Concentration of Solution

Solvent Solute
A solution is a homogenous mixture of 2 or
more substances

The solute is(are) the substance(s) present in the

smaller amount(s)

The solvent is the substance present in the larger

amount

12.1
Three types of interactions in the solution process:
• solvent-solvent interaction
• solute-solute interaction
• solvent-solute interaction

Hsoln = H1 + H2 + H3 12.2

 “like dissolves like”

Two substances with similar intermolecular forces are

likely to be soluble in each other.

• non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar solvents

CCl4 in C6H6
• polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents
C2H5OH in H2O
• ionic compounds are more soluble in polar solvents
NaCl in H2O or NH3 (l)

12.2
 Concentration of Solution

Moles of solute Mol

(M) = =
•Molarity Liter of solution L
amount of solute (g or ml)
•Parts ratio= amount of solution (g or ml) (10 2
) or (10 6
) or (10 9
)

•Mole Fraction
()= Total moles of solution
Moles of solute

Moles of solute
•Molality (m) = Kilograms of solvent
 Molarity

NaCl Molarity Example Problem 1

12.6 g of NaCl are dissolved in water making

344mL of solution. Calculate the molar
concentration.

 1molNaCl 
12.6 g NaCl  
moles solute  58.44 gNaCl 
M= =
L solution 344 mL 
 1L 
 solution
 1000mL 
= 0.627 M NaCl
 Molarity

NaCl Molarity Example Problem 2

How many moles of NaCl are contained in 250.mL

of solution with a concentration of 1.25 M?

moles solute therefore the

M= solution contains
L solution
 1L  1.25 mol NaCl
250. mL   = 0.250 L solution
 1000mL  1 L solution
Volume x concentration = moles solute
 1.25 mol NaCl 
0.250 L solution   = 0.313 mol NaCl
 1 L solution 
 Molarity

NaCl Molarity Example Problem 3

What volume of solution will contain 15 g of NaCl

if the solution concentration is 0.75 M?

moles solute therefore the

M= solution contains
L solution
 1 mol NaCl  0.75 mol NaCl
15 g NaCl   = 0.257 mol
 58.44 g NaCl  1 L solution
moles solute ÷ concentration = volume solution
 1 L solution 
0.257 mol NaCl  = 0.34 L solution
 0.75 mol NaCl 
 Concentration Units Continued
Molarity (M)

moles of solute
M =
liters of solution

Molality (m)

moles of solute
m =
mass of solvent (kg)

12.3
 What is the molality of a 5.86 M ethanol (C2H5OH)
solution whose density is 0.927 g/mL?
moles of solute moles of solute
m = M =
mass of solvent (kg) liters of solution

Assume 1 L of solution:
5.86 moles ethanol = 270 g ethanol
927 g of solution (1000 mL x 0.927 g/mL)
mass of solvent = mass of solution – mass of solute
= 927 g – 270 g = 657 g = 0.657 kg

moles of solute 5.86 moles C2H5OH

m = = = 8.92 m
mass of solvent (kg) 0.657 kg solvent

12.3
 % Concentration
mass solute
• % (w/w) = x 100
mass solution

mass solute
x 100
volume solution
• % (w/v) =

volume solute
x 100
volume solution

• % Mass
(v/v) =and volume units must match.
(g & mL) or (Kg & L)
 % Concentration
Example Problem 1
What is the concentration in %w/v of a solution containing 39.2 g
of potassium nitrate in 177 mL of solution?
mass solute 39.2 g
% (w/v) = 100 100 = 22.1 % w/v
volume solution 177 mL

Example Problem 2
What is the concentration in %v/v of a solution containing 3.2 L of
ethanol in 6.5 L of solution?
volume solute 3.2 L
% (v/v) = 100 100 = 49 % v/v
volume solution 6.5 L
 % Concentration
Example Problem 3
What volume of 1.85 %w/v solution is needed to
provide 5.7 g of solute?
1.85 g solute
% (w/v) =
100 mL solution
We know: We want to get:
g solute
g solute and mL solution
mL solution

 100 mL solution 
5.7 g solute   = 310 mL Solution
 1.85 g solute 
g solute ÷ concentration = volume solution
Parts per million/billion (ppm & ppb)
mass solute mg
• ppm = × 106 or = ppm
volume solution L
mass solute g
× 109 or = ppb
• ppb = volume solution L

AND
Mass and volume units must match.
For very low
(g & mL) or (Kg & L) concentrations:
ng
parts per trillion = ppt
L
 ppm & ppb
Example Problem 1
An Olympic sized swimming pool
contains 2,500,000 L of water. If 1 tsp of
salt (NaCl) is dissolved in the pool, what
is the concentration in ppm?
1 teaspoon = 6.75 g NaCl
or
g solute mg solute
ppm = ×106 ppm =
mL solution L solution

6.75 g 6 6.75 g 1000

1 g 
mg
ppm = ×10 ppm =
2.5×106 L 1000
1 L 
mL
2.5×106 L

ppm = 0.0027 ppm = 0.0027

 ppm & ppb
Example Problem 2
An Olympic sized swimming pool
contains 2,500,000 L of water. If 1 tsp of
salt (NaCl) is dissolved in the pool, what
is the concentration in ppb?
1 teaspoon = 6.75 g NaCl
or
g solute  g solute
ppb = ×109 ppb =
mL solution L solution

ppb =
6.75 g
×10 9
ppb =
6.75 g  106 mg
1 g 
2.5×106 L 1000
1 L 
mL
2.5×106 L
ppb = 2.7 ppb = 2.7
 Mole Fraction
B A
A B
A A
A B

B A B A A
A

Mole Fraction ()

moles of A A
 A = sum of moles of all components A + B

moles of B B
 B = sum of moles of all components A + B

Since A + B make up the

entire mixture, their mole
fractions will add up to one.
 A  B 1.00
 Mole Fraction
Example Problem 1
In our glass of iced tea, we have added 3 tbsp
of sugar (C12H22O11). The volume of the tea
(water) is 325 mL. What is the mole fraction
of the sugar in the tea solution?
(1 tbsp sugar ≈ 25 g)
First, we find the moles of both the
solute and the solvent.
 1 mol C12 H 22 O11   1 mol H 2 O 
75.g C12 H 22 O11   = 0.219 mol 325mL H 2 O   = 18.1 mol
 342 g C12 H 22 O11   18.0 g H 2
O 
Next, we substitute the moles of both into the mole fraction equation.

χ moles solute
sugar = total moles solution =
0.219 mol sugar
(0.219 mol + 18.1 mol)
0.012
 Mole Fraction
Example Problem 2
Air is about 78% N2, 21% O2, and 0.90% Ar.
What is the mole fraction of each gas?
First, we find the moles of each gas. We assume
100. grams total and change each % into grams.
 1 mol N 2   1 mol O 2 
78g N 2   = 2.79 mol 21g O 2   = 0.656 mol
 28 g N 2   32 g O 2 
 1 mol Ar  Next, we substitute the moles of each into
0.90g Ar   = 0.0225 mol
 40. g Ar  the mole fraction equation.

χ =
moles N 2
N2 total moles χ O2
=
moles O 2
total moles
χ =
moles Ar
Ar total moles
2.79 mol N 2 0.656 mol O 2 0.0225 mol Ar
= = =
(2.79 + 0.656 + 0.0225) (2.79 + 0.656 + 0.0225) (2.79 + 0.656 + 0.0225)

0.804 0.189 0.00649

4.5
Dilution is the procedure for preparing a less concentrated
solution from a more concentrated solution.
Pengenceran is prosedur untuk membuat larutan dengan
konsentrasi yang lebih kecil dari konsentrasi yang lebih
besar

Dilution
Add Solvent

Mol zat terlarut Mol zat terlarut

Sebelum diencerkan (i) = Setelah diencerkan(f)

MiVi = MfVf
4.5
 Bagaimana menyiapkan 60.0 mL of 0.2 M
HNO3 from a stock solution of 4.00 M HNO3?

MiVi = MfVf

Mi = 4.00 Mf = 0.200 Vf = 0.06 L Vi = ? L

MfVf 0.200 x 0.06

Vi = = = 0.003 L = 3 mL
Mi 4.00

4.5
 Problems
1. The solution contains 10.0 g of cobalt(II) chloride
dihydrate, (CoCl2•2H2O, Molar mass = 165,87 g/mol) in
enough ethanol to make exactly 500 mL of solution. What
is the molar concentration of CoCl2∙2H2O?

2. The so-called D5W solution used for the intravenous

replacement of body fluids contains 0.310 M glucose.
(D5W is an approximately 5% solution of dextrose [the
medical name for glucose] in water.) Calculate the mass
of glucose necessary to prepare a 500 mL pouch of D5W.
Glucose has a molar mass of 180.16 g/mol.
 Problems

3. Accumulator cell contains 500 mL sulfuric acid

solution 2M, calculate the volume of sulfuric acid
98% that needed! Sulfuric acid has molar mass
98,079 g/mol and density 1,84 g/cm3.