A12.2 e Complex Alg Graphical and Polar - PPSX
A12.2 e Complex Alg Graphical and Polar - PPSX
A12.2 e Complex Alg Graphical and Polar - PPSX
A12.2: QUADRATIC
EQUTIONS WITH
COMPLEX SOLUTIONS
AND POLAR FORM
SECTION: ALGEBRA
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WITH COMPLEX ROOTS
Example 1
Solve for :
Solution
or
or
Solve for :
Solution
Solve for :
Solution
or
Solve for :
Solution
Roots: or
T
Note that the roots are conjugates.
NOTE!
This knowledge comes from THE FORMULA where the roots are equal to:
−𝑏± √ 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐
2
−𝑏 √ 𝑏 − 4𝑎𝑐 2
− 𝑏 √𝑏 − 4 𝑎𝑐
2
𝑥= and therefore 𝑥= + or 𝑥= −
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
THE COMPLEX CONJUGATE
Example 5
Solution
The conjugate of is
Solution
The conjugate of is .
Product of factors:
Equation:
EXERCISE 1
1. Solve for :
2.2− 1+ 2𝑖 2.3 − 𝑖 +3
REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS ON THE ARGAND PLANE
When a complex number is written in the form () we call this the
rectangular form of a complex number. The rectangular form is sometimes called the
standard form or the Cartesian form.
A coordinate pair can be represented in the Cartesian plane where is called the
abscissa and is called the ordinate. Similarly, we can represent complex numbers
also in a plane called the Argand plane or Complex plane. Similar to the -axis and -
axis in two-dimensional geometry, there are two axes in the Argand plane.
y
5
4
3 Z represents the
Z complex number
2
1 x
Real axis (Re)
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-3
-4
-5
Example 7
5
4
3
2
1
Re
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF ADDITION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
We already know how to add, subtract, multiply and divide complex numbers
algebraically, when given in the rectangular form.
Eg: Remember:
EXERCISE 2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2. Add the following complex numbers using the graphical method.
2.1 and
2.2 and
3. Subtract:
REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS IN POLAR FORM
Suppose that represents the complex number () and represents the distance
from to the origin.
is the angle that forms with the positive Real axis.
is called the modulus of the complex number and is called the argument of
the complex number.
STEPS
Decide in which quadrant the number lies. (Make a sketch.)
Determine (Work in DEGREES)
Determine r: (Pythagoras)
Thus
Solution
Quadrant 1:
Im
5
4 A (2 ; 3)
3
2 r
1 Re
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -10 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-3
-4
-5
Im
5
4 A (2 ; 3)
3
2 r
1 Re
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -10 1 2 3 4 5
-2
-3
-4
-5
Example 10
Solution Im
4
Quadrant 3:
3
2
1
Re
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
r
-2
-3
( 4 ; 3)
-4
Example 12
Solution
Quadrant 4:
OR
(looking at as a
negative angle)
or
CONVERTING COMPLEX NUMBERS FROM POLAR FORM TO THE
RECTANGULAR FORM
Example 13
Solution
EXERCISE 3
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.1 2.2
2.3 2.4