where s is displacement in meters and t is time in
seconds.
At time, t =2.00 s, determine
a. the displacement of the particle,
b. Its velocity, and
c. Its acceleration.

SF017 46
Solution example 6 :

a. t  2.0s, s  3t 3  4t 2  2t
s  3 2.00  4 2.00  22.00
   
3 2

s  12.0 m

SF017 47
Solution example 6 :
b. Instantaneous velocity at t = 2.00 s,
ds
Use v
dt
v
d 3
dt
3t  4t 2  2t 
v  9t 2  8t  2

v  92.00  82.00  2
2
Thus

v  22.0 m s 1

SF017 48
Solution example 6 :
c. Instantaneous acceleration at t = 2.00 s,
dv
Use a 
dt
a
d
dt

9t 2  8t  2 
a  18t  8
a  182.00  8
Hence
a  28.0 m s 2

SF017 49
Exercise 2.2 :

1. A speedboat moving at 30.0 m s -1 approaches

stationary buoy marker 100 m ahead. The pilot slows
the boat with a constant acceleration of -3.50 m s -2
by reducing the throttle.
a. How long does it take the boat to reach the buoy?
b. What is the velocity of the boat when it reaches
the buoy?
No. 23,pg. 51,Physics for scientists and engineers with modern
physics, Serway & Jewett,6th edition.
ANS. : 4.53 s; 14.1 m s1

SF017 50
 Exercise 2.2 :
2. An unmarked police car travelling a constant 95 km
h-1 is passed by a speeder traveling 140 km h -1.
Precisely 1.00 s after the speeder passes, the
policemen steps on the accelerator; if the police car’s
acceleration is 2.00 m s-2, how much time passes
before the police car overtakes the speeder
(assumed moving at constant speed)?
No. 44, pg. 41,Physics for scientists and engineers with modern
physics, Douglas C. Giancoli,3rd edition.
ANS. : 14.4 s

SF017 51
 Exercise 2.2 :

3. A car traveling 90 km h-1 is 100 m behind a truck

traveling 75 km h-1. Assuming both vehicles moving
at constant velocity, calculate the time taken for the
car to reach the truck.
No. 15, pg. 39,Physics for scientists and engineers with modern
physics, Douglas C. Giancoli,3rd edition.
ANS. : 24 s

SF017 52
 Exercise 2.2 :
4. A car driver, travelling in his car at a constant
velocity of 8 m s-1, sees a dog walking across the
road 30 m ahead. The driver’s reaction time is 0.2 s,
and the brakes are capable of producing a
deceleration of 1.2 m s-2. Calculate the distance from
where the car stops to where the dog is crossing,
assuming the driver reacts and brakes as quickly as
possible.
ANS. : 1.73 m

SF017 53
Learning Outcome:

2.3 Freely falling bodies (1 hour)

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Describe and use equations for freely falling
bodies.
 For upward and downward motion, use
a = g = 9.81 m s2

SF017 54
2.3. Freely falling bodies
 is defined as the vertical motion of a body at constant
acceleration, g under gravitational field without air
resistance.
 In the earth’s gravitational field, the constant acceleration
 known as acceleration due to gravity or free-fall
acceleration or gravitational acceleration.
acceleration
 the value is g = 9.81 m s2

 the direction is towards the centre of the earth

(downward).
 Note:
 In solving any problem involves freely falling bodies or free
fall motion, the assumption made is ignore the air
resistance.
resistance

SF017 55
2.3. Freely falling bodies
 Sign convention:

From the sign convention

+ thus,

- + a  g

SF017 56
2.3. Freely falling bodies

 Table 2.1 shows the equations of linear motion and

freely falling bodies.
Freely falling
Linear motion
bodies
v  u  at v  u  gt
2 2
v  u  2 as v 2  u 2  2 gs
1 2 1 2
s  ut  at s  ut  gt
2 2
Table 2.1

SF017 57
2.3. Freely falling bodies
 An example of freely falling body is the motion of a ball
thrown vertically upwards with initial velocity, u as
shown in figure 2.5.

velocity = 0

vu
H
v
u

Figure 2.5

SF017 58
2.3. Freely falling bodies

 Assuming air resistance is negligible, the acceleration

of the ball, a = g when the ball moves upward and its
velocity decreases to zero when the ball reaches
the maximum height, H.

SF017 59
2.3. Freely falling bodies
s
H v =0
 The graphs in figure 2.6 show the
motion of the ball moves up and
down.
Derivation of equations
0 t
 At the maximum height or
v t1 2t1
displacement, H where t = t1, its
u
velocity,
v0
0 t1 t
2t1
 hence
v  u  gt
u
0  u  gt1
a
therefore the time taken for the ball
reaches H, 0 t1 t
u 2t1
t1 
g
Simulation
SF017 2.4 60
Figure 2.6 g
2.3. Freely falling bodies
 To calculate the maximum height or displacement, H:
use either 1 2
s  ut  gt
1 1
2
OR Where s =H
v 2  u 2  2 gs
0  u 2  2 gH
maximum height,
2
u
H
2g
SF017 61
2.3. Freely falling bodies
 Another form of freely falling bodies expressions are

v  u  gt v y  u y  gt
v 2  u 2  2 gs v y2  u y2  2 gs y
1 2 1 2
s  ut  gt s y  u y t  gt
2 2

SF017 62
 Example 7 :
A ball is thrown from the top of a building is given an initial
velocity of 10.0 m s1 straight upward. The building is 30.0
m high and the ball just misses the edge of the roof on itsB
way down, as shown in figure 2.7. Calculate
a. the maximum height of the stone from point A.
b. the time taken from point A to C.
u =10.0 m s1
A C
c. the time taken from point A to D.
d. the velocity of the stone when it reaches point D.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
30.0 m

Figure 2.7 63
SF017
D
 Solution example 7 :
B a. At the maximum height, H, vy = 0 and u = uy = 10.0 m
s1 thus v 2  u 2  2 gs
y y y

0  10.0  29.81H
2
u
A C
H  5.10 m

b. From point A to C, the vertical displacement, sy= 0 m

thus 1 2
30.0 m s y  u yt  gt
2
1
0  10.0t  9.81t 2
2
D
t  2.03 s
SF017 64
 Solution example 7 :
B c. From point A to D, the vertical displacement, sy= 30.0
1 2
m thus s y  u y t  gt
2 1
u  30.0  10.0t  9.81t 2
A C 2
4.91t 2  10.0t  30.0  0
a b c
2
 b  b  4ac
30.0 m t
2a Time don’t
By using t  3.69 s OR  1.66 s have
negative
D value.

SF017 65
 Solution example 7 :
B d. Time taken from A to D is t = 3.69 s thus
v y  u y  gt
v y  10.0  9.813.69
u
1
A C v y  26.2 m s
OR
From A to D, sy = 30.0 m
2 2
v y  u y  2 gs y
30.0 m
v y  10.0  29.81 30.0
2 2

1
v y  26.2 m s
1
D v
Therefore the ball’s velocity at D is, y
 26.2 m s
SF017 66
Example 8 :

A book is dropped 150 m from the ground. Determine

a. the time taken for the book reaches the ground.
b. the velocity of the book when it reaches the ground.
(given g = 9.81 m s-2)

SF017 67
Solution example 8 :

a. The vertical displacement:

uy = 0 m s1 sy = 150 m
s y  150 m Hence
150 m
1 2
s y  u y t  gt
2
1
 150  0  9.81t 2
2
t  5.53 s

SF017 68
Solution example 8 :
b. The book’s velocity is given by
v y  u y  gt
uy  0
v y  0  9.815.53
v y  54.2 m s 1
OR
s y  150 m 2 2
v y  u y  2 gs y
v y  ? v y  0  29.81 150
2

v y  54.2 m s 1

Therefore the book’s velocity is, v y  54.2 m s 1

SF017 69
Exercise 2.3 :

1. A ball is thrown directly downward, with an initial

speed of 8.00 m s1, from a height of 30.0 m.
Calculate
a. the time taken for the ball to strike the ground,
b. the ball’s speed when it reaches the ground.
ANS. : 1.79 s; 25.6 m s1

SF017 70
 Exercise 2.3 :
2. A falling stone takes 0.30 s to travel past a window
2.2 m tall as shown in figure 2.8.

to travel this
2.2 m
distance took
0.30 s

Figure 2.8

From what height above the top of the windows did

the stone fall?
ANS. : 1.75 m

SF017 71
Learning Outcome:
2.4 Projectile motion (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Describe and use equations for projectile,
u x  u cos θ
u y  u sin θ
ax  0
ay  g

 Calculate: time of flight, maximum height,

range and maximum range, instantaneous
position and velocity.

SF017 72
 2.4. Projectile motion

 A projectile motion consists of two components:

 vertical component (y-comp.)

 motion under constant acceleration,

ay= g
 horizontal component (x-comp.)
 motion with constant velocity thus a = 0
x

SF017 73
2.4. Projectile motion

 The path followed by a projectile is called trajectory is

shown
y in figure 2.9.

B
v1y v1 v
P 1
Q v
v1x 2x
sy=H v2y 2
u v2
uy
A  C
x
Figure 2.9 ux t1 sx= R t2

Simulation 2.5
SF017 74
2.4. Projectile motion
 From figure 2.9,
 The x-component of velocity along AC
(horizontal) at any point is constant,

u x  u cos θ

 The y-component (vertical) of velocity varies

from one point to another point along AC.
but the y-component of the initial velocity is given
by
u y  u sin θ

SF017 75
2.4. Projectile motion
 Table 2.2 shows the x and y-components, magnitude
and direction of velocities at points P and Q.

Velocity Point P Point Q

x-comp. v1 x  u x  u cos θ v2 x  u x  u cos θ
y-comp. v1 y  u y  gt1 v2 y  u y  gt 2
magnitud
e
v1  v1x 2
 
 v1 y
2
v2  v2 x  2
 
 v2 y
2

v
1  1 y
 v2 y 
1 
direction θ1  tan   θ2  tan  
 v1 x   v2 x 
Table 2.2

SF017 76
 2.4.1 Maximum height, H
 The ball reaches the highest point at point B at
velocity, v where
 x-component of the velocity, v  v  u  u cos θ
x x
 y-component of the velocity, v  0
y
 y-component of the displacement, s  H
y
2 2
 Use v  u  2 gs y
y y

0  u sin    2 gH
2

2 2
u sin 
H
2g
SF017 77
2.4.2 Time taken to reach maximum height, t’

 At maximum height, H
 Time, t = t’ and vy= 0
 Use
v y  u y  gt
u sin 
0  u sin    gt ' t ' 
g

SF017 78
2.4.3 Flight time, t (from point A to point C)

t  2t '

2u sin θ
t 
g

SF017 79
2.4.4 Horizontal range, R and value of R
maximum
 Since the x-component for velocity along AC is constant
hence u x  v x  u cos 

 From the displacement formula with uniform velocity, thus the

x-component of displacement along AC is
sx  u xt and sx  R
R  u cos  t 
 2u sin  
R  u cos   
2  g 
u
R  2 sin  cos  
g
SF017 80
2.4.4 Horizontal range, R and value of R
maximum
 From the trigonometry identity,
sin 2  2 sin  cos 
thus
2
u
R  sin 2
g
 The value of R maximum when  = 45 and sin 2 = 1
therefore 2
u
Rmax 
g Simulation 2.6

SF017 81
 2.4.5 Horizontal projectile
 Figure 2.10 shows a ball bearing rolling off the end of a
table with an initial velocity, u in the horizontal
direction.
u u

vx
vy v
h

A B
x
Figure 2.10

Simulation 2.7
SF017 82
2.4.5 Horizontal projectile
 Horizontal component along path AB.
velocity, u x  u  v x  constant
displacement, s x  x
 Vertical component along path AB.

initial velocity, u y  0

displacement, s y   h

SF017 83
2.4.5 Horizontal projectile
Time taken for the ball to reach the floor (point B), t
 By using the equation of freely falling bodies,
1 2
s y  u y t  gt
2
1 2
h0 gt
2
2h
t 
g

Horizontal displacement, x
Figure 2.11
 Use condition below :
The time taken for the The time taken for the
ball free fall to point A
= ball to reach point B

SF017 (Refer to figure 2.11) 84

2.4.5 Horizontal projectile
 Since the x-component of velocity along AB is
constant, thus the horizontal displacement, x

sx  u xt and sx  x

 2h 
x  u 
 g 
 

 Note :
 In solving any calculation problem about projectile
motion, the air resistance is negligible.
negligible
SF017 85
Example 9 :
y

H
u

 = 60.0 P v1x
Figure 2.12 O x
R
Figure 2.12 shows a ball thrown by superman with an v1y v1 v2x
initial speed, u = 200 m s-1 and makes an angle,  = Q
60.0 to the horizontal. Determine
a. the position of the ball, and the magnitude and v2y v2
direction of its velocity, when t = 2.0 s.

SF017 86
Example 9 :
b. the time taken for the ball reaches the maximum
height, H and
calculate the value of H.
c. the horizontal range, R
d. the magnitude and direction of its velocity when the
ball reaches the ground (point P).
e. the position of the ball, and the magnitude and
direction of its velocity at point Q if the ball was hit from
a flat-topped hill with the time at point Q is 45.0 s.
(given g = 9.81 m s-2)

SF017 87
Solution example 9
The component of Initial velocity :
u x  200 cos 60.0  100 m s 1 and u y  200 sin 60.0  173 m s 1
a. i. position of the ball when t = 2.0 s ,
Horizontal component :
sx  u xt
s x  200 m from point O
Vertical component :
1 2
s y  u y t  gt
2
s y  326 m above the ground
therefore the position of the ball is (200 m, 326 m)
SF017 88
Solution example 9
a. ii. magnitude and direction of ball’s velocity at t = 2.0 s ,
Horizontal component : 1
v x  u x  100 m s
Vertical component : v y  u y  gt
v y  173  9.812.00 
1
v y  153 m s
v  v x2  v 2y  100  153
2 2
Magnitude,

v  183 m s 1
Direction, v
1  y  1  153 
θ  tan    tan  
 vx   100 
SF017 θ  56.8from positive x-axis anticlockwise 89
Solution example 9
b. i. At the maximum height, H :
vy  0
Thus the time taken to reach maximum height is
given by
v y  u y  gt
0  173  9.81t
t  17.6 s
1
s y  u y t  gt
2
1
H  17317.6  9.8117.6
2
ii. Apply
2
H  1525 m
SF017 90
Solution example 9
c. Flight time = 2(the time taken to reach the maximum
height)
t  217.6 
t  35.2 s
Hence the horizontal range, R is
sx  u xt
R  100 35.2 
R  3520 m

SF017 91
Solution example 9
d. When the ball reaches point P thus sy  0
The velocity of the ball at point P,
Horizontal component:
v1x  u x  100 m s 1

Vertical component:
v1 y  u y  gt
v1 y  173  9.8135.2
v1 y  172 m s 1

SF017 92
Solution example 9
Magnitude,
2
v1  v  v 
1x
2
1y 100   172
2 2

1
v1  200 m s
Direction,  v1 y  1   172 
θ  tan    tan 
1

 v1x   100 
θ  60.0
therefore the direction of ball’s velocity is

θ  300 from positive x-axis anticlockwise

SF017 93
Solution example 9

e. The time taken from point O to Q is 45.0 s.

i. position of the ball when t = 45.0 s,
Horizontal component :

sx  u xt
s x  10045.0
s x  4500 m from point O

SF017 94
Solution example 9
Vertical component : 1 2
s y  u y t  gt
2
1
s y  17345.0  9.8145.0
2

2
s y  2148 m below the ground
therefore the position of the ball is (4500 m, 2148 m)
e. ii.magnitude and direction of ball’s velocity at t = 45.0
s,
1
Horizontal component : v2 x  u x  100 m s
v2 y  u y  gt
Vertical component :
v2 y  173  9.8145.0
SF017
v2 y  269 m s 1 95
Solution example 9
2 2
Magnitude, v2  v  v 2x 2y

v2  100   269
2 2

1
v2  287 m s
Direction,
 v2 y 
θ  tan 1

 v2 x 
θ  69.6
therefore the direction of ball’s velocity is

θ  290 from positive x-axis anticlockwise

SF017 96
 Example 10 :

A transport plane travelling at a constant velocity of 50 m

s1 at an altitude of 300 m releases a parcel when directly
above a point X on level ground. Calculate
a. the flight time of the parcel,
b. the velocity of impact of the parcel,
c. the distance from X to the point of impact.
(given g = 9.81 m s-2)

SF017 97
Solution example 10 :

u  50 m s 1

300 m

X
d
The parcel’s velocity = plane’s velocity
u  50 m s 1
thus

u x  u  50 m s 1 and u y  0 m s 1
SF017 98
Solution example 10 :
a. The vertical displacement is given by

s y  300 m

Thus the flight time of the parcel is

1 2
s y  u y t  gt
12
 300  0  9.81t 2
2
t  7.82 s

SF017 99
Solution example 10 :
b. The components of velocity of impact of the parcel:
Horizontal component:
1
v x  u x  50 m s

Vertical component:

v y  u y  gt
v y  0  9.817.82
1
v y  76.7 m s

SF017 100
Solution example 10 :

Magnitude, v  v v  2
x
2
y 50   76.7 
2 2

v  91.6 m s 1
Direction,
 vy  1   76.7 
θ  tan    tan 
1

 vx   50 

θ  56.9
therefore the direction of parcel’s velocity is
from positive x-axis anticlockwise
θ  303

SF017 101
Solution example 10 :
c. Let the distance from X to the point of impact is d.
Thus the distance, d is given by
s x  u xt
d  507.82 
d  391 m

SF017 102
 Exercise 2.4 :
Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s 2
1. A basketball player who is 2.00 m tall is standing on the
floor 10.0 m from the basket, as in figure 2.13. If he shoots
the ball at a 40.0 angle above the horizontal, at what initial
speed must he throw so that it goes through the hoop
without striking the backboard? The basket height is 3.05
m.

Figure 2.13
SF017 103
ANS. : 10.7 m s1
 Exercise 2.4 :
2. An apple is thrown at an angle of 30 above the
horizontal from the top of a building 20 m high. Its
initial speed is 40 m s1. Calculate
a. the time taken for the apple to strikes the
ground,
b. the distance from the foot of the building will it
strikes the ground,
c. the maximum height reached by the apple
from the ground.
ANS. : 4.90 s; 170 m; 40.4 m

SF017 104
 Exercise 2.4 :
3. A stone is thrown from the top of one building toward
a tall building 50 m away. The initial velocity of the
ball is 20 m s1 at 40 above the horizontal. How far
above or below its original level will the stone strike
the opposite wall?
ANS. : 10.3 m below the original level.

SF017 105
 THE END…
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 3 :
Force, Momentum and Impulse

SF017
PREPARED BY:AIN 106