Describing Chemical

Reactions
Structure of an Equation

 All chemical equations have a common

structure.
 A chemical equation tells you the substances
you start with in a reaction and the substances
you get at the end.
 The substances you have at the beginning are
called the reactants.
 When the reaction is complete, you have new
substances called the products.
 The formulas for the reactants are written on
the left, followed by an arrow.
 The formulas for the products are written on
the right.
 When there are two or more reactants, they
are separated by plus signs.
 In a similar way, plus signs are used to
separate two or more products.
 Below is the general plan for a chemical
equation.
 The number of reactants and products can vary.
 Some reactions have only one reactant or
product.
 Other reactions have two, three, or more
reactants or products.
 In Figure 8, you can see the equation for a
reaction that occurs when limestone (CaCO3) is
heated.
 Count the number of reactants and products,
and familiarize yourself with the parts of the
equation.
Figure 8A Chemical Equation: Like a building, a chemical equation has a
basic structure. Interpreting Diagrams What does the subscript 3 in the
formula for calcium carbonate tell you?____________________________
Conservation of Mass
 Look closely at the values for mass in Figure
9.
 Iron and sulfur can react to form iron sulfide.
 This principle is called conservation of mass,
and it states that during a chemical reaction,
matter is not created or destroyed.
 All the atoms present at the start of the
reaction are present at the end.
Figure 9Conservation of Mass
Mass is conserved in chemical
reactions.
Balancing Chemical Equations
 The principle of conservation of mass means
that the same number of atoms exists in the
products as in the reactants.
 To describe a reaction accurately, a chemical
equation must show the same number of each
type of atom on both sides of the equation.
 Chemists say an equation is balanced when it
accurately represents conservation of mass.
 How can you write a balanced chemical
equation?
Modeling Conservation of Mass
 What will happen to the mass of the product if
the reaction is happening in an open cylinder
and there are gases in my product in the
reaction?
product mass will be less than the reactant mass

 What will happen if magnesium reacts with

oxygen in the air?
Is the reactant mass will be equal to the product
mass?
product mass will be more than the reactant mass
1) Metal + Non=Metal
 Chemical reactions:

1) Metal + non metal

 Sodium + oxygen sodium oxide

 Magnesium + sulfur magnesium sulfide

 Calcium + chlorine calcium chloride
 Potassium + nitrogen potassium nitride
Symbol equation
 Sodium + oxygen sodium oxide
1) write formula of the product
2) balance by changing co-efficient

4Na+O2 2 Na2O

Magnesium + sulfur magnesium sulfide

Mg + S MgS
Metal + Nonmetal
 Calcium + chlorine calcium chloride

1) Write formula of product

2) Balance by changing co-efficient

 Ca + Cl2 CaCl2 ( balanced)

 Potassium + nitrogen potassium nitride

6 K + N2 2 K3N
What are the products when each metal reacts with oxygen?
What is the balanced symbol equation for each reaction?

magnesium + oxygen  magnesium oxide

2Mg + O2  2MgO

copper + oxygen  copper oxide

2Cu + O2  2CuO

iron + oxygen  iron oxide

4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3

2)Metal+ Non-Metal and oxygen

 2) Metal+ non-metal

 Magnesium + nitrogen + oxygen magnesium nit

 Potassium + ……………+ …………….. potassium
carbonate
( carbon + oxygen)
Acids (before and after reaction)

 Sulfuric acid sulfate SO4 -2

 Nitric acid Nitrate NO3(-1)

 Carbonic acid Carbonate co3 (-2)

 Hydrochloric acid Chloride Cl (-1)

Metal+ Acid

Metal + Acid salt + Hydrogen

Salt = (metal + acid after changing)

Calcium + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + hydrogen

(chloride)

Potassium + nitric acid potassium nitrate +hydrogen

(nitrate)
What is made when each metal reacts with hydrochloric acid?
What is the balanced symbol equation for each reaction?

magnesium + hydrochloric  magnesium + hydrogen

acid chloride

Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2

aluminium + hydrochloric  aluminium + hydrogen

acid chloride
2Al + 6HCl  2AlCl3 + 3H2

zinc + hydrochloric  zinc chloride + hydrogen

acid

Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
What is made when each metal reacts with sulfuric acid?
What is the balanced symbol equation for each reaction?

magnesium + sulfuric acid  magnesium + hydrogen

sulfate

Mg + H2SO4  MgSO4 + H2

aluminium + sulfuric acid  aluminium + hydrogen

sulfate

2Al + 3H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2

zinc + sulfuric acid  zinc + hydrogen

sulfate

Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
What is made when each metal reacts with nitric acid?
What is the balanced symbol equation for each reaction?

magnesium + nitric acid  magnesium + hydrogen

nitrate

Mg + 2HNO3  Mg(NO3)2 + H2

aluminium + nitric acid  aluminium + hydrogen

nitrate

2Al + 6HNO3  2Al(NO3)3 + 3H2

zinc + nitric acid  zinc nitrate + hydrogen

Zn + 2HNO3  Zn(NO3)2 + H2
Metal oxide + Acid

Metal oxide+ Acid salt+ water

(Copper, silver, gold)
Cu, Ag, Au

Silver oxide + sulfuric acid silver sulfate + water

Gold + carbonic acid gold carbonate + water
Copper oxide + Nitic acid copper nitrate + water
Metal + water
 Metal + water metal hydroxide + hydrogen

 Magnesium + water magnesium hydroxide + hydrogen

 Sodium + water sodium hydroxide+ hydrogen

What are the products when each metal reacts with water?
What is the balanced symbol equation for each reaction?

lithium + water  lithium + hydrogen

hydroxide

2Li + 2H2O  2LiOH + H2

sodium + water  sodium + hydrogen

hydroxide

2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2

potassium + water  potassium + hydrogen

hydroxide

2K + 2H2O  2KOH + H2
Metal carbonate+ Acid
 Metal carbonate + Acid salt + carbon dioxide + water

 Sodium carbonate + hydrochloric acid sodium chloride+ carbon dioxide+

water

 Potassium carbonate + sulfuric acid potassium sulfate+ carbon dioxide + water

.

Acid + Alkali

 Alkali= dissolved base.

 Alkali + Acid salt + water
 magnesium hydroxide + Hydrochloric acid magnesium chloride
+ water

 Sodium hydroxide+ sulfuric acid sodium sulfate + water

Write the Equation

 Suppose you want to write a balanced

chemical equation for the reaction
between hydrogen and oxygen that
forms water.
 To begin, write the correct formulas for
both reactants and product.
 Place the reactants, H2 and O2, on the
left side of the arrow, separated by a
plus sign.
 Then write the product, H2O, on the right
side of the arrow.
Count the Atoms
 Count the number of atoms of each element on
each side of the equation.
 You find two atoms of oxygen in the reactants
but only one atom of oxygen in the product.
 How can you get the number of oxygen atoms
on both sides to be the same?
 You cannot change the formula for water to
H2O2 because H2O2 is the formula for hydrogen
peroxide, a completely different compound.
 So, how can you show that mass is conserved?
Use Coefficients to Balance Atoms

 To balance the equation, use coefficients.

 A coefficient (koh uh fish unt) is a number
placed in front of a chemical formula in an
equation.
 It tells you how many atoms or molecules of a
reactant or a product take part in the reaction.
 If the coefficient is 1, you don’t need to write it.
 Balance the number of oxygen atoms by
writing the coefficient 2 for water.
 That’s like saying “2 × H2O.”
 Now there are two oxygen atoms—one
in each molecule of water.
 Balancing the oxygen atoms throws off
the hydrogen atoms.
 There are now two hydrogen atoms in
the reactants and four in the product.
 How can you balance the hydrogen?
 Try doubling the number of hydrogen
atoms on the left side of the equation by
writing the coefficient 2 for hydrogen.
Look Back and Check

 The equation is balanced.

 It tells you that two molecules of
hydrogen react with one molecule of
oxygen to yield two molecules of water.
 Count the atoms in the balanced
equation again to see that the equation
is correct.
Four indicators of chemical change are:

1. Formation of new gas

2. Formation of new solid
3. Release of energy (heat or light)
4. Color change
5. Formation of a precipitate
(A precipitate is a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture.
Test of gases

 Tests of gases:

 Hydrogen gas: bubbles with a pop sound

 Oxygen gas: relight a glowing splint

 Carbon dioxide gas: turns lime water milky

( cloudy)
Salts and their uses
 Sodium chloride: preserve food, as table salts, to flavor food

 Gymnasts use magnesium carbonate to keep their hands dry so that

they do slip

 Calcium sulfate: used to make blackboard chalk

 Aluminium sulfate: added to dyes to help them stick to fibres.

 Copper sulfate: coat soya seed to stop growing fungi on the seeds
when they are planted

 Ammonium nitrate: used as a fertilizer to help crops to grow well

Salts in rocks

 Blue-green colors in these rocks in the

Atacama desert in Chile tell you that they
contain copper salts.

 Bright blue-green mineral in the rock is

called malachite. It is made from copper
carbonate.
Acid-Base Titration

Alkali

Acid +
Indicator
(changes color
to indicate pH
change)
Neutralization reaction:

At the beginning of the reaction acid in the

conical flask has red color by the use of an
indicator and by adding the Alkali color of
the acid changed to yellow ( weak acid)
and then to green ( neutral).
Crystallization
Crystallization reaction
1. The solution is heated in an open container
2. The solvent(water) molecules start evaporating, leaving behind the solutes(salt)
3. When the solution cools, crystals of solute start accumulating on the surface of
the solution
4. Crystals are collected and dried as per the product requirement
5. The undissolved solids in the liquid are separated by the process of filtration
6. The size of crystals formed during this process depends on the cooling rate
7. Many tiny crystals are formed if the solution is cooled at a fast rate
8. Large crystals are formed at slow cooling rates