Applications of Information &

Communication Technology
CS181

Week 6
Fall-2024
Department of Computer Science
 Content

• The OSI reference model

• Services in the OSI model
 OSI Reference Model
OSI Reference Model - internationally standardized network
architecture.
OSI = Open Systems Interconnection: deals with open systems,
i.e. systems open for communications with other systems.
Specified in ISO 7498.
Model has 7 layers.
7-Layer OSI Model
Layers 1-4 relate to
communications
technology.
Layers 5-7 relate to
user applications.
 Layer 7: Application Layer
This is the only layer that directly interacts with data from the user.
Software applications like web browsers and email clients rely on the
application layer to initiate communications.
It provides protocols that allow software to send and receive information
and present meaningful data to users.
A few examples of application layer protocols are the Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Post Office Protocol (POP),
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and Domain Name System (DNS).
 Layer 6: Presentation Layer
This layer is primarily responsible for preparing data so the application layer can use it.
The presentation layer is responsible for translation, encryption, and compression of
data.
If the devices are communicating over an encrypted connection, layer 6 is responsible
for adding the encryption on the sender’s end as well as decoding the encryption on the
receiver’s end.
The presentation layer is also responsible for compressing data it receives from the
application layer before delivering it to layer 5. This helps improve the speed and
efficiency of communication by minimizing the amount of data that will be transferred.
 Layer 5: Session Layer
This is the layer responsible for opening and closing
communication between the two devices. The time between
when the communication is opened and closed is known as
the session.
The session layer ensures that the session stays open long
enough to transfer all the data being exchanged, and then
promptly closes the session in order to avoid wasting
resources.
The session layer also synchronizes data transfer with
checkpoints.
For example, if a 100-megabyte file is being transferred, the
session layer could set a checkpoint every 5 megabytes. In
the case of a disconnect or a crash, after 52 megabytes have
been transferred, the session could be resumed from the last
checkpoint, meaning only 50 more megabytes of data need
to be transferred.
 Layer 4: Transport Layer
• Layer 4 is responsible for end-to-end communication between the two devices.
• This includes taking data from the session layer and breaking it up into chunks
called segments before sending it to layer 3.
• The transport layer on the receiving device is responsible for reassembling the
segments into data the session layer can consume.
• The transport layer is also responsible for flow control and error control.
• Flow control determines an optimal speed of transmission to ensure that a sender
with a fast connection does not crush a receiver with a slow connection.
• The transport layer performs error control on the receiving end by ensuring that the
data received is complete and requesting a retransmission if it isn’t.
 Layer 3: Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for facilitating data transfer between two
different networks.
If the two devices communicating are on the same network, then the network
layer is unnecessary.
The network layer breaks up segments from the transport layer into smaller
units, called packets, on the sender’s device, and reassembles these packets
on the receiving device.
The network layer also finds the best physical path for the data to reach its
destination; this is known as routing.
 Layer 2: Data Link Layer
• The data link layer is very similar to the network layer, except the data link layer
facilitates data transfer between two devices on the same network.
• The data link layer takes packets from the network layer and breaks them into
smaller pieces called frames.
• The network layer, the data link layer is also responsible for flow control and
error control in intra-network communication.
• This layer is composed of two parts—Logical Link Control (LLC), which identifies
network protocols, performs error checking and synchronizes frames, and
• Media Access Control (MAC) which uses MAC addresses to connect devices
and define permissions to transmit and receive data.
 Layer 1: Physical Layer
This layer includes the physical equipment involved in the data
transfer, such as the cables and switches.
This is also the layer where the data gets converted into a bit
stream, which is a string of 1s and 0s.
The physical layer of both devices must also agree on a signal
convention so that the 1s can be distinguished from the 0s on
both devices.
Introduction TCP/IP
The Internet Protocol Suite (commonly known
as TCP/IP) is the set of communications protocols used for
the Internet and other similar networks.
It is named from two of the most important protocols in it:
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
• Internet Protocol (IP), which was the first two networking
protocols defined in this standard.
TCP/IP Stack
OSI TCP/IP
Application Layer
Application Layer
Presentation Layer TELNET, FTP, SMTP, POP3,
SNMP, DNS,NIS, NFS, HTTP, ...
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
TCP , UDP , ...
Internet Layer
Network Layer
IP , ICMP, ARP, ...
Data Link Layer Link Layer
Physical Layer FDDI, Ethernet, ISDN, X.25,...
TCP/IP Stack
TCP/IP Some Protocols
Layer Protocol

DNS, TFTP, TLS/SSL, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, IMAP, IRC, NNTP, POP3,
SIP, SMTP, SMPP, SNMP, SSH, Telnet, Echo, RTP, PNRP, rlogin,
ENRP
Application
Routing protocols like BGP and RIP which run over TCP/UDP, may
also be considered part of the Internet Layer.

Transport TCP, UDP, DCCP, SCTP, IL, RUDP, RSVP

IP (IPv4, IPv6), ICMP, IGMP, and ICMPv6

Internet OSPF for IPv4 was initially considered IP layer protocol since it
runs per IP-subnet but has been placed on the Link since
RFC 2740.

Link ARP, RARP, OSPF (IPv4/IPv6), IS-IS, NDP

 Connections
• Layers can offer connection-oriented or connectionless
services.
• Connection-oriented like the telephone system.
• Connectionless like the postal system.
• Each service has an associated Quality-of-service (e.g. reliable
or unreliable).
 Reliability
• Reliable services never lose/corrupt data.
• Reliable service costs more.
• A typical application for reliable service is file transfer.
• A typical application not needing reliable service is
voice traffic.
• Not all applications need connections.
Any Question?