Concept of Single Line Hybrid System - PPTX - D0f063aa 56a9 4860 90f1 Cde21d68bad0.Pptx - 645b4ade 91c4 4034 Ba39 E17aafc894a3

Concept of Single Line
Hybrid System
What is Single Line Hybrid ?
• To produce clonal seeds in the absence of meiosis called one‐line hybrid (rice) by Dr.
Longping Yuan (Yuan 1987).
• It is basically Apomixis breeding.
• It is most frequently found in families like Gramineae, Asteraceae, Compositae,
Rosacea.
• The first discovery of Apomixis is credited to Leuwenhoek(1719) in Citrus seeds.
APOMIXIS
• It is a method of
reproduction in
which the embryo
(seed) develops
without the union of
egg and sperm. It is a
reproductive process
that bypasses
female meiosis and
syngamy to produce
embryos genetically
identical to the
maternal parent.
Types of Apomixis
• Apomixis is broadly classified into two types: (1) gametophytic apomixis and
(2) adventitious embryony.
• Gametophytic Apomixis (apomeiosis)- In this type of apomixis embryo sacs
are produced from unreduced initial cells.
• A. Diplospory- In diplospory unreduced embryo sacs are formed from MMCs
by circumvention of meiosis. The embryo develops parthenogenetically
from the unreduced egg. Diplospory has been observed in species including
Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), Boechera spp., Erigeron annuus, and
Tripsacum dactyloides.
• B. Apospory- unreduced embryo sacs arise from somatic cells in the ovule.
The somatic cells of the ovule from which embryo sacs develop belong to
the nucellus.
• Adventive Apomixis- In adventitious embryony, embryos develop from cells
in tissues external to a sexual embryo sac. Adventitious embryos arise from
individual cells of the two different somatic tissues, nucellus or integument.
Advantages of Single Line Breeding
• Apomixis increases the opportunity for developing superior gene combinations and
facilitates the rapid incorporation of desirable traits.
• Commercial F 1 hybrids can be produced through apomixis even if the sources of
cytoplasmic male sterility and or restorer systems are not available
• Most importantly farmers can grow their crops from seeds produced on their
commercial hybrid crop year after year, thus increasing the profitability of crop
production through hybrids.
• Fixation of heterosis
• Production of Vybrids- This represents the first and subsequent generation
progenies obtained from crossing two heterozygous facultative apomicts.
• Production of pure homozygous
• Synchronous flowering and maturity of the plants
Problems of Single Line Hybrids
• The progress has been hindered by the higher ploidy levels of the apomictic
species, and restricted recombination between the chromosomes of wild and
cultivated species.
• Apomixis is very complicated procedure.
• Estimation of level of facultative apomixis is tedious and time consuming.
• In absence of morphological markers linked with apomictic development,
maintenance of apomictic stock becomes difficult.
• The genetic basis of apomixis is not clear in most cases.
The ideal apomictic system
• 1. All the progeny of plants should be apomictic.
• 2. Apomictic genotype should be fully male fertile and self incompatible.
• 3. chromosome should not pair in first meiotic division in case of diplospory.
• 4. Apomixis should be dominant over sexual reproduction.
• 5. Expression of apomixis should be little effected by the environment.
Detection of Apomixis
• 1. Failure to obtain F1 plants from a cross(Female-apomictic) . Production of
uniform progeny in F2 population.
• 2. Uniform progeny from a heterozygous plant or from an open pollinated
sp. ( graminacae)
• 3. Production of maternal phenotype in the progeny from crosses without
selfing.
• 4. Production of maternal progeny with recessive gene even though it is
crossed with a male pollinator carrying dominant marker.
Case Study: Apomixis in rice and its prospects for its use in heterosis
breeding
• Apomixis in the rice has been analyzed using three strategies:

• 1. Screening of wild relatives of rice- Apomixis is rare in diploid species but was
common in polyploid species. This was analyzed by using two techniques i.e.
Pistil Clearing Technique and Callose Fluorescence Technique. This techniques
helped in detecting aposporous and diplosporous embryo sac development.
• Apomixis is rare in diploid species but commonly occurs in polyploid relatives of
crop plants. Therefore, they started to screen germplasm of tetraploid wild
species of Oryza using three techniques: (i) pistil clearing, (ii) callose detection
using fluorescence microscopy, and (iii) histological sections.
• 2.Mutagenesis to induce Apomixis- By using a dominant marker-purple leaf
mutant of rice for identifying apomictic mutants following mutagenesis.
Two approaches are being followed: emasculated panicles of IR36 are
irradiated with gamma rays and are immediately pollinated with the pollen
of purple leaf mutant, and (2) fertilized eggs from the cross of IR36 purple
leaf mutant are mutagenized with the MNU (N-methyl-N-nitrosourea)
which causes embryo mutations after treatment. M2 progenies breeding
true for purple leaf are examined further for dominant mutations for
apomixis.
• 3. Molecular approaches to engineering apomixis in Rice- Two principal
approaches of this type are envisioned (1) transferring isolated apomixis
genes into rice from known apomicts, and (2) synthesizing a switch from
sexuality to apomixis in rice based on genes isolated from non-apomicts.
• major protocols are available for the introduction and stable integration of genes
into rice (1) DNA uptake by protoplasts (2) microprojectile bombardment and (3)
Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer .Cultivars from four of the six groups of
Asian rice described by Glaszmann (1987) have already been transformed.
• By far more common form of apomixis in grasses identified is Apospory type.

Therefore, principle focus is to engineer aposporous apomixis by gene transfer in
cereals.
Review Paper: The Genetic Control of Apomixis:
Asexual Seed Formation
• The coexistence of both apomixis and sexual reproduction within individual plants
suggests that apomixis is reversibly superimposed upon the sexual pathway.
• The possibility of apomixis being epigenetically regulated is an attractive hypothesis
with growing support from studies in sexual plants where mutations in epigenetic
pathways lead to apomixis-like phenotypes.
• Epigenetic regulation will continue to be a key focus of future studies in natural
apomicts. The synthesis of apomixis in crops could also be attempted using
developed tools to switch the sexual pathway to an apomictic like route. Genes
identified from natural apomicts may augment this synthetic route and perhaps
ultimately allow flexibility to switch apomixis on and off for plant breeding purposes.
References
• Hand, M. L., & Koltunow, A. M. (2014). The genetic control of apomixis:
asexual seed formation. Genetics, 197(2), 441–450.
https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.163105
• Khush. G. S. (ed) (1994) Apomixis: exploiting hybrid vigor in rice
International Rice Research Institute, P. O. Box 933, 1099 Manila, Philippine\.
78 p.
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Concept of Single Line Hybrid System - PPTX - D0f063aa 56a9 4860 90f1 Cde21d68bad0.Pptx - 645b4ade 91c4 4034 Ba39 E17aafc894a3

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Concept of Single Line

• Apomixis in the rice has been analyzed using three strategies:

• By far more common form of apomixis in grasses identified is Apospory type.

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