Complex Numbers and Complex Variables

COMPLEX NUMBERS AND
COMPLEX VARIABLES
THE IMAGINARY NUMBER
The imaginary number i is defined as the square root of negative 1.
We can write the square root of any negative number as a multiple of i .

THE IMAGINARY NUMBER
Consider the square root of –25.

COMPLEX NUMBER
A complex number is the sum of a real number and an imaginary number.

A complex number is expressed in standard form when written,
a + bi
where,
a is the real part of the complex number.
bi is the imaginary part of the complex number.
COMPLEX NUMBER
• Solve for 𝑥𝑥2 − 10𝑥𝑥 + 34 = 0

using the quadratic formula,
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS:
a) 𝑥𝑥2 − 1 = 0
b) 𝑥𝑥2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0
c) 𝑥𝑥2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 6 = 0
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
To represent a complex number we need to address the two components of

the number. We use the complex plane, which is a coordinate system in which
the horizontal axis represents the real component and the vertical axis
represents the imaginary component. Complex numbers are the points on the
plane, expressed as ordered pairs (a,b), where a represents the coordinate for
the horizontal axis and b represents the coordinate for the vertical axis.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Let’s consider the complex number −2+3i.
The real part of the complex number is −2.
The imaginary part is 3i.
We plot the ordered pair (−2,3)(−2,3) to
represent the complex number −2+3i.
PLOT THE COMPLEX NUMBERS:
• 3 − 4i
• 5 + 12i
• 8 – 15i
• 7 + 24i
• 6 + 8i
THE COMPLEX CONJUGATE
• The complex conjugate of a complex number a+bi is a−bi. It is found by
changing the sign of the imaginary part of the complex number. The real part
of the number is left unchanged.
When a complex number is multiplied by its complex conjugate, the result is

a real number.
When a complex number is added to its complex conjugate, the result is a
real number.
FIND THE COMPLEX CONJUGATE
a.) 4 – 8i
b.) 2 + √5i
c.) 5 – 2i
d.) -1/2 I
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING COMPLEX NUMBERS
Just as with real numbers, we can perform arithmetic operations on complex

numbers. To add or subtract complex numbers, we combine the real parts and
combine the imaginary parts.
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING COMPLEX NUMBERS
Add 3−4i and 2+5i
Solution:
(a+bi) + (c+di) = (a+c) + (b+d)i
(3−4i) + (2+5i) = (3+2) + (−4+5)i
=5+i
Subtract 3 – 4i from 2 + 5i.

Solution:
(a+bi) - (c+di) = (a-c) + (b-d)i
(2+5i) + (3-4i) = (2-3) + (5-(-4))i
=1 + 9i
ADD OR SUBTRACT THE FOLLOWING COMPLEX
NUMBERS
a.) (5 + 2i) + (3 + 7i)
b.) (4 + 8i) – (3 – 5i)
c.) 7(4 + 3i) – 5(2 – 6i)
d.) (4 + √-25) + (3 - √81)
MULTIPLYING COMPLEX NUMBER
Multiplying complex numbers is much like multiplying binomials. The major

difference is that we work with the real and imaginary parts separately.
a.) Multiplying by a real number, 3(6 + 2i)
b.) Multiplying by another complex number,

MULTIPLYING COMPLEX NUMBER
Multiply (4+3i)(2−5i),
Solution:
(4+3i)(2−5i)=(4⋅2−3⋅(−5))+(4⋅(−5)+3⋅2)i
=(8+15)+(−20+6)i
=23−14i
MULTIPLY THE FOLLOWING COMPLEX NUMBERS:
a.) Multiply (3−4i)(2+3i)

b.) Multiply (8i)(4i)
c.) Multiply (3i)(5i)(7i)
d.) Multiply (5-3i)(4+7i)
e.) Multiply (6-5i)(3+8i)
DIVIDING COMPLEX NUMBERS
We need to find a term by which we can multiply the numerator and the
denominator that will eliminate the imaginary portion of the denominator so
that we end up with a real number as the denominator.
This term is called the complex conjugate of the denominator, which is found by
changing the sign of the imaginary part of the complex number.
a+bi,
Complex conjugate is a-bi
Suppose we want to divide c+di by a+bi, where neither a nor b equals zero. We first write the
division as a fraction, then find the complex conjugate of the denominator, and multiply.
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate of the denominator.
Apply the distributive property,

Simplify, remembering that i2 =−1.
Divide (2+5i) by (4−i).
DIVIDE COMPLEX NUMBERS:
a.) Divide (5-2i) from (4+3i)
b.) Divide (6 + i) from 8
c.) Divide (3-i) from (7 + 2i)
MODULUS OF THE COMPLEX NUMBER
• The modulus or absolute value of z = x + iy, denoted by l z l, is the real number

MODULUS OF THE COMPLEX NUMBER
If z = 2 – 3i, then
l z l = √ (22 + 32) = √13
SEATWORK #1
Evaluate and simplify.
1. 2i3- 3i2 + 5i
2. 3i5 - i4+ 7i3- 10i2 – 9
3. i14
4. i28
5. (5 - 9i) + (2 - 4i)
6. 3(4 – i) – (3 + 5i)
7. i(5 + 7i)
8. i(4 - i) + 4i(1 + 2i)
9. (2 – 3i)(4 + i)
10. ( ½ - ¼ i)( 2/3 + 5/3i)
11. (2+3i)2
12. (1 – i)3
2
13.
i
i
14.
1+i
2−4i
15.
3+5i
OTHER FORMS OF COMPLEX NUMBER
a.) Trigonometric Form:
Where:
r = modulus or absolute value of z
= argument of z
a.) Polar Form:
Where:
= argument of z
a.) Exponential Form:
Z = reiθ
Where:
= argument of z
Express 1 - √3i in other forms of complex number.
a.) Trigonometric form:
b. ) Polar form:
L
r θ = 2L 300°
c.) Exponential form:

Z = reiθ = 2ei5.24
EXAMPLES:
Transform the following complex number z into trigonometric, polar and

exponential form.
• Z= 3+I
• Z = -1 - i
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION IN TRIGONOMETRIC FORM
Suppose,
where are any arguments of z1 and z2, respectively. Then,
For z2≠ 0,
From addition formulas in trigonometry, the above equations can be rewritten as,
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION IN POLAR FORM
By inspection of the previous equations it shows that,

EXAMPLE:
Let z1 = -2 + 2i and z2 = 3i.
Find
a.) z1z2
b.) 𝑧𝑧1 𝑧𝑧2
𝑧𝑧1
c.)
𝑧𝑧2
𝑧𝑧1
d.)
𝑧𝑧2
e.) Arg (z1z2)
𝑧𝑧1
f.) Arg ( )
𝑧𝑧2
𝑧𝑧1
g. z1z2 and in polar form.
𝑧𝑧2
POWERS AND ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Consider the complex number raised to a certain power n, the evaluation will
be,
If r = 1 in Zn = rn = (cos nθ + isin nθ), then this is known as De Moivre’s Theorem

that is,
POWERS AND ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
To find the roots of a complex number, consider the nth root of it in the general
polar or general exponential forms as shown;
EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS
• Given complex number in rectangular form:

Z = x + iy
Where:
= argument of z
SEATWORK #2
Transform the given complex number into polar form. Transform to rectangular form
1
SEATWORK #2
• Find z1z2 and z2/z2 and transform it to rectangular form.
Compute all roots
19. (-1 + i)1/3
Evaluate:
Compute the indicated 20. Log(3+i) (1 + 3i)

power
17. 18.

Complex Numbers and Complex Variables

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Complex Numbers and Complex Variables

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COMPLEX NUMBERS AND

We can write the square root of any negative number as a multiple of i .

Consider the square root of –25.

A complex number is the sum of a real number and an imaginary number.

• Solve for 𝑥𝑥2 − 10𝑥𝑥 + 34 = 0

To represent a complex number we need to address the two components of

When a complex number is multiplied by its complex conjugate, the result is

Just as with real numbers, we can perform arithmetic operations on complex

Subtract 3 – 4i from 2 + 5i.

Multiplying complex numbers is much like multiplying binomials. The major

b.) Multiplying by another complex number,

a.) Multiply (3−4i)(2+3i)

Apply the distributive property,

• The modulus or absolute value of z = x + iy, denoted by l z l, is the real number

a.) Trigonometric Form:

a.) Polar Form:

a.) Exponential Form:

c.) Exponential form:

Transform the following complex number z into trigonometric, polar and

where are any arguments of z1 and z2, respectively. Then,

By inspection of the previous equations it shows that,

If r = 1 in Zn = rn = (cos nθ + isin nθ), then this is known as De Moivre’s Theorem

• Given complex number in rectangular form:

19. (-1 + i)1/3

Compute the indicated 20. Log(3+i) (1 + 3i)

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