2119 141 512 Lic-3 3

Active Filter
Filter
• A filter is an electronic circuit that can pass or amplify a certain range

of frequencies and block or attenuate other frequencies.
• They are used for filtering specific frequencies from a signal. Filters
are used in signal processing such as removal of noise from a signal
and extraction of a message from a signal etc.
Filter
There are different types of filters

• digital and analog filters,
• active and passive filters,
• linear and non-linear filters,
• low-pass, high-pass, bandpass filters, etc..
Active Filter
• Active filter is a type of filter that is designed using active

components such as op-amp and transistor.
• They are used in combination with resistors and capacitor but not
inductors.
• Such filters are capable of providing a power gain.
• However, their design is complex as compared to passive filters.
Active Filter
• Since active filters use active components, they require an external

power supply to operate.
• The filtered signal does not require amplification. Whereas the gain
can be modified by varying a certain parameter during operation.
• Op-Amp has very high input impedance and very low output
impedance.
• Therefore, the active filter does not have a loading effect problem
at its source and load.
• Also, varying the load does not affect the filter’s performance
because the load is isolated from the source.
Active Filter
• The drawback of an active filter is the requirement of an external

source.
• The filter’s performance depends on the external source’s health.
• The active components used in active filters have limited bandwidth.
Therefore, they are not suitable for filtering high-frequency signals.
• They are also more susceptible to damage from large currents.
Features of Active Filter
• Active filters use active components such as op-amp and transistor.

• It also includes passive components such as resistor and capacitor but
not inductor.
• It requires an external power source to operate.
• It has very high input impedance and very low output impedance.
• It can be easily cascaded to increase the order of the filter without
worrying about the loss in magnitude.
Active Filter
• It provides a high power gain at its output.

• Change in the load resistance does not affect its electrical
characteristics.
• It has complex circuitry.
• It has a compact design and has a small size.
• It is expensive as compared to passive filters.
• It has a limited frequency range due to the limited bandwidth of
active components. It cannot operate at high frequency.
• It cannot handle large currents.
Passive filter
• Passive filter only uses passive components such
as resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc.
• it has a very simple design and is very cheap.
• This filter does not require an external power source to operate and
that is why they do not provide any power gain.
• However, they do use an inductor that makes them able to withstand
high currents.
Active Filter Passive Filter
Active filter uses active components such Passive filter uses passive components
as Op-amp and transistor such as resistor, capacitor and inductor.
It requires external power source to It does not require an external power
operate source.
It provides a high power gain It does not provide power gain.
It has a very high input impedance It has a medium input impedance.
It has a low output impedance (No loading
problem, because of the high input It has a medium output impedance
resistance and low output resistance of op-
amp.)
Its characteristics do not change with Its electrical characteristics vary
change in load significantly with changes in load.
Active Filter Passive Filter
It includes active as well as passive It is only made from passive
components except for the inductor. components
Due to the use of inductor they are
They are compact and small size. bulkier and heavy.
It has frequency limitation due to
limited bandwidth of op-amp It has no frequency limitations.
It does not have resonance problems They are affected by resonance
It has a high Q factor It has a low Q factor
It is stable and can withstand large
It cannot handle large current. current.
It has a complex design It has a simple design
Active Low Pass Filter –First Order
• This first-order Low-Pass
Filter, consists simply of
a passive filter followed
by a non-inverting
amplifier.
• The frequency response
of the circuit is the same
as that of the passive
filter, except that the
amplitude of the signal is
increased by the gain of
the amplifier.
First Order Low-Pass Filter
𝑅2
𝐴𝑓 =1+
𝑅1
where ωC = 1/RC is
the characteristic frequency.
Frequency Response Curve
• Design a non-inverting active low pass filter circuit that has a gain of
ten at low frequencies, a high-frequency cut-off or corner frequency
of 159Hz and an input impedance of 10KΩ.
Solution
• The voltage gain of a non-inverting operational amplifier

is given as:
• Assume a value for resistor R1 of 1kΩ rearranging the

formula above gives a value for R2 of:
Solution
• The cut-off or corner frequency (ƒc) is given as being
159Hz with an input impedance of 10kΩ.
• the filter capacitor C

Active First Order High-Pass Filter
• This first-order high-pass
filter consists simply of a
passive filter followed by a
non-inverting amplifier.
• The frequency response of
the circuit is the same as
that of the passive filter,
except that the amplitude
of the signal is increased by
the gain of the amplifier.
Active First Order High-Pass Filter
Frequency Response Curve
The upper-frequency limit of the pass band is determined by the open loop
bandwidth of the operational amplifier used
Higher-Order Active Filters
Higher order active filters can be constructed by:

• Cascading first-order active filters
• Using second-order active filter stages
• Cascading second- and first-order stages
Higher-Order Active Filters
Active Band Pass Filter
• Observe that there are two parts in the circuit
diagram of an active band pass filter: The first part
is an active high pass filter, while the second part
is an active low pass filter.
• both active high pass filter and active low pass
filter are cascaded to obtain the output so that it
contains only a particular band of frequencies.
• The active high pass filter, present at the first
stage, allows frequencies greater than the lower
cut-off frequency of the active band pass filter.
• Similarly, the active low pass filter, present at the
second stage, allows the frequencies smaller than
the higher cut-off frequency of the active band
pass filter.
Active Band Stop Filter
Active Band Stop Filter
• Observe that the block diagram of

an active band stop filter consists
of two blocks in its first stage: an
active low pass filter and an active
high pass filter.
• The outputs of these two blocks
are applied as inputs to the block
present in the second stage.
• So, the summing
amplifier produces an output,
which is the amplified version of
sum of the outputs of the active
low pass filter and the active high
pass filter.

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Active Filter

• A filter is an electronic circuit that can pass or amplify a certain range

There are different types of filters

• Active filter is a type of filter that is designed using active

• Since active filters use active components, they require an external

• The drawback of an active filter is the requirement of an external

• Active filters use active components such as op-amp and transistor.

• It provides a high power gain at its output.

• The voltage gain of a non-inverting operational amplifier

• Assume a value for resistor R1 of 1kΩ rearranging the

• the filter capacitor C

Higher order active filters can be constructed by:

• Observe that the block diagram of

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