1 Water Demand

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Unit-1

WATER
DEMAND
Course Content...
Water demand, Types of demands, Factors
affecting per capita demand, waste and losses,
variations in demand, design periods,
population forecasting methods & problems.

5
Various Water Demand
• Total annual volume (V) in liters or ML
• Annual average rate of draft in lit/day i.e V/365
• Annual avg. rate of draft in lit/day/person called
per capita demand
• Average rate of draft in lit/day per service i.e.
(V/365) X (1/No. of services)
• Fluctuations in flows expressed in terms of
percentage ratios of maximum yearly, monthly,
daily or hourly rates to their corresponding
average values.
Water Quantity Estimation
▪ The quantity of water required for municipal uses for
which the water supply scheme has to be designed
requires following data:

❖ Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres


per day per head)
❖ Population to be served.

▪ Quantity = Per capita demand x Population


4
There are various types of water
demands in a city.
▪ Domestic water demand
▪ Industrial Water demand
▪ Institution and commercial Water demand
▪ Demand for public uses
▪ Fire demand
▪ Water required to compensateLoses in
wastes & thefts

5
Domestic water demand
▪ water required in the houses for drinking,
bathing, cooking, washing, lawn sprinkling,
gardening, sanitary purposes etc.
▪ mainly depends upon the habits, social status,
climatic conditions and customs of the
people.
▪ As per IS: 1172-1963, under normal
conditions, the domestic consumption of water
in India is about 135(weaker & LIG) - 200
(full flushing) litres/day/capita.
15
Full flushing system
The details of the domestic consumption are
a) Drinking ------ 5 litres
b) Cooking ------ 5 litres
c) Bathing ------ 75 litres
d) Clothes washing ------ 25 litres
e) Utensils washing ------ 15 litres
f) House washing ------ 15 litres
g) Flushing of waterCloset, etc------------ 45 liters
h) Lawn watering & gardening------------ 15 liters

200 litres/day/capita
LITRES/DAY/CAPITA
The details of the domestic consumption are
a) Drinking ------ 5
b) Cooking litres
c) Bathing ------ 5
d) Clothes washing litres
e) Utensils washing ----- 55 litres
f) House washing ------ 20 litres
g) Flushing of water ------ 10 litres
Closet, etc ------
------- 10 litres
30 litres

135 litres/day/capita

17
Total domestic water consumption usually
accounts to 50-60% of total water consumption
The Is code lays down a limit on domestic water
consumption between 135-225 l/h/d
In developed & effluent country like USA, this
figure usually goes as high as 340 l/h/d. This is
because more water is consumed in rich living in
air-cooling, bathing in bath-tubs, dish washing of
utensils, car washing, home laundries, garbage
grinders,etc

Domestic water demand = designPopulation x Per capita


domestic demand
Industrial demand
▪ Industrial water demand = Water demand of
Existing or likely to be started industries in near
future.
▪ The quantity of water demand for industrial
purpose is around 20 to 25% of the total demand
of the city.
▪ this quantity vary with types & no. of
industries, which are existing in the city.
▪ Per capita consumption on account of industrial
needs is generally taken as 50 l/h/d
▪ In industrial city this demand may be as high as
10
450 l/c/d
Institution and commercial demand
▪ Universities, Institution, commercial buildings
and commercial centres including office
buildings, warehouses, stores, hotels, shopping
centres, health centres, schools, temple,
cinema houses, railway and bus stations etc
comes under this category.
▪ On an average this value is taken as 20 l/h/d
& for highly commerciallised cities it may be
50l/c/d

11
Indivisual water requirement
S.
Type of Institution or Commercial Avg demand in l/h/d
establishment No.
1 offices 45-90
2 Hostels 135-180
3 Restaurants 70 per seat
4 schools a) day school 45-90
b) Residential 135-225
5 Factories a) Where bath rooms are provided 45-90
b) No bath rooms provided 30-60
6 Hospitals ( Including laundry) a) beds less than 100 340 per bed
b) beds more than 100 450 per bed
7 Nurses homes & medical quarters 135-225
8 Cinema hall 15
9 Airports 70
10 Railway station 23-70
Demand for public
use
▪ Quantity of water required for public utility
purposes such as for washing and sprinkling
on roads, cleaning of sewers, watering of
public parks, gardens, public fountains etc.
comes under public demand.
▪ To meet the water demand for public use,
provision of 5% of the total consumption is
made designing the water works for a city.
▪ A figure of 10 l/c/d is usually added.
13
The requirements of water for public utility shall be
taken as…

Sl.No. Purpose Water Requirements

1 Public parks 1.4 litres/m2/day


2 Street washing 1.0-1.5 litres/m2/day

3 Sewer cleaning 4.5 litres/head/day

14
Fire demand
▪ During the fire breakdown large quantity of
water is required for throwing it over the fire
to extinguish it, therefore provision is made in
the water work to supply sufficient quantity
of water or keep as reserve in the water mains
for this purpose.
▪ Fire hydrants are usually fitted in water mains
at about 100 150 m apart & fire fighting
pump is fittedto it in case of fire.

32
The per capita fire demand is generally ignored
while computing total per capita demand.
Kilo liters of water req. = 100 (P)1/2 P= population in
thousands
▪ The quantity of water required for fire fighting
is generally calculated by using different
empirical formulae.
▪ For Indian conditions kuiching’s formula gives
satisfactory results.
Q=3182 √p
▪ Where ‘Q’ is quantity of water required in
litres/min
▪ ‘P’ is population of town or city in
thousands
Loses and wastes
▪ Losses due to defective pipe joints, cracked
and broken pipes, faulty valves and
fittings.
▪ Losses due to, continuous wastage of
water.
▪ Losses due to unauthorised and illegal
connections.
▪ While estimating the total quantity of water of
a town; allowance of 15% of total quantity of
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water is made to compensate for losses,
Water Consumption for Various Purposes
Types of Normal Average %
Consumption
Range
(lit/
capita/da
y)
1 Domestic
Consumption 160 35

65-300
Demand
2 Industrial and
Commercial 135 30

Demand
45-450
3 Public Uses
including Fire 45 10
19
20-90
Per capita demand
▪ If ‘Q’ is the total quantity of water required by
various purposes by a town per year and ‘p’
is population of town, then per capita demand
will be
Q
▪ Per capita demand = ------------------ litres/day
P x 365

20
Break up of Per Capita Demand for an Average
Indian City
USE Demand in l/h/d
Domestic use 200
Industrial use 50
Commercial use 20
Civic use or public use 10
Wastes & thefts, etc 55
Total 335 = per capita Demand (q)
▪ Per capita demand of the town depends on various factors like
standard of living, no. and type of commercial places in a town
etc.
▪ For an average Indian town, the requirement of water in
various uses is as under-
Domestic purpose -------- 135 litres/c/d
Industrial use -------- 40 litres/c/d
Public use -------- 25
Fire Demand litres/c/d
Losses, Wastage and thefts-------- 15 litres/c/d
-------- 55 litres/c/d

Total : 270 litres/capita/day

22
Factors affecting per capita demand
▪ 1Size of the city: Per capita demand for big
cities is generally large as compared to that for
smaller towns .
▪ 2Presence of industries & commercial activities
▪ 3Climatic conditions
▪ 4Habits of people and their economic status
▪ 5Pressure in the distribution system
▪ 6Quality of water supplied
▪ 7Developement of sewerage facility
▪ 8System of supply
▪ 9Cost of water
• 10policy of metering & Method of charging
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▪ 11Quality of water: If water is aesthetically &
medically safe, the consumption will increase .

▪ 12Efficiency of water works administration: Leaks in


water mains and services; and unauthorised use of
water can be kept to a minimum by surveys.

▪ 13Cost of water-

▪ 14Policy of metering and charging method: Water tax


is charged in two different ways: on the basis of
meter reading and on the basis of certain fixed
monthly rate. 43
FACTORE AFFECTING THE WATER DEMAND
• Size of the city
Big city Small towns

Example: Delhi 244 l/c/d Vijayawada 135 l/c/d

• Climate condition

more in summer less in winter

• Cost of water

rate demand rate demand


• Distribution
System

Pressure demand Pressure demand


high low
• Supply system

Good supply Bad Supply


demand demand
• Industry

industry demand industry demand

• Quality of water

good demand bad demand


• Habit of people

(Living style)

EWS MIG
demand demand
Factors affecting losees & Wastes
• Water tight joints
• Pressure in distribution system
• System of supply
• Metering
• Unauthorised connections
Variation in Demand
Fluctuations in Rate of Demand
▪ Average Daily Per Capita Demand
= Quantity Required in 12 Months/ (365 x
Population)

▪ If this average demand is supplied at all the times, it


will not be sufficient to meet the fluctuations.

▪ Maximum daily demand = 1.8 x average daily


demand
30
▪ Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak
demand
= 1.5 x average hourly demand
= 1.5 x Maximum daily demand/24
= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)/24
= 2.7 x average daily demand/24
= 2.7 x annual average hourly demand

31
▪ Seasonal variation: The demand peaks during
summer. Firebreak outs are generally more in
summer, increasing demand. So, there is seasonal
variation .

▪ Daily variation depends on the activity. People draw


out more water on Sundays and Festival days, thus
increasing demand on these days.

32
▪ Hourly variations are very important as they have a
wide range. During active household working hours
i.e. from six to ten in the morning and four to eight in
the evening, the bulk of the daily requirement is
taken. During other hours the requirement is
negligible.

▪ Moreover, if a fire breaks out, a huge quantity of


water is required to be supplied during short duration,
necessitating the need for a maximum rate of hourly
supply.

33
▪ The effect of monthly variation influences the design of
storage reservoirs and the hourly variations influences the
design of pumps and service reservoirs.
▪ As the population decreases, the fluctuation rate
increases.
▪ Coincident Draft: It is extremely improbable that a fire
may braek out when water is being drawn by the
consumers at maximum hourly draft. Hence total draft is
not taken as sum of maximum hourly demand & fire
demand, but
▪ is taken as sum of maximum daily demand & fire demand,
or the maximum hourly demand, whichever is more.
▪ The maximum daily demand when added to fire draft for
working out total draft, is known as coincident draft.
34
Effect of variations on components of water supply
scheme
• Source of supply such as wells, etc may be designed for
maximum daily consumption.
• The pipe mains from source to service reservoirs may be
designed for maximum daily consumption
• Filters & other units of treatment unit- Maximum daily
draft. An additional provision of reserve is made for
break-down & repairs. Hence designed for twice the
daily avg. demand instead of 1.8 times the avg. daily
• Pumps for lifting the water- Maximum daily draft plus
some reserve for break-down & repairs. Hence designed
for twice the daily avg. demand instead of 1.8 times the
avg. daily.
Design Periods
▪ The future period for which a provision is made in the
water supply scheme is known as the design period.
▪ Design period is estimated based on the following:
▪ (Factors affecting Design Period)
1. Useful life of the component, considering
obsolescence, wear, tear, etc.
2. Expandability aspect.
3. Rate of interest

36
▪ 5Anticipated rate of growth of population, including
industrial, commercial developments & migration-
immigration.

▪ 6Available resources.

▪ 7Performance of the system during initial period.

▪ 8The rate of interest on borrowing.

37
Design period for different components of water supply
scheme ( GoI Mannual)
Sr. no. Item Design Period in Years
1 Storage by dams 50
2 Intake works 30
3 Pumping 1Pump house 30
2Electric motors & pumps 15
4 Water treatment units 15
Pipe connections to several treatment units &
5 other small appurtenances 30

6 Raw water & clear water conveying units 30


Clear water reservoirs, balancing reservoirs,
7 ESR,GSR, etc 15

8 Distribution system 30
Population forecasting
Population Forecasting Methods
▪ The present population of city is determined by
conducting an official enumeration, called census.
▪ Population growth- a) Births b) Deaths c)
Migrations.
▪ The various methods adopted for estimating future
populations .

▪ The particular method to be adopted for a particular


case or for a particular city depends largely on the
factors discussed in the methods, and the selection is
left to the discretion and intelligence of the
designer. 66
▪ Arithmetic Increase Method
▪ Geometric Increase Method
▪ Incremental Increase Method
▪ Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
▪ Simple Graphical Method
▪ Comparative Graphical Method
▪ The master plan method
▪ The apportionment method
▪ The logistic curve method

69
Arithmetic Increase Method
In this method the average increase in population per decade
is calculated from the past census reports. This increase is
added to the present population to find out the population of
the next decade. Thus, it is assumed that the population is
increasing at constant rate.
▪ This method is based on the assumption that the population is
increasing at a constant rate.
▪ The rate of change of population with time is constant. The
population after ‘n’ decades can be determined by the formula
Pn = P0 + n.x where
▪ P0 → population at present
▪ n → No. of decades
▪ x→ average of Population increase of ‘n’ decades
GEOMETRIC INCREASE METHOD
INCREMENTAL INCREASE METHOD
GRAPHICAL METHOD
In this method, the populations of last few decades are correctly plotted to
a suitable scale on graph. The population curve is smoothly extended for
getting future population. This extension should be done carefully and it
requires proper experience and judgment. The best way of applying this
method is to extend the curve by comparing with population curve of some
other similar cities having the similar growth condition.
COMPARATIVE GRAPHICAL METHOD

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