Topik 3 - Geometry of Aerial Photo
Topik 3 - Geometry of Aerial Photo
Topik 3 - Geometry of Aerial Photo
GEOMETRY OF
AERIAL PHOTO &
TILTED AERIAL
PHOTO
PREPARED BY:
PN. KHALILAH BINTI MUHAMAD
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Lesson Objectives:
Objectives:
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1) Vertical aerial Photo
- Vertical aerial : Photographs are taken with the camera
optical axis completely or nearly vertical in the plane (in line with the
vertical axis).
Negative
Camera
Lens Direction of
Camera Axis flight
Vertical
Ground Datum
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2) Tilted Photographs
-Unavoidable aircraft tilts cause photographs to be
exposed with the camera axis tilted slightly from
vertical and the resulting pictures are called tilted
photographs.
Direction of flight
Ground Datum
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3) Principal Point (p)
Principle
point
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4) Focal length (c) or (f)
S = ab = f
S=
AB H
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5) Exposure Station
Exposure Station
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6) Air Base (B)
Camera
Air Air
Air Base
ground
Air Base
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7) Center of Perspective (o)
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Negative Plane
Center of Perspective
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8) Flying Height ,Z or H
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negative
negative
positive
positive
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9) RELIEF DISPLACEMENT
i) Displacement is the radial distance between where an
object appears in an image to where it actually should be
according to a planimetric coordinate system.
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Formula for Relief Displacement :
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Relief Displacement for tilted photo
ra ph
o tog
Ph
i l ted
T
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RELIeF Displacement fot Tilted Photograph
h
i l ted grap
T oto
Ph
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3.2.4 : Calculate relief displacement
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3.1.2 Explain the principles and characteristics of
perspective projection
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3.1.2: PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
References:
http://www.perspectiveprojection.com/perspective-princples.php
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3.1.2: PERSPECTIVE PROJECTION
a) The projection rays from the ground surfaces pass
and focus through the perspective centre of lenses
before forming images at the negative.
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3.1.3: ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION
a)Projected on a plane surface of the projection
rays occurred 90 º to the plane of vertical and
horizontal projection of the earth.
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……CONTINUE
Projection Plane
Earth
Topography
Datum Plane
Negative Plane
Center of
Perspective
Projection Plane
(positive)
Earth
Topography
Datum Plane
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Projections
Differences
Orthogonal Perspective
The projection rays from The projection rays from the
the ground surfaces is ground surfaces pass and
perpendicular to the focus through the perspective
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plane of projection and centre of lenses before
the earth’s flat surface. forming images at the
negative..
The scale is constant The photo scale is not
2. through out the map constant through out the
photo
Map are the product of Photo is the product of this
this projection where projection where the image
the points are at their positions are not at their
3.
correct positions and correct positions and are not
are relative to each relative to each other
other
3.2 Calculate scale for vertical and tilted aerial
photo
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3.3.1 : Photo Scale
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Map Scale
Map scale is ordinarily interpreted as the ratio of a map
distance to the corresponding distance on the ground.
Formula
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FORMULA for Calculation:
Photo Scale =
C
Z-hA
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Formula of relief displacement
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Formula of relief displacement
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3.3 Explain the tilted photo and the rotation of
omega, phi and kappa.
3.3.1 Explain tilted photo
3.3.2 Explain the rotation of omega, phi and kappa
3.3.3 Calculate the translation of X,Y,Z axis
3.3.4 Calculate the Euler rotation matrix
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3.3.1 Explain tilted photo
Aircraft tilts cause photographs to be exposed with the camera axis
tilted slightly from vertical and the resulting pictures are called tilted
photographs.
Angular orientation is the amount and direction of tilt in the photo are
describe omega – phi – kappa.
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Figure 2: Illustrates a tilted photo in
space
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Figure 2: Illustrates a tilted photo in space
Diagram ..
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3.3.2 Explain the rotation of omega, phi and kappa
1.2 Rotation Parameter
(a) Omega Rotation (ω)
x’ axis will change
- y’ axis to y omega
- z’ axis to z omega
(b) Phi Rotation (φ)
y omega axis will change
- x’ axis to x omega phi
- z omega axis to z omega phi
(c) Kappa Rotation (ĸ)
z omega phi axis will change
- x omega phi axis to x omega phi kappa
- y omega to y omega phi kappa
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Figure 3: Rotation parameter
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3.3.4 Calculate the Euler rotation matrix
This rotation will be done using a 3*3 matrix that does not modify the X values.
Similar matrices are used to rotate around Y and Z (then the Y (or Z) row and
column values are set to 0 except the diagonal that is 1)
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Now, if you want the rotation matrix (Euler angle) you need to multiply
the 3 individual rotation matrices in the good order. omegaphikappa
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Exercise:
QUESTION 1:
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Exercise:
QUESTION 2:
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Exercise:
QUESTION 3:
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Exercise:
QUESTION 4:
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Exercise:
QUESTION 5:
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Exercise:
QUESTION 6:
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Exercise:
Solution (QUESTION 6):
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