Session 2 - Waves and Optics

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Session 2 Physics

WAVES AND OPTICS


WAVES
Properties of
Waves, Types of
Waves, Wave
Question No. 1:

The speed of a sinusoidal wave on a string depends on:

A.The frequency of the wave


B.The wavelength of the wave
C.The length of the string
D.The tension in the string
E. The amplitude of the wave
SOLUTION: ANSWER: d

A sinusoidal wave is generated by moving the end of a string up and down,


periodically.

The speed of the wave (v) can be determined using the formula:

V=
where T is the tension in the string, and μ is the linear mass density (mass per
unit length) of the string. The other factors listed (frequency, wavelength, and
amplitude) do not directly determine the wave speed; they are related by the
wave equation once the speed is known.
Question No. 2:

For a given medium, the frequency of a wave is:


A. Independent of wavelength
B. Proportional to wavelength
C. Inversely proportional to wavelength
D. Proportional to the amplitude
E. Inversely proportional to the amplitude
SOLUTION: ANSWER: c

For a given medium, the speed of a wave (v) is constant.


The relationship between the speed, frequency (f), and wavelength
(λ) of a wave is given by:
v=fλ
If the speed v is constant, then the frequency is inversely
proportional to the wavelength:
f=
This shows that as the wavelength increases, the frequency
decreases, and vice versa.
Question No. 3:

Which of the following properties of a sound wave determine its


“pitch”?

A. Amplitude
B. Distance from source to detector
C. Frequency
D. Phase
E. Speed
SOLUTION: ANSWER: c

The sensation of a frequency is commonly referred to as the pitch of a


sound.
The pitch of a sound wave is determined by its frequency. Higher
frequencies correspond to higher pitches, while lower frequencies
correspond to lower pitches. The other properties listed (amplitude,
distance from source, phase, and speed) do not directly affect the pitch
of the sound.
20 Hz to 20 000 Hz – Audible range of hearing by the human
ear
less than 20 Hz - infrasound

more than 20 000 Hz - ultrasound


Humans are not alone in their ability to detect a wide range of
frequencies.

DOGS can detect frequencies as low as approximately 50 Hz and


as high as 45 000 Hz.

CATS can detect frequencies as low as approximately 45 Hz and as


high as 85 000 Hz.

Bats, being nocturnal creature, must rely on sound echolocation for


navigation and hunting. BATSs can detect frequencies as high as
120 000 Hz.

DOLPHINS can detect frequencies as high as 200 000 Hz. While


dogs, cats, bats, and dolphins have an unusual ability to detect
ultrasound, an ELEPHANT possesses the unusual ability to detect
Question No. 4:

A source of frequency f sends waves of wavelength λ traveling


with speed v in some medium. If the frequency is changed from f
to 2f, then the new wavelength and new speed are (respectively):

A. 2λ, v
B. λ/2, v
C. λ, 2v
D. λ, v/2
E. λ/2, 2v
SOLUTION: ANSWER: b

When the frequency of the wave is doubled (from f to 2f), the speed of the
wave in the medium remains the same because the speed of a wave in a
given medium depends only on the properties of the medium (not the
frequency).

According to the wave equation:


v=fλ
If the frequency is doubled (2f), to keep the speed v constant, the
wavelength must be halved:

v = (2f) × ()

So, the new wavelength is λ/2 and the speed remains v.
Question No. 5:
A plane produces a sonic boom only when:

A. it emits sound waves of very long wavelength


B. it emits sound waves of high frequency
C. it flies at high altitudes
D. it flies on a curved path
E. it flies faster than the speed of sound
SOLUTION: ANSWER: e

A sonic boom occurs when a plane travels at a speed greater than the
speed of sound in air (known as breaking the sound barrier). When the
plane's speed exceeds the speed of sound, it compresses sound waves
into a shock wave that travels outward, creating the characteristic
"boom." The other options (long wavelength, high frequency, altitude, or
path curvature) do not directly cause a sonic boom.
Question No. 6:

A fire whistle emits a tone of 170 Hz. Take the speed of sound in air
to be 340 m/s. The wavelength of this sound is about:

A. 0.5 m
B. 1.0 m
C. 2.0 m
D. 3.0 m
E. 340 m
SOLUTION: ANSWER: c

GIVEN:
v = 340 m/s (the speed of sound)
f = 170 Hz (frequency)

To find the wavelength (λ) of the sound, you can use the wave equation:

v=fλ
λ=
λ=
λ=2m
Question No. 7:
The displacement of a string is given by

y(x, t) = ym sin(kx + ωt).

The speed of the wave is:


A. 2πk/ω
B. ω/k
C. Ωk
D. 2π/k
E. k/2π
SOLUTION: ANSWER: b

For a wave described by the equation:


y(x,t)=ym sin ⁡(kx + ωt)
where:
ym = Amplitude
k = wave number (in radians per meter),
ω = (omega) Angular frequency (in radians per second).

The wave speed is the ratio of the angular frequency to the wave number.

So, the speed of the wave (v) is given by:

v=
Question No. 8:
A source emits sound with a frequency of 1000 Hz.
An observer is moving in the same direction with
the same speed, 100m/s. If the speed of sound is
340m/s, the observer hears sound with a
frequency of:

A. 294 Hz
B. 545 Hz
C. 1000 Hz
D. 1830 Hz
E. 3400 Hz
SOLUTION: ANSWER: c

When both the source and the observer are moving in the same direction with the
same speed, the relative motion between them is zero. This means that the observer
will hear the sound at the same frequency as emitted by the source because there is
no Doppler effect in this case.
Given:
Frequency of the source (f) = 1000 Hz
Speed of the source and observer = 100 m/s (same for both)
Speed of sound = 340 m/s

Since both are moving at the same speed in the same direction, the observed
frequency (f′) remains:

f′ = f = 1000 Hz

Thus, the observer hears the frequency as 1000 Hz.


Question No. 9:
A stretched string, clamped at its ends, vibrates in its
fundamental frequency. To double the fundamental
frequency, one can change the string tension by a
factor of:
A. 2
B. 4

C. 1/2
D. 1/
SOLUTION: ANSWER: b

To double the fundamental frequency of a vibrating string, we need to understand how the frequency depends on
the tension in the string. The fundamental frequency (f) of a stretched string is given by:
f= (1)
​where:
L = length of the string (constant if clamped at both ends),
T = tension in the string,
μ = linear mass density of the string (constant for a given string).
If we want to double the frequency (f → 2f), we set up the equation:
2f = (2)
Dividing this equation by the original frequency equation:
=
​Squaring both sides:
4= 4T = T new
Therefore, to double the fundamental frequency, the tension must be increased by a factor of 4.
Question No. 10:
A 40-cm long string, with one end clamped and the other
free to move transversely, is vibrating in its fundamental
standing wave mode. If the wave speed is 320 cm/s the
frequency is:

A. 32 Hz
B. 16 Hz
C. 8Hz
D. 4Hz
E. 2Hz
SOLUTION: ANSWER: e
To find the frequency, we need to use the relationship between the wave speed, wavelength, and
frequency for a standing wave. Since the string is clamped at one end and free at the other, it forms
a standing wave with a node at the clamped end and an antinode at the free end.

For a string with one end fixed and the other free, The simplest standing wave that can form under
these circumstances is one-quarter wavelength long:
L=
​Given:
L = 40 cm
v = 320 cm/s

Calculate the wavelength (λ): λ = 4L = 4 × 40 cm = 160 cm

Use the wave speed equation, solve for the frequency


v=λf f= = = 2 or 2 s-1 or 2 Hz

The correct frequency for the fundamental mode is 2 Hz.


Question No. 11:

Two sinusoidal waves, each of wavelength 5m and amplitude 10 cm, travel


in opposite directions on a 20-m long stretched string that is clamped at
each end. Excluding the nodes at the ends of the string, how many nodes
appear in the resulting standing wave?

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 7
E. 8
SOLUTION: ANSWER: d

Calculate the number of nodes in a standing wave (A standing wave is a


pattern which results from the interference of two or more waves
traveling in the same medium):

Given:
Wavelength of each wave, λ = 5m
Amplitude of each wave, A = 10cm = 0.1m
Length of the string, L = 20m

The number of nodes in a standing wave can be calculated using the


formula:
Number of nodes (n) = (2L/λ) - 1

Substitute the given values into the formula:


Number of nodes (n) = (2*20/5) - 1
Number of nodes (n) = 8 - 1
Question No. 12:

The tension in a string with a linear mass density


of 0.0010 kg/m is 0.40 N. A sinusoidal wave with a
wavelength of 20 cm on this string has a frequency
of:

A. 0.0125 Hz
B. 0.25 Hz
C. 100 Hz
D. 630 Hz
E. 2000 Hz
SOLUTION: ANSWER: c

To find the frequency, we'll use the wave speed equation for a string and the relationship between
wave speed, frequency, and wavelength.
Given:
Linear mass density (μ) = 0.0010 kg/m
Tension (T) = 0.40 N
Wavelength (λ) = 20 cm = 0.20 m
f=?
Calculate the wave speed (v)
The speed of a wave on a stretched string is given by:
v=
​Substituting the given values:
v = = = 20 m/s

Calculate the frequency (f) f= = = 100 Hz


Question No. 13:
A source emits sound with a frequency of 1000 Hz. An
observer is moving toward each other, each with a speed of
100m/s. If the speed of sound is 340m/s, the observer hears
sound with a frequency of:

A. 294 Hz
B. 545 Hz
C. 1000 Hz
D. 1830 Hz
E. 3400 Hz
SOLUTION: ANSWER: d

To solve this problem, we use the Doppler effect formula when both the source and the
observer are moving towards each other. The formula is:
f′ = f (
where:
f = 1000 Hz (original frequency),
v = 340 m/s (speed of sound),
vobserver = 100 m/s (speed of the observer),
vsource = 100 m/s (speed of the source).

f′ = 1000 Hz (

Rounding to the nearest whole number, the observer hears a frequency of approximately 1830
Hz.
Question No. 14:
A source emits sound with a frequency of 1000 Hz. It is
moving at 20m/s toward a stationary reflecting wall. If the
speed of sound is 340m/s an observer at rest directly
behind the source hears a beat frequency of:

A. 11 Hz
B. 86 Hz
C. 97 Hz
D. 118 Hz
E. 183 Hz
Explanation:
f = frequency observed by observer when source goes away from the
SOLUTION: 1ANSWER: d
observer
f2 = when source coming towards observer

f1 = f ( ) ; f2 = f ( )
where:
f = original frequency
= 340 m/ (speed of sound)
vsource = 20 m/s (speed of the source).

Therefore, f1 = 1000 Hz ( ) = 944.44 Hz; f2 = 1000 Hz ( ) f2 = 1062.5 Hz

An observer at rest directly behind the source hears a beat frequency of

f2 – f1 = 1062.5 Hz – 944.44 Hz = 118.06 Hz.


Question No. 15 :

The speed of sound is 340m/s. A plane flys horizontally at


an altitude of 10, 000m and a speed of 400m/s. When an
observer on the ground hears the sonic boom the
horizontal distance from the point on its path directly
above the observer to the plane is:

A. 5 800 m
B. 6 200 m
C. 8 400 m
D. 12 000m
E. 16 000m
SOLUTION: ANSWER: b
Explanation:
Given:
h = 10,000 m
v = 400 m/s
vs = 340 m/s (speed of sound is)
d = ? the horizontal distance from the point directly
overhead to the plane when an observer on the ground hears the sonic boom.

Shock wave
sin(α) = 1/M, M = 400 m/s / 340 m/s
where M is the mach number, the ratio of plane speed to the speed of sound.
For the given speeds, we have ...
sin(α) = 1/(400/340) = 17/20
α = sin -1 (17/20) ≈ 58.2°
Distance
When the shock wave passes the observer, the angle of elevation to the plane is α. This means the
relationship between the altitude (a) and horizontal distance (d) of the plane is ...
Tan (α) = Opposite/Adjacent
tan(α) = a/d
For an altitude of 10,000 m, the horizontal distance to the plane is ...
d = a / tan(α) = (10 000 m)/tan 58.20)
d = 10 000 m / 1.6128 = 6 200.39 m

The horizontal distance to the plane is approximately 6 200 m when the observer hears the
sonic boom.
OPTICS
Light and its
Properties, Reflection,
Refraction, and Lenses
Question No. 1:
Consider: radio waves (r), visible light (v), infrared
light (i), x-rays (x), and ultraviolet light (u). In order
of increasing frequency, they are:

A. r, v, i, x, u
B. r, i, v, u, x
C. i, r, v, u, x
D. i, v, r, u, x
E. r, i, v, x, u
SOLUTION: ANSWER: b
Question No. 2:

The order of increasing wavelength for blue (b), green (g), red (r),
and yellow (y) light is:

A. r, y, g, b
B. r, g, y, b
C. g, y, b, r
D. b, g, y, r
E. b, y, g, r
SOLUTION: ANSWER: d
Question No. 3:

The relation n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2, which applies as a ray of light


strikes an interface between two media, is known as:

A. Gauss’ law
B. Snell’s law
C. Faraday’s law
D. Cole’s law
E. law of sines
SOLUTION: ANSWER: b

Snell's law describes how light bends when it passes from one medium to another, based on the
refractive indices (n1 and n2) and the angles of incidence (θ1) and refraction (θ2).

The index of refraction of a substance is: the speed of light in vacuum divided by the speed
of light in the substance
Question No. 4:

The diagram shows the passage of a ray of light


from air into a substance X. The index of refraction
of X is:
A. 0.53
B. 0.88
C. 1.9
D. 2.2
E. 3.0
SOLUTION: ANSWER: c

Snell’s Law, n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2


Where n1 = index of refraction of Air = 1.0003

1.003 (sin (40o) = n2 sin 20o

1.003 (0.642) = n2 (0.34)


Question No. 5:

The index of refraction for diamond is 2.5.


Which of the following is correct for the
situation
shown?

A. (sin a)/(sin b) = 2.5


B. (sin b)/(sin d) = 2.5
C. (cos a)/(cos c) = 2.5
D. (sin c)/(sin a) = 2.5
E. a/c = 2.5
SOLUTION: ANSWER: d

Snell’s Law, n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2


Where

n1 = index of refraction of Diamond = 2.5

n2 = index of refraction of Air

2.5 sin (a) = 1.0003 (sin c)

2.5 sin (a) = (sin c)


Question No. 6:

The index of refraction of benzene is 1.80. The


critical angle for total internal reflection, at a
benzene-air interface, is about:

A. 560
B. 470
C. 340
D. 220
E. 180
SOLUTION: ANSWER: c

To find the critical angle for total internal reflection at the benzene-air interface, we
can use the formula:
sin⁡(θc) = n2 / n1
where:
θ = critical angle,
n1 = 1.80 (index of refraction of benzene)
n2 = 1.0003 (index of refraction of air, approximately 1.00).
Thus, the formula becomes:
sin⁡(θc) = 1.00 / 1.80 = 0.556
θc = sin-1 0.556
​θc = 33.77

Therefore, the critical angle for total internal reflection at a benzene-air interface is
about: C. 34°
Question No. 7:
A concave spherical mirror has a focal length
of 12 cm. If an object is placed 18 cm in front
of it, the image position is:

A. 7.2 cm behind the mirror


B. 7.2 cm in front of the mirror
C. 36 cm behind the mirror
D. 36 cm in front of the mirror
E. at infinity
SOLUTION: ANSWER: d

1 1 1
= + ,𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖

Where,
f = focal length = 12 cm
do = object distance = 18 cm
di = image distance = ?

1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖
1 1 1
= +
12𝑐𝑚 18 𝑐𝑚 𝑑𝑖

1 1 1
= −
𝑑𝑖 12 𝑐𝑚 18 𝑐𝑚

12𝑐𝑚(18𝑐𝑚)
𝑑𝑖= =36𝑐𝑚,𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
(18−12)𝑐𝑚
Question No. 8:
A convex spherical mirror has a focal length
of 12 cm. If an object is placed 6 cm in front
of it the image position is:

A. 4 cm behind the mirror


B. 4 cm in front of the mirror
C. 12 cm behind the mirror
D. 12 cm in front of the mirror
E. at infinity
SOLUTION: ANSWER: a

1 1 1
= + ,𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖

Where,
f = focal length = 12 cm
do = object distance = -6 cm
di = image distance = ?

1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖
1 1 1
= +
12𝑐𝑚 − 6 𝑐𝑚 𝑑𝑖

1 1 1
= +
𝑑𝑖 12 𝑐𝑚 6 𝑐𝑚

12𝑐𝑚(6𝑐𝑚)
𝑑𝑖= =4𝑐𝑚, 𝑏𝑒h𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡h𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
(6+12)𝑐𝑚
Question No. 9:
A concave spherical mirror has a focal length
of 12 cm. If an erect object is placed 6 cm in
front of it:

A. the magnification is 2 and the image is


erect
B. the magnification is 2 and the image is
inverted
C. the magnification is 0.67 and the image is
erect
SOLUTION: ANSWER: a
1 1 1
= + ,𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖

Where,
f = focal length = 12 cm The magnification m for a mirror is given by:
do = object distance = 6 cm m = hi / ho = - di / do
di = image distance = ?
m = - (-12) / 6
1 1 1
= +
𝑓 𝑑𝑜 𝑑𝑖 m = + 2, positive means upright image or erect
1 1 1
= +
12𝑐𝑚 6 𝑐𝑚 𝑑𝑖

1 1 1
= −
𝑑𝑖 12 𝑐𝑚 6 𝑐𝑚

12𝑐𝑚(6𝑐𝑚)
𝑑𝑖= =−12𝑐𝑚,𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑓 𝑡h𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
(6−12)𝑐𝑚
Question No. 10:

A camera with a lens of focal length 6.0 cm takes a picture


of a 1.4-m tall man standing 11 m away. The height of the
image is about:

A. 0.39 cm
B. 0.77 cm
C. 1.5 cm
D. 3.0 cm
E. 6.0 cm
SOLUTION: ANSWER: b

, where, f = 6 cm, do = 11 m = 1100 cm, ho = 1.4 m = 140 cm

Solve for di = ?

di = 6 (1100) / 1100 – 6 = 6.032

hi / h0 = di / do

hi / 140 cm = 6.032/1100 m

hi = 0.77 cm
Question No. 11:

An erect object is 2f in front of a converging lens of focal


length f. The image is:

A. real, inverted, magnified


B. real, erect, same size
C. real, inverted, same size
D. virtual, inverted, reduced
E. real, inverted, reduced
SOLUTION: ANSWER: c

For a converging (convex) lens, the following applies when an object is


placed at a distance of 2f (twice the focal length):

Position of Object: Placed at 2f from the lens.


Since do = 2f
Image Characteristics:
1. The image will form on the opposite side of the lens.
2. The image is real and inverted.
3. The size of the image is the same as the object size. Solve for di, di = 2f, + positive means image is real

Magnification, m = -di/do = - 2f/2f = -1

m = -1, - negative means image is inverted,


1 means same size
Question No. 12:
A 3-cm high object is in front of a thin lens. The object
distance is 4 cm and the image distance is −8 cm. The
image height is:

A. 0.5 cm
B. 1 cm
C. 1.5 cm
D. 6 cm
E. 24 cm
SOLUTION: ANSWER: d

, where, di = -8 cm, do = 4 cm, ho = 3 cm

Solve for di = ?

hi / h0 = - di / do

hi / 3 cm = - (-8 cm) / 4 cm

hi / 3 cm = 8 cm / 4 cm

hi = 6 cm

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