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    John Bowers - 2013 UCSB Faculty Research Lecture

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    2013 UCSB Faculty Research Lecture given by John Bowers on October 3rd, 2013. 'The Promise of Silicon Photonics' John Bowers, professor of electrical and computer engineering and of materials at UC Santa Barbara, will give UCSB’s 2013 Faculty Research Lecture on Thursday, October 3, at 4 p.m. in the Engineering Science Building, Room 1001. Awarded annually, the lectureship is considered the highest honor bestowed by the university faculty on one of its members. Bowers is the 58th recipient of the award. His lecture, titled “The Promise of Silicon Photonics,” is free and open to the public. A reception will follow. Photonics has transformed our work and, indeed, our lives, by enabling the Internet through low-cost, high-capacity fiber optic transmission. In data centers, photonics is replacing electrical cables, thereby allowing for higher and more economical performance. In his talk, Bowers will discuss the evolution of photonics and what the future holds for this technology. A number of important breakthroughs over the last decade have focused attention on silicon as a photonic platform, and Bowers, who also holds the Fred Kavli Chair in Nanotechnology at UCSB and is director of the campus’s Institute for Energy Efficiency, will address progress in this area, highlighting efforts to make lasers, amplifiers, modulators, and photodetectors on or in silicon. He will also discuss the impact photonic integrated circuits could have on interconnects, telecommunications, and silicon electronics. Bowers’ research is focused primarily on optoelectronics and silicon photonic integrated circuits. He received his master’s and doctoral degrees from Stanford University, and worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories and at Honeywell before joining the faculty at UCSB. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the Optical Society (OSA), and the American Physical Society. The recipient of numerous honors and awards, Bowers has received the OSA/IEEE Tyndall Award, the OSA Holonyak Prize, the IEEE-Laser Electro-Optics and Apps Society William Streifer Award, and a South Coast Business and Technology Entrepreneur of the Year Award. In addition, Bowers and his colleagues received an Electronic Engineering Times’ Creativity in Electronics Award For Most Promising Technology for their development of the hybrid silicon laser. Bowers is also co-founder of the technology companies Aurrion, Aerius Photonics, and Calient Networks. Institute for Energy Efficiency - iee.ucsb.edu

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    John Bowers - 2013 UCSB Faculty Research Lecture

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    2013 UCSB Faculty Research Lecture given by John Bowers on October 3rd, 2013. 'The Promise of Silicon Photonics' John Bowers, professor of electrical and computer engineering and of materials at UC Santa Barbara, will give UCSB’s 2013 Faculty Research Lecture on Thursday, October 3, at 4 p.m. in the Engineering Science Building, Room 1001. Awarded annually, the lectureship is considered the highest honor bestowed by the university faculty on one of its members. Bowers is the 58th recipient of the award. His lecture, titled “The Promise of Silicon Photonics,” is free and open to the public. A reception will follow. Photonics has transformed our work and, indeed, our lives, by enabling the Internet through low-cost, high-capacity fiber optic transmission. In data centers, photonics is replacing electrical cables, thereby allowing for higher and more economical performance. In his talk, Bowers will discuss the evolution of photonics and what the future holds for this technology. A number of important breakthroughs over the last decade have focused attention on silicon as a photonic platform, and Bowers, who also holds the Fred Kavli Chair in Nanotechnology at UCSB and is director of the campus’s Institute for Energy Efficiency, will address progress in this area, highlighting efforts to make lasers, amplifiers, modulators, and photodetectors on or in silicon. He will also discuss the impact photonic integrated circuits could have on interconnects, telecommunications, and silicon electronics. Bowers’ research is focused primarily on optoelectronics and silicon photonic integrated circuits. He received his master’s and doctoral degrees from Stanford University, and worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories and at Honeywell before joining the faculty at UCSB. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the Optical Society (OSA), and the American Physical Society. The recipient of numerous honors and awards, Bowers has received the OSA/IEEE Tyndall Award, the OSA Holonyak Prize, the IEEE-Laser Electro-Optics and Apps Society William Streifer Award, and a South Coast Business and Technology Entrepreneur of the Year Award. In addition, Bowers and his colleagues received an Electronic Engineering Times’ Creativity in Electronics Award For Most Promising Technology for their development of the hybrid silicon laser. Bowers is also co-founder of the technology companies Aurrion, Aerius Photonics, and Calient Networks. Institute for Energy Efficiency - iee.ucsb.edu

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    2013 UCSB Faculty Research Lecture given by John Bowers on October 3rd, 2013. 'The Promise of Silicon Photonics' John Bowers, professor of electrical and computer engineering and of materials at UC Santa Barbara, will give UCSB’s 2013 Faculty Research Lecture on Thursday, October 3, at 4 p.m. in the Engineering Science Building, Room 1001. Awarded annually, the lectureship is considered the highest honor bestowed by the university faculty on one of its members. Bowers is the 58th recipient of the award. His lecture, titled “The Promise of Silicon Photonics,” is free and open to the public. A reception will follow. Photonics has transformed our work and, indeed, our lives, by enabling the Internet through low-cost, high-capacity fiber optic transmission. In data centers, photonics is replacing electrical cables, thereby allowing for higher and more economical performance. In his talk, Bowers will discuss the evolution of photonics and what the future holds for this technology. A number of important breakthroughs over the last decade have focused attention on silicon as a photonic platform, and Bowers, who also holds the Fred Kavli Chair in Nanotechnology at UCSB and is director of the campus’s Institute for Energy Efficiency, will address progress in this area, highlighting efforts to make lasers, amplifiers, modulators, and photodetectors on or in silicon. He will also discuss the impact photonic integrated circuits could have on interconnects, telecommunications, and silicon electronics. Bowers’ research is focused primarily on optoelectronics and silicon photonic integrated circuits. He received his master’s and doctoral degrees from Stanford University, and worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories and at Honeywell before joining the faculty at UCSB. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the Optical Society (OSA), and the American Physical Society. The recipient of numerous honors and awards, Bowers has received the OSA/IEEE Tyndall Award, the OSA Holonyak Prize, the IEEE-Laser Electro-Optics and Apps Society William Streifer Award, and a South Coast Business and Technology Entrepreneur of the Year Award. In addition, Bowers and his colleagues received an Electronic Engineering Times’ Creativity in Electronics Award For Most Promising Technology for their development of the hybrid silicon laser. Bowers is also co-founder of the technology companies Aurrion, Aerius Photonics, and Calient Networks. Institute for Energy Efficiency - iee.ucsb.edu

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    John Bowers - 2013 UCSB Faculty Research Lecture

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    UCSBiee
    2013 UCSB Faculty Research Lecture given by John Bowers on October 3rd, 2013. 'The Promise of Silicon Photonics' John Bowers, professor of electrical and computer engineering and of materials at UC Santa Barbara, will give UCSB’s 2013 Faculty Research Lecture on Thursday, October 3, at 4 p.m. in the Engineering Science Building, Room 1001. Awarded annually, the lectureship is considered the highest honor bestowed by the university faculty on one of its members. Bowers is the 58th recipient of the award. His lecture, titled “The Promise of Silicon Photonics,” is free and open to the public. A reception will follow. Photonics has transformed our work and, indeed, our lives, by enabling the Internet through low-cost, high-capacity fiber optic transmission. In data centers, photonics is replacing electrical cables, thereby allowing for higher and more economical performance. In his talk, Bowers will discuss the evolution of photonics and what the future holds for this technology. A number of important breakthroughs over the last decade have focused attention on silicon as a photonic platform, and Bowers, who also holds the Fred Kavli Chair in Nanotechnology at UCSB and is director of the campus’s Institute for Energy Efficiency, will address progress in this area, highlighting efforts to make lasers, amplifiers, modulators, and photodetectors on or in silicon. He will also discuss the impact photonic integrated circuits could have on interconnects, telecommunications, and silicon electronics. Bowers’ research is focused primarily on optoelectronics and silicon photonic integrated circuits. He received his master’s and doctoral degrees from Stanford University, and worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories and at Honeywell before joining the faculty at UCSB. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and is a fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the Optical Society (OSA), and the American Physical Society. The recipient of numerous honors and awards, Bowers has received the OSA/IEEE Tyndall Award, the OSA Holonyak Prize, the IEEE-Laser Electro-Optics and Apps Society William Streifer Award, and a South Coast Business and Technology Entrepreneur of the Year Award. In addition, Bowers and his colleagues received an Electronic Engineering Times’ Creativity in Electronics Award For Most Promising Technology for their development of the hybrid silicon laser. Bowers is also co-founder of the technology companies Aurrion, Aerius Photonics, and Calient Networks. Institute for Energy Efficiency - iee.ucsb.edu

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    of 87

    The Promise of Silicon Photonics

    2013 Faculty Research Lecture 1 John E. Bowers, Director, Institute for Energy Efficiency Kavli Professor of Nanotechnology

    What is silicon photonics?


    Making photonic integrated circuits on Silicon using CMOS process technology in a CMOS fab

    Why is it important? What is the future? What is the problem? What is the economic driver?

    Big Data

    Internet Users: 2 billion (>20% of World population) Google Search: More than a billion searches daily YouTube adds 24 hours of video every minute, 1+ billion views a day

    Mobile Data Traffic

    Tbytes/month

    Today

    Source: Network Traffic Forecast and Analysis 2013-2017 by Information Gatekeepers 2013.

    The Growth of Data Transmission


    Data transmitted over a fiber optic backbone

    100x

    Kilper et, al., Power Trends in Communication Networks, J. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, March/April 2011

    The Growth of Telecommunication Power Consumption

    C. Lange et al., Energy Consumption of Telecommunication Networks and Related Improvement Options, J. Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, March/April 2011

    Data Servers

    Source: Energy Cost, the Key Challenge of Todays Data Centers, Michael Poess (Oracle) and Raghunath O. Nambiar (HP) 2010

    Data Center Carbon Footprint

    Data Center Carbon Footprint

    Data Center (Warehouse Computer)

    10

    Lots of Cooling Towers

    11

    Lots of cooling water

    12

    Modern Data Center


    100 MW power Million of servers Tens of thousands of fibers

    13
    From Donn Lee (Facebook)

    Servers

    14

    Mostly connected today with electrical cables within a rack

    15

    Non-Scalable Fiber Interconnects in a Data Center

    16

    A Global Optical Network

    Follow the sun data center strategy: Global load balancing. Use cheaper electricity at night.

    Worldwide Fiber Optic Communication

    18

    Reduction in energy to transport a bit across the ocean


    10 6 Energy / Bit / 1000-km (J) 10 3 10 0 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 Year After Tucker (2011)
    Marconi Trans-Atlan=c Fessenden Trans-Atlan=c NY - Paris TAT-1 TAT-3 TAT-5 TAT-8

    First Trans-Atlan=c Newhaven - Azores

    Key West - Havana

    100 Million
    TAT-9 TAT-11

    TAT-10 TAT-12/13

    WDM terrestrial

    Invention of Morse Code


    Where did it all begin? 1839 William Morse: Invention of Morse Code and the telegraph. The first message: "What hath God wrought!''

    20

    The First Transatlantic Cable


    1839 Gisborne and Field The first two attempts failed On 16 August,1858 a telegram of congratulations from Queen Victoria to US President James Buchanan

    Agamemnon and Niagra laying cable

    21

    Wireless Telegraphy
    1902 Marconi Invention of wireless telegraphy (radio) Wireless transmission across the Atlantic

    1912 Word of the Titanic sinking sent to shore. Marconi had been scheduled on that trip, but had left on the Lusitania three days earlier.

    22

    Reduction in energy to transport a bit across the ocean


    10 6 Energy / Bit / 1000-km (J) 10 3 10 0 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 Year
    Marconi Trans-Atlan=c Fessenden Trans-Atlan=c NY - Paris Wireless Telegraphy

    First Trans-Atlan=c Newhaven - Azores

    The Invention of the Telephone


    1876 Bell speaks the famous words: "Mr. Watson -- come here -- I want to see you.

    Alexander Graham Bell

    24

    Multiplexing is Crucial

    New York City 1903

    Time multiplexing was invented in 1910 by George O. Squier. It allowed multiple telephone calls to be transmitted over one wire.

    Coax Cable
    1931 Lloyd Espenschied and Herman A. Affel invented coaxial cable

    Cable with 22 coaxial cables that can carry 90,000 telephone calls

    26

    First Transatlantic Telephone Cable


    TAT-1 1956 ATT Bell Labs and British Post Office

    Reduction in energy to transport a bit across the ocean


    10 6 Energy / Bit / 1000-km (J) 10 3 10 0 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 Year
    Marconi Trans-Atlan=c Fessenden Trans-Atlan=c NY - Paris Wireless Telegraphy Coax

    First Trans-Atlan=c Newhaven - Azores

    TAT-1 36 channels TAT-3 138 channels

    ~20% p.a. improvement

    Transistor
    The transistor was demonstrated in 1947 and Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain received the Nobel Prize in 1956. This enabled solid state amplifiers.

    John Bardeen, William Shockley, Walter Brattain

    Reduction in energy to transport a bit across the ocean


    10 6 Energy / Bit / 1000-km (J) 10 3 10 0 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 Year
    Marconi Trans-Atlan=c Fessenden Trans-Atlan=c NY - Paris TAT-1 TAT-3 TAT-7 4000 channels Wireless Telegraphy Coax

    First Trans-Atlan=c Newhaven - Azores

    ~20% p.a. improvement

    Microwave cable and microwave antennas were dominant through the 1960s

    6 cm diameter circular waveguides with 40 to 120 GHz for 230,000 voice circuits.
    31

    Invention of Fiber Optics


    In 1854, John Tyndall demonstrated to the Royal Society that light could be conducted through a curved stream of water, proving that a light signal could be bent. In 1966, Charles Kao studied optical losses in glass, set the goal of 20 dB/km and received the Nobel Prize 2010

    Robert Mauer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz, from Corning purified silica and reduced optical loss to 16 dB/km in 1970.

    32

    Why Fiber Optics?


    Loss is low (0.2 dB/km 1550 nm C-band for fiber compared to 1000 dB/km for coax at 20 GHz) Capacity is large (300,000 GHz for fiber compared to 20 GHz for coax)

    33

    Invention of Semiconductor Laser


    1962 First Semiconductor Laser
    Robert N. Hall at General Electric Marshall Nathan at IBM MIT Lincoln Laboratory

    Nobel Prize in 2000

    1962 Kroemer: Invention of Double heterostructure laser

    400x

    First Commercial Fiber Optic Cable


    In 1977, the first optical telephone communication system was installed about 1.5 miles under downtown Chicago, and each optical fiber carried the equivalent of 672 voice channels.

    Reduction in energy to transport a bit across the ocean


    10 6 Energy / Bit / 1000-km (J) 10 3 10 0 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 Year
    Marconi Trans-Atlan=c Fessenden Trans-Atlan=c NY - Paris TAT-1 TAT-3 TAT-7 4000 channels TAT-8 40,000 channels TAT-10 TAT-11 1.13 Gbps Wireless Telegraphy Coax Optical + Regen. Optical + EDFA WDM

    First Trans-Atlan=c Newhaven - Azores

    ~20% p.a. improvement

    TAT-9

    Invention of the EDFA


    The erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) was developed by Paynes group at the Univ. of Southampton in the late 1980s. This device amplifies light signals in an optical fiber network.

    This led to TAT-12/13 operating at 5 Gbit/s (approximately 300,000 voice circuits)


    37

    Wavelength Division Multiplexing


    WDM was demonstrated by AT&T in 1978 and deployed in 1982 from Boston to Washington using GaAlAs lasers at 825 and 875 nm, and an InGaAsP LED at 1300 nm. Not widely used until 1992 after the invention of the optical amplifier.

    38

    Reduction in energy to transport a bit across the ocean


    10 6 Energy / Bit / 1000-km (J) 10 3 10 0 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12
    Marconi Trans-Atlan=c Fessenden Trans-Atlan=c NY - Paris TAT-1 TAT-3 TAT-8 40,000 channels TAT-10 TAT-11 1.13 Gbps Wireless Telegraphy Coax Optical + Regen. Optical + EDFA WDM

    First Trans-Atlan=c Newhaven - Azores

    Key West - Havana

    TAT-7 4000 channels

    ~20% p.a. improvement

    TAT-9 TAT-12/13 10 Gbps TAT-14 1.87 Tbps

    Hypernia 10 Tbps

    1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 Year

    Reduction in energy to transport a bit across the ocean


    10 6 Energy / Bit / 1000-km (J) 10 3 10 0 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12
    Telegraph Telephone Multiplexing Coax
    TAT-1 TAT-3 TAT-8 40,000 channels TAT-10 TAT-11 1.13 Gbps Marconi Trans-Atlan=c Fessenden Trans-Atlan=c NY - Paris Wireless Telegraphy Coax Optical + Regen. Optical + EDFA WDM

    Transistor Optical Fiber Double Heterostructure Semiconductor Laser

    EDFA WDM

    1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 Year

    Reduction in energy to transport a bit across the ocean


    10 6 Energy / Bit / 1000-km (J) 10 3 10 0 10 -3 10 -6 10 -9 10 -12
    Telegraph Telephone Multiplexing Coax
    TAT-1 TAT-3 Marconi Trans-Atlan=c Fessenden Trans-Atlan=c NY - Paris Wireless Telegraphy Coax Optical + Regen. Optical + EDFA WDM

    Transistor Optical Fiber Double Heterostructure Semiconductor Laser

    TAT-8 40,000 channels TAT-10 TAT-11 1.13 Gbps

    100 Million

    EDFA WDM

    1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 Year

    Transmission Research records


    Phase diversity started Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) starting

    100
    Polarization Division Multiplexing started

    305 Tbit/s on a single fiber (2012)

    Capacity on a single fiber

    Tb/s

    10
    WDM started

    6 Million In 32 years

    100 Gb/s 10 1986

    1990

    1994

    1998

    2002

    2006

    2010

    1977: 50 Mbit/s

    Plot courtesy of P. Winzer and Chris Doerr

    Long Haul:
    6 million increase in capacity in 32 years. 100 million decrease in energy/bit in 150 years.

    What about switching?

    43

    Routers and Switches: Power and Power Density are Problems


    Electrical Core switches: >10 kW/rack for 256 10 Gbit/s channels
    Power density in high speed switching chips at fundamental limits Scaling to larger switches and higher bit rates difficult. Power proportional to frequency squared!

    44

    Low Power 3D MEMS Switch Architecture


    Silicon Fiber Block 384 Collimated Beams

    Silicon MEMS Mirror Plane 384 Mirrors Electrostatic Control Moves in X & Y 10 nA x 100 V = 1 microW/channel 2D Gymbal Mirror Silicon Photonic integration is key! Impossible to build large (>100 port) switches without integration. Large wafer size essential. CMOS process uniformity essential (hinges).

    Bowers et al. Optical MEMs conference 2009

    >10,000x

    Many electronic servers and switches require significant power (1 MW for some routers)

    OFC OTuH2 2011 Traditional Architecture Electrical Optical Electrical Electrical

    47

    OFC OTuH2 2011 Traditional Architecture Emerging Architecture

    48

    Dan Tardent PCT 2013

    49

    Dan Tardent PCT 2013

    50

    Moving to Interconnects
    Optical
    Metro & Long Haul
    0.1 80 km

    Copper
    Chip to Chip
    1 50 cm

    Intel Optical Products

    Billions
    Board to Board
    50 100 cm

    Rack to Rack
    1 to 100 m

    Millions

    Thousands Decreasing Distances

    Volumes

    Drive optical to high volumes and low costs

    51

    What about Interconnects?


    No significant integration (typically 2 or 3 devices/PIC) 192 wavelength Cost is high transmission system Size is large Power is large (1 W/Gbps)

    52

    Why not Integrate?


    100 Gb/s Transmit

    100 Gb/s Receive

    Infinera 100 Gb/s Solution Receive

    100 Gb/s Transmit


    R. Nagarajan, Infinera ECOC 2007

    53

    Why Silicon Photonics?


    Integrate photonics with electronics
    Same wafer Bump bonding of silicon PIC with silicon IC Same coefficient of thermal expansion 3D stacking
    Cross-sectional view of an IBM Silicon Nanophotonics chip combining optical and electrical circuits Vlasov et al. IEDM postdeadline

    Reduce cost by going to larger diameter wafers


    InP limited by wafer breakage to 100 mm diameter

    Reduce cost by sharing VLSI facility with electronics Improve yield by taking advantage of silicon process development Volume driver: Solve IC interconnect bottleneck (from 4 Tbps to 1 Pbps). Optical transmitters/receivers on processors, memories, switches.

    54

    Bringing Si Manufacturing to the Laser


    Lasers Si Manufacturing
    Silicon Photonics is not about Silicon. It is about using CMOS processing to make photonic integrated circuits with high quality and low cost. Very high bandwidth Long distances InP Photonic Immunity Integrated to electrical noise circuits
    Year of Production DRAM 1/2 Pitch (nm) Wafer Size (mm) 1995 270 150 1998 190 200

    High volume, low cost Highly integrated Silicon Photonic Integrated circuits
    2007 2010 2013 2016 65 43 32 22 300 Courtesy: 300 300 450 Rattner (Intel)

    Six Generations

    Scalability
    2001 130 200 2004 90 200

    Hybrid Silicon Photonics

    Direct Gap III-V

    III-V active region Silicon rib waveguide on SOI wafer

    Silicon

    Optical gain from III-V Material Efficient coupling to silicon passive photonic devices No bonding alignment necessary: suitable for high volume CMOS All back end processing low temperature (<350 C)

    Alex Fang s Thesis

    7 lasers operating c.w. simultaneously

    56

    Hybrid Silicon History Chronology


    2006 First hybrid silicon laser: Alex Fang et al. 2007 First cw laser performance: Alex Fang et al. 2007 First hybrid silicon amplifier: Hyundai Park et al. 2007 First hybrid silicon photodetector: Hyundai Park et al. 2007 First hybrid silicon ring laser: Alex Fang et al. 2007 First hybrid silicon mode locked laser: Brian Koch et al. 2008 First hybrid silicon electroabsorption modulator Y. Kuo et al. 2008 First hybrid silicon distributed feedback (DFB) laser: Alex Fang et al. 2008 First hybrid silicon Mach Zehnder modulator H. W. Chen et al. 2008 First optical buffer: Park et al. 2009 First 150 mm bonding: Liang et al. 2009 First 200 mm bonding: Intel, Aurrion et al. 2010 First triplexer (Laser+2 PDs+2 wavelength selective combiners) Chang 2011 First hybrid silicon WDM array Jain et al. 2011 First optical beam scanner: Baets (Ghent) et al. 2013 First integration of hybrid silicon technology with ULLW technology Piels et al. 2013 First co-processing of datacom and telecom PICs: Brian Koch et al. 57 2013 First quantum dot lasers: Alan Liu et al.

    Hybrid Silicon Record Performance


    2013 Narrowest DFB linewidth: 18 kHz Yariv et al. (Caltech) 2012 Highest cw power: 45 mW Alex Fang et al. (Aurrion) 2011 Lowest waveguide loss on silicon: 0.04 dB/m Jared Bauters et al. 2012 Highest level of integration: 64 devices Jon Doylend et al. 2012 First study of reliability: 40,000 hours at 70C Srinivasan et al. 2012 Highest laser yield: 99% Srinivasan et al. 2012 Fastest Si modulator: 74 GHz Tang et al. 2013 Highest receiver bandwidth: 400 Gbit/s Piels et al. 2013 Largest laser array bandwidth: > 200 nm Jain et al. 2013 Largest LED bandwidth: >200 nm DeGroote et al. 2013 Highest temperature: 120C Alan Liu et al. Segmented 74GHz TW: ~42 GHz

    lumped: ~20 GHz

    Y. Kuo, et al., OE 16(13), 9936 (2008)

    Y. Tang, et al., OE 19(7), 5811(2011)

    Tang et al. OFC2012 Postdeadline Paper

    58

    Demonstrated hybrid silicon devices


    FP, ring, DFB, and DBR lasers
    (Fang, IEEE PTL, 20, 2008 )

    19 dB/mm amplifier
    (Kurczveil, SPIE PW, 2011)

    ring
    AMP

    detector

    DBR >20 GHz photodetector DFB MZM EAM


    (Faralli, OSA OE, 20, 2012)

    Microring laser

    74-GHz EAM, 27-GHz MZI modulators


    (Chen, OSA OE, 19, 2011; Tang, OSA OE, 20, 2012)

    Microring resonator laser


    (Liang, GFP, 2009) Slide 59

    Hybrid Silicon Laser Research

    Photonic Integration

    Meint Smit Data

    Heck JSTQE (2013)

    Intel 50 Gb/s WDM Link


    A Alduino et al, IPR 2010

    62

    Jan 2013 OCP Facebook announcement


    Justin Rattner Intel CTO Frank Frankowsky FB VP R&D Andy Bechtolsheim Arista: Founder and CEO Sun: Founder and CTO

    1. Intel is working with Facebook and Quanta to define a new class of server architectures 2. First architecture is disaggregation 3. Intel has sampled its 100G photonic modules

    Announced at Facebooks Open Compute Summit

    Sept. 2013 Using Silicon Photonics for Disaggregation


    Mezzanine Choices

    Optical PCIe via Silicon Photonics


    Intel AtomTM Micro-server tray Mezzanine Fiber

    Intel Ethernet chip and Silicon Photonics

    Intel Xeon processor based tray

    Flexibility & TCO gains by upgrading components only when needed

    Photonics in the Rack


    Network & Storage move into TOR Switch TOR Switch distributed into Servers

    To Spine Switches

    Optical Rack

    Xeon and Atom Fabric


    Server Mem Mem Mem

    Compute Network

    DDR CPU DDR CPU DDR CPU


    100G links

    I/ O Appliance

    Switch ASIC NIC SSD


    SiPh

    CPU Server SSD NIC


    SiPh

    RRC

    SiPh

    Server

    Network Storage Compute Server Server Server Mem Mem Mem DDR CPU PCIe DDR CPU PCIe DDR CPU PCIe
    SiPh

    Xeon: PCIe Atom: Enet Server Server Server Compute Remote Storage HDDs SSDs CPU PCIe RRC Mem Mem Mem DDR CPU DDR CPU DDR CPU RRC

    SiPh SiPh

    Architecture offers flexible solutions and multiple Value Propositions


    65

    Supercomputing: HP photonics technologies


    On-chip Active cable Optical bus
    Rx R xR x Rx Rx Rx R

    Hybrid microring laser

    Silicon PIC

    interconnect

    xR

    xT x

    Now

    1 Year

    3 Years

    5 Years

    7 Years
    DWDM

    10 Years

    Single wavelength 100 pJ/bit

    CWDM

    >.1 pJ/bit

    Aurrion PIC Integration


    Brian Koch et al., OFC Postdeadline 2013

    Telecom Tunable Lasers

    Datacom uncooled WDM laser arrays

    Modulators: 23 GHz, >15 dB ER, 1.3 Vpi >36 GHz, 0.8 A/W Photodetectors
    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

    E/O Response (dB)

    -2

    -4

    -6

    Frequency (GHz)

    Separate wafer: 45 mW CW Lasers

    IBM Aurrion Hybrid Silicon 60 Gbps Receiver: CLEO Postdeadline 2013

    The Promise of Silicon Photonics

    69

    Path to Ultralow Loss Waveguides


    With Blumenthal

    Fibers have low loss: 0.0002 dB/m (0.2 dB/km) Optical waveguides on InP, GaAs, Si have high loss: 30 dB/km How can we get fiber losses on chips?

    Bauters et al. Optics Express (2011)

    Path to Ultralow Loss Waveguides


    With Blumenthal

    Power (dBm)

    thermal SiO2 SiO2 Si3N4 thermal SiO2

    10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40


    1 2 3 4 5

    FSR=25.3nm 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1

    al. Optics 1527et 1531 1535 1539Express 1543 1547 (2011) 1551 1555 silicon substrate Bauters High Q Resonators (80Million Wavelength (nm)

    CMOS Integration in Photonic IC


    (with Theogarajan)
    q q q q Smart Photonics Integrated electronic w/ photonic ICs Avoid driving 50 terminations Self-calibration Active feedback control

    SOA

    DET SOI Waveguides

    Hybrid Silicon PIC from Aurrion

    CMOS Integration in Photonic IC


    (with Theogarajan)
    q q q q Smart Photonics Integrated electronic w/ photonic ICs Avoid driving 50 terminations Self-calibration Active feedback control PIC
    CMOS

    Interconnects

    Chen et al. OFC 2013

    ROUTER IO POWER SCALING


    IO power in watts for 64, 100 and 144 port switches
    Generation 45nm Port BW(Gbps) 80 80 35nm 160 160 22nm 320 320 IO type Electronic Optical Electronic Optical Electronic Optical fJ/bit 7000 451 5048 284 4049 191 64 35.8W 2.3W 51.7W 2.9W 82.9W 3.9W 100 56.0W 3.6W 80.8W 4.5W 129.6W 6.1W 144 80.6W 5.2W 116.3W 6.5W 186.6W 8.8W

    Assumes each generation will require a doubling of port speed to match improvements in processor performance Total device power must be less than 130W for normal forced air cooling with heatsink, 200W possible with special cooling. Assume max power budget of 50% (65W) for IO.

    Optical IO on CMOS

    Network on a Chip: Optical Interconnects


    3D layer stacking will be prevalent in the 22nm timeframe Intra-chip optics can take advantage of this technology Photonics layer (with supporting electrical circuits) more easily integrated with high performance logic and memory layers Layers can be separately optimized for performance and yield
    Optic al I/O

    als

    optica

    Photonic Plane

    On-chip o

    l si g n

    ptical tr affic
    Memory Plane Logic Plane
    Kash, Photonics in Supercomputing: the Road to Exascale, IPNRA, 2009

    Off-ch ip

    High Performance Computing


    10 PetaFLOPS Roadrunner (IBM) 1 PetaFLOPS Jaguar (Cray) IBM Blue Gene/P 100 TFLOPS IBM Blue Gene/P National SuperComputer Center, Tianjin, China

    Computational Throughput

    IBM BladeCenter IQPACE cluster

    10 TFLOPS

    National Astronomical Observatory, Japan IBM BladeCenter

    1 GFLOPS/W

    1 TFLOPS 100 GFLOPS 10 MW 1 MW 100 kW 10 kW 1 kW

    Power Consumption
    Haney et al, OFC 2010, paper OMV2 Haney OFC (2011)

    High Performance Computing: Interconnect Limits


    10 PetaFLOPS

    Performance enabled by a ~10 TFLOPS many-core chip with integrated chip I/O at ~.4 pJ/b:

    ~100 GFLOPS/W
    Peta-FLOPS in a rack

    1 PetaFLOPS

    Computational Throughput

    100 TFLOPS

    10 TFLOPS

    1 TFLOPS 100 GFLOPS 10 MW

    Assuming: 4 pJ/b chip I/O link power (for 10-100 cm links) 200 W/chip with 40 W allocated to I/O maintaining ~.5 Bps/FLOPS I/O Performance barrier at ~10 GFLOPS/W limit
    1 MW 100 kW 10 kW 1 kW

    Power Consumption
    Haney et al, OFC 2010, paper OMV2 Haney OFC (2011)

    Available energy for interconnects


    Microring Lasers

    Lower threshold lasers Higher slope efficiency Di Liang Chong Zhang Alan Liu

    IEEE Photonics Conference, Sept. 9, 2013 David Miller

    Quantum Dot Lasers on Si


    Alan Liu and Art Gossard

    Stranski Krastanov growth High cw temperature (115C) High cw power (60 mW)

    80

    Oscillators
    The quietest oscillators are now optical (NIST)
    Ultra-stable CW Laser Femtosecond Laser Comb

    81

    Oscillators
    The quietest oscillators are now optical (NIST) Integrate on a chip! Integrated mode locked lasers (Sudha Srinivasan, Mike Davenport) High Q resonators (Daryl Spencer) (90 million)

    Packaged ULLW Ring

    Heterogeneous PIC Based Mode-locked Laser

    82

    Spectroscopy-on-chip
    Theogarajan, Meinhart, Moskovits

    Absorp=on spectroscopy
    Broadband probe spectro
    meter

    D D D Laser probe Jared Hulme Detector

    Broadband

    Filter

    probe

    D D D D

    Fluorescence spectroscopy
    Laser probe spectro
    meter

    Raman spectroscopy
    D Laser probe Filter spectro
    meter

    D D

    Courtesy: Baets

    43

    Si-based Raman Spectrometer on a Chip


    C. D. Meinhart, M. Moskovits & J. Bowers

    Gas sensing: O2, CO2, NO, H2S, CO, and N2O

    Optical coherence tomography

    Andreas Degroote Integrate on a chip

    stratum corneum viable epidermis

    papillary dermis

    reticular dermis

    Courtesy: Baets

    G. Yurtsever et al 36

    Acknowledgements
    UCSB: Former students and postdocs: Alex Fang, Jared Bauters, Hui Wen Chen, Daoxin Dai, Jon Doylend, Martijn Heck, Sid Jain, Geza Kurzveil, Brian Koch, Di Liang, Hyundai Park, Molly Piels, Paolo Pintus, Matt Sysak, Yongbo Tang, Jason Tien Present students: Jock Bovington, Mike Davenport, Jared Hulme, Alan Liu, Jon Peters, Daryl Spencer, Alex Spott, Eric Stanton, Sudha Srinivasan, Chong Zhang Colleagues: Rod Alferness, Dave Auston, Dan Blumenthal, Larry Coldren, Nadir Dagli, Steve Denbaars, Art Gossard, Herb Kroemer, Chris Palmstrom, Mark Rodwell, Adel Saleh, Luke Theogarajan Intel : Richard Jones, Yimin Kang, Mario Paniccia, Matt Sysak Aurrion: Alex Fang, Greg Fish, Rob Guzzon, Eric Hall, Brian Koch, Erik Norberg, Anand Ramaswamy, John Roth, Dan Sparacin Hewlett Packard: Di Liang, Geza Kurzveil, Ray Beausoleil Cleanroom, MBE, MOCVD staff My Family: Ariel, Eric, Steve, Chris and Laetitia

    86

    Summary
    CMOS compatible silicon photonics combines two great inventions:
    The transistor microprocessor The laser optical communications

    and enable >100x lower power and lower power density. Silicon photonics makes sense for high volume markets like data centers, supercomputers, biosensors, and telecommunications and for highly integrated, high performance markets like low phase noise oscillators, gyroscopes, sensors.
    87

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