런던 그린피스
London Greenpeace| 다음에 대한 시리즈 일부 |
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London Greenpeace was an anarchist environmentalist activist collective that existed between 1972 and 2001. They were based in London, and came to international prominence when two of their activists refused to capitulate to McDonald's in the landmark libel case known as "McLibel". It was not affiliated with Greenpeace International nor with Greenpeace UK.
Origins
In 1972 a group of activists loosely associated with the Peace News newspaper formed a new group committed to environmentalism and anarchism. Initially the group campaigned for the ending of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons by France at Mururoa atoll in the south Pacific. In support of this, in 1973 the group held a 60-strong protest march from London to Paris, via Dover, Ostend and Wattrelos, ending in a demonstration at Notre Dame cathedral.[1][2][3][4]
Greenpeace [ London ] was not affiliated with Greenpeace International. Greenpeace International was formed out of a rough coalition of various environmentalist groups in 1971, many of whom were already using the name "Greenpeace". London Greenpeace emphatically wanted to remain independent of this new and larger Greenpeace, which it saw as being too "centralized and mainstream for their tastes".[5]
Political affiliation
The Group was formed to show the links between Militarism and Environmental damage. They have been linked, ideologically and in their activism, with radical environmentalism, green anarchism and pacifism. They have been officially affiliated with War Resisters' International, the National Peace Council,[1] and Campaign Against Arms Trade, and supportive of the Animal Liberation movement. In the 1980s they were involved with the Stop the City campaigns,[6] whilst the 1990s saw them helping to initiate the London-wide Reclaim The Streets Network. They are viewed[by whom?] as one of the first anarchist groups to promote a specifically environmentalist message.
During the second half of the 1970s the group pioneered the campaign against nuclear power, and worked with a number of anti-nuclear alliances such as Stop Urenco, the Torness Alliance, and the Nuclear Information network.[1] London Greenpeace was also involved in the opposition to the Falklands War, and co-founded the Anti-Falkland War Support network.[7]
London Greenpeace gained public attention with the McLibel case, which became well known as one of the first SLAPP suits against freedom of expression. McDonald's Restaurants sued London Greenpeace, which later morphed into "McDonald's vs Steel and Morris". The case lasted for 15 years and was finally settled in 2005. The McLibel case became famous because McDonald's lost the public relations case in the public mind.[citation needed]
McLibel
In 1990 McDonald's issued proceedings against five London Greenpeace supporters, Paul Gravett, Andrew Clarke and Jonathan O'Farrell, Helen Steel and David Morris, for libel. The company offered to withdraw actions against each individual in return for an apology and an undertaking not to repeat the claims. The activists had been distributing a pamphlet throughout London containing allegations regarding starvation in the Third World, destruction of rainforest, the use of recycled paper, links between the company's food and heart disease & breast/bowel cancer, false advertising, the rearing and slaughter of animals, food poisoning, and employment practices. Of the five defendants, Gravett, Clarke and O'Farrell apologised to McDonald's, while Steel and Morris (often referred to as "The McLibel Two") refused.
Almost all of London Greenpeace's resources and efforts went to helping the pair over the years the case was heard, but in 1997 both defendants lost and were ordered to pay McDonald's £60,000. However, the extended court battle was a public relations failure for McDonald's; the company decided not to pursue the two defendants for the money.
Dissolution
2001년 런던 그린피스는 그들의 해산을 알리는 공개 성명을 발표했다.[8] 맥리벨의 행동이 조직에 신선한 에너지, 홍보, 긴급성을 가져다 주었지만, 이것은 오래 지속되지 않았고, 그 단체는 그들의 노력을 영구적으로 중단하는 것이 최선이라고 생각했다.[8]
잠복 경찰
2011년 10월 이 단체의 활동가들은 밥 로빈슨으로 알고 있던 로버트 램버트를 이 단체에 잠입한 전직 비밀경찰이라고 폭로했다.[9] 램버트와 다른 위장 경찰들을 중심으로 한 많은 법정 사건들에 이어 2014년과 2015년에 런던 경찰은 그들이 램버트를 포함한 위장 경찰관들과 친밀한 관계를 가졌다는 것을 발견한 8명의 여성들에게 사과하고 상당한 보상을 했다. 경찰은 이 관계들이 "유혹적이고, 기만적이고, 교활하고, 잘못된 것"이었다고 인정했다.[10][11]
참고 항목
참조
- ^ a b c Jackman, Bob; Lowe, Martyn. "London Greenpeace – A History of Peace, Protest and Campaigning". mcspotlight.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Crosby, Trevor K. (1991). "Obituary: Clare Frances Morales". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 80 (4): 459–462. doi:10.1080/03014223.1991.10422854. ISSN 0301-4223.
- ^ Beale, Albert (June 2013). "40 years ago: Turn up, chain-in, sit-down!". Peace News (2558). London. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Hayes, Peter (6 March 2015). "Founding Friends of the Earth Australia: the Early Years". Friends of the Earth Australia History. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ Klein, Naomi (2009). No Logo: Taking Aim at the Brand Bullies. Picador. p. 388. ISBN 9781429956499.
- ^ Berger, George (2009). The Story of Crass. Oakland, CA: PM Press. p. 247. ISBN 9781604862331. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
- ^ "Anti-Falkland War Support network". TheProject.me.uk. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ a b "Animal Rights News in UK". Veggies.org.uk. Archived from the original on 15 May 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ Evans, Rob; Lewis, Paul (16 October 2011). "Progressive academic Bob Lambert is former police spy". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ Evans, Rob; Lewis, Paul (16 December 2011). "Former lovers of undercover officers sue police over deceit". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 April 2017.
- ^ Evans, Rob (24 December 2015). "Ex-undercover officer who infiltrated political groups resigns from academic posts". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
