Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Chapter 4
CHAPTER 4
SEWERS AND APPURTENANCES
Chapter 5 –
Sewer
Chapter 4 –
Construction
Sewers and
Appurtenances
Chapter 3 –
Layout and
Design of
Chapter 2 – Sewer
Type and
Quantity of
Sewage
Chapter
1-
Introduct
SHAPES OF SEWER PIPES
The shape of the sewer depends upon hydraulic
considerations, construction conditions and available space.
The lower surface is generally curved to concentrate low
flows and maintain self-cleansing velocities.
Sewers are generally circular pipes laid below ground level
and slopping continuously towards the outfall.
These are designed to flow under gravity.
Shapes other than circular are also used.
Other Shapes used for sewers are:
a. Standard
b. New/modified
Egg-shaped egg-shaped sewer
sewer
e. Semi- f. Rectangular
elliptical section shape section
h. Semi-circular g. U-shaped
shaped sewer section
Standard egg-
shaped Its main
Circular
sewers, also advantage is
section has
called as These sewers that it gives
uniform
ovoid shaped can generate higher
curvature all
sewer, and self cleansing velocity
around, that's
new or velocity during low
why it offers
modified egg- during dry flow than a
less
shaped sewers weather flow. circular sewer
opportunities
are used in of the same
for deposits.
combined capacity.
sewers.
SHAPES OF SEWER PIPES
R
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SHAPES OF SEWER PIPES
(a) Standard Egg Shaped Sewer (b) New/ Modified Egg shaped Sewer
resistance to abrasion,
strength and durability,
Imperviousness,
availability,
weight of the material, hydraulic ef
Resistance to corrosion, economy an
acids, alkalis, solvents
SEWER MATERIALS
No single material will meet all the conditions that may be
encountered in sewer design.
Selection should be made for particular application and
different materials may be selected for parts of a single
project.
Sewer materials may be either pre-cast or cast-in-situ.
Pre-cast sewer materials include vitrified clay, plain
concrete sewer, reinforced concrete sewer, asbestos cement
pipe, plastic pipe etc.
PLAIN CONCRETE SEWER PIPE
may be used for small storm drains and sanitary sewers in
locations where grades, temperatures or sewage
characteristics prevent corrosion.
not suitable where the temperature is high and flat slope is not
available.
Joints for plain concrete sewer should be constructed using
rubber gaskets.
ASBESTOS CEMENT SEWERS
manufactured from a mixture of asbestos fibers,
silica and cement.
Asbestos fibers are thoroughly mixed with cement
to act as reinforcement.
available size, 75mm to 500mm in diameter and 3
to 4 meters in length.
used for vertical transport of water namely:-
Transport of rainwater from roofs in multistoried
buildings,
transport of sewage to grounds, and
transport of less foul sullage (i.e., wastewater from
kitchen and bathroom).
Advantages
light in weight and hence, easy to carry and
transport.
can be easily cut and assemble without skilled labor.
hydraulically efficient because the inside surface is
relatively smooth
Disadvantages
They are brittle.
weak against impact forces.
DISADVANTAGES
They have less structural strength against heavy
external forces.
They are susceptible for sulphide corrosion when
bacteria produces H2S, in the presence of moisture,
H2SO4 can be formed.
REINFORCED CONCRETE SEWER
PIPE
Advantages
widely used pipe for gravity sewers.
cheap and easily available, hence widely used in
small and medium sizes
Advantages
highly impervious.
Possess high compressive strength
costly.
Available diameter, 150mm to 750mm and lengths up to 3 to
3.5m
used for outfall sewers, rising mains of pumping stations and
maintenance.
Light weight, handling, transportation and fabrication is easy.
Used as an alternative to asbestos cement and vitrified clay
pipe.
PLASTIC SEWERS (PVC PIPES)
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE (HDPE) PIPES
manhole changes.
DROP MANHOLES
Drop manholes are used when the inflow and outflow
sewers differ in elevation by more than 0.6 m.
They may also be used to reduce the slope when the
velocities exceed erosive velocities (2.5–3.0 m/s).
Fig: Pipes, manholes, & elevations Fig: Junction chamber for simplified
MANHOLE SIZE
Manhole covers: A minimum clear opening of 60 cm is
recommended.
Floor slab of manhole: RCC 150 mm thick to withstand
uplift.
The width/diameter of the manhole should not be less
than the internal diameter of sewer plus 150mm
benching on both sides (300mm).
Manholes in small sewers are usually about 1.2m in
diameter when the sewers have circular cross sections
MANHOLE SIZE
In large sewers, larger manholes may be required to
accommodate larger cleaning devices
Manhole should be large enough to provide easy
access to the sewer
There should be a room for a worker to handle a
shovel
Bottom should provide footing for a person working
in the manhole.
Manholes
thermal expansion.
FLUSHING TANK
A short duration waves of liquid are introduced so as to
clean the sediment into suspension and, hence, transport it
downstream.
Located at the head of a sewer.