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    Chapter21 Mechanical Waves

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    gjjg
    Mechanical waves transfer energy through a medium without transferring matter. There are two main types of mechanical waves: transverse waves, where the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of travel, and longitudinal waves, where the disturbance is parallel. The key characteristics of waves include wavelength, frequency, period, amplitude, and wave speed. Wave speed depends on properties of the medium like tension or density. Multiple waves can interfere constructively or destructively according to the superposition principle. Standing waves form from the interference of incident and reflected waves.

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    Chapter21 Mechanical Waves

    Uploaded by

    gjjg
    15 views25 pages
    Mechanical waves transfer energy through a medium without transferring matter. There are two main types of mechanical waves: transverse waves, where the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of travel, and longitudinal waves, where the disturbance is parallel. The key characteristics of waves include wavelength, frequency, period, amplitude, and wave speed. Wave speed depends on properties of the medium like tension or density. Multiple waves can interfere constructively or destructively according to the superposition principle. Standing waves form from the interference of incident and reflected waves.

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    Physics

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    Mechanical waves transfer energy through a medium without transferring matter. There are two main types of mechanical waves: transverse waves, where the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of travel, and longitudinal waves, where the disturbance is parallel. The key characteristics of waves include wavelength, frequency, period, amplitude, and wave speed. Wave speed depends on properties of the medium like tension or density. Multiple waves can interfere constructively or destructively according to the superposition principle. Standing waves form from the interference of incident and reflected waves.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    15 views25 pages

    Chapter21 Mechanical Waves

    Uploaded by

    gjjg
    Mechanical waves transfer energy through a medium without transferring matter. There are two main types of mechanical waves: transverse waves, where the disturbance is perpendicular to the direction of travel, and longitudinal waves, where the disturbance is parallel. The key characteristics of waves include wavelength, frequency, period, amplitude, and wave speed. Wave speed depends on properties of the medium like tension or density. Multiple waves can interfere constructively or destructively according to the superposition principle. Standing waves form from the interference of incident and reflected waves.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Mechanical Waves

    Objectives: After completion of this


    lecture, you should be able to:
    • Demonstrate your understanding of transverse and
    longitudinal waves.
    • Define, relate and apply the concepts of frequency,
    wavelength, and wave speed.
    • Solve problems involving mass, length, tension, and
    wave velocity for transverse waves.
    • Write and apply an expression for determining the
    characteristic frequencies for a vibrating string with
    fixed endpoints.
    Mechanical Waves
    A mechanical wave is a physical
    disturbance in an elastic medium.

    Consider a stone dropped into a lake.


    Energy is transferred from stone to floating log, but
    only the disturbance travels.

    Actual motion of any individual water particle is small.


    Energy propagation via such a disturbance is known
    as mechanical wave motion.
    Periodic Motion
    Simple periodic motion is that motion in which a
    body moves back and forth over a fixed path,
    returning to each position and velocity after a
    definite interval of time.
    Period, T, is the time
    for one complete
    oscillation. (seconds,s)

    Amplitude
    A Frequency, f, is the
    number of complete
    oscillations per
    second. Hertz (s-1)
    Review of Simple
    Harmonic Motion

    x F
    Example: The suspended mass makes 30
    complete oscillations in 15 s. What is the
    period and frequency of the motion?

    x F
    Period: T = 0.500 s

    Frequency: f = 2.00 Hz
    A Transverse Wave
    In a transverse wave, the vibration of the
    individual particles of the medium is
    perpendicular to the direction of wave
    propagation.

    Motion of Motion of
    particles wave
    Longitudinal Waves
    In a longitudinal wave, the vibration of the
    individual particles is parallel to the
    direction of wave propagation.

    Motion of Motion of
    particles wave
    Water Waves

    An ocean wave is a combi-


    nation of transverse and
    longitudinal.

    The individual particles


    move in ellipses as the
    wave disturbance moves
    toward the shore.
    Wave speed in a string.
    The wave speed v in L

    a vibrating string is
    determined by the
    tension F and the
    linear density m, or m = m/L

    mass per unit length.

    v = speed of the transverse wave (m/s)


    F = tension on the string (N)
    m or m/L = mass per unit length (kg/m)
    Example 1: A 5-g section of string has a
    length of 2 M from the wall to the top of a
    pulley. A 200-g mass hangs at the end.
    What is the speed of a wave in this string?
    F = (0.20 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = 1.96 N

    v = 28.0 m/s 200 g

    Note: Be careful to use consistent units. The


    tension F must be in newtons, the mass m in
    kilograms, and the length L in meters.
    Periodic Wave Motion
    A vibrating metal plate produces a
    transverse continuous wave as shown.
    For one complete vibration, the wave moves
    a distance of one wavelength l as illustrated.

    l
    A B

    Wavelength l is distance between two


    particles that are in phase.
    Velocity and Wave Frequency.
    The period T is the time to move a distance of
    one wavelength. Therefore, the wave speed is:

    The frequency f is in s-1 or hertz (Hz).


    The velocity of any wave is the product of
    the frequency and the wavelength:
    Production of a Longitudinal Wave

    l
    l

    • An oscillating pendulum produces condensations


    and rarefactions that travel down the spring.
    • The wave length l is the distance between
    adjacent condensations or rarefactions.
    Velocity, Wavelength, Speed
    l

    Frequency f = waves
    Wavelength l (m)
    per second (Hz)

    Velocity v (m/s) Wave equation


    Example 2: An electromagnetic vibrator
    sends waves down a string. The vibrator
    makes 600 complete cycles in 5 s. For one
    complete vibration, the wave moves a
    distance of 20 cm. What are the frequency,
    wavelength, and velocity of the wave?

    f = 120 Hz

    The distance moved during v = fl


    a time of one cycle is the
    wavelength; therefore: v = (120 Hz)(0.02 m)

    l = 0.020 m v = 2.40 m/s


    Energy of a Periodic Wave
    The energy of a periodic wave in a string is a
    function of the linear density m , the frequency f,
    the velocity v, and the amplitude A of the wave.
    f A m = m/L

    v
    Example 3. A 2-m string has a mass of 300 g and
    vibrates with a frequency of 20 Hz and an amplitude o
    50 mm. If the tension in the rope is 48 N, how much
    power must be delivered to the string?

    P = 22(20 Hz)2(0.05 m)2(0.15 kg/m)(17.9 m/s)

    P = 53.0 W
    The Superposition Principle
    • When two or more waves (blue and green) exist in
    the same medium, each wave moves as though the
    other were absent.
    • The resultant displacement of these waves at any
    point is the algebraic sum (yellow) wave of the two
    displacements.

    Constructive Interference Destructive Interference


    Formation of a
    Standing Wave:
    Incident and reflected
    waves traveling in
    opposite directions
    produce nodes N and
    antinodes A.

    The distance between


    alternate nodes or anti-
    nodes is one wavelength.
    Possible Wavelengths for Standing Waves

    Fundamental, n = 1
    1st overtone, n = 2
    2nd overtone, n = 3
    3rd overtone, n = 4
    n = harmonics
    Possible Frequencies f = v/l :

    Fundamental, n = 1 f = 1/2L
    1st overtone, n = 2 f = 2/2L

    2nd overtone, n = 3 f = 3/2L

    3rd overtone, n = 4 f = 4/2L

    n = harmonics f = n/2L
    Characteristic Frequencies
    Now, for a string under
    tension, we have:

    Characteristic
    frequencies:
    Example 4. A 9-g steel wire is 2 m long
    and is under a tension of 400 N. If the
    string vibrates in three loops, what is the
    frequency of the wave?

    For three loops: n = 3

    400 N

    Third harmonic
    f3 = 224 Hz
    2nd overtone
    Summary for Wave Motion:

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