Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 167 views

    Angle Measurment A PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mohd Hafizz
    1. The document discusses angle measurement in surveying, including defining horizontal angles, bearings, azimuths, and the different systems used to measure angles. 2. It describes how angles are measured directly using instruments like compasses, theodolites, total stations, and sextants or indirectly using tape measurements and geometric formulas. 3. The key types of horizontal angle measurements covered are clockwise angles, deflection angles, and bearings/azimuths, with whole-circle bearings and azimuths being emphasized as the preferred method used by surveyors and engineers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Angle Measurment A PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mohd Hafizz
    167 views38 pages
    1. The document discusses angle measurement in surveying, including defining horizontal angles, bearings, azimuths, and the different systems used to measure angles. 2. It describes how angles are measured directly using instruments like compasses, theodolites, total stations, and sextants or indirectly using tape measurements and geometric formulas. 3. The key types of horizontal angle measurements covered are clockwise angles, deflection angles, and bearings/azimuths, with whole-circle bearings and azimuths being emphasized as the preferred method used by surveyors and engineers.

    Original Description:

    angle measurement

    Original Title

    Angle Measurment a.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    1. The document discusses angle measurement in surveying, including defining horizontal angles, bearings, azimuths, and the different systems used to measure angles. 2. It describes how angles are measured directly using instruments like compasses, theodolites, total stations, and sextants or indirectly using tape measurements and geometric formulas. 3. The key types of horizontal angle measurements covered are clockwise angles, deflection angles, and bearings/azimuths, with whole-circle bearings and azimuths being emphasized as the preferred method used by surveyors and engineers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    167 views38 pages

    Angle Measurment A PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mohd Hafizz
    1. The document discusses angle measurement in surveying, including defining horizontal angles, bearings, azimuths, and the different systems used to measure angles. 2. It describes how angles are measured directly using instruments like compasses, theodolites, total stations, and sextants or indirectly using tape measurements and geometric formulas. 3. The key types of horizontal angle measurements covered are clockwise angles, deflection angles, and bearings/azimuths, with whole-circle bearings and azimuths being emphasized as the preferred method used by surveyors and engineers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 38

    KEJ.

    GEOMATIK
    ECV 3501

    Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Rodzi Mahmud
    [email protected]
    [email protected]
    Credit to Dr. Helmi Zulhaidi Mohd Shafri
    4. Angle Measurement
    Outcomes:-
    Understand and apply the concept measurement, traversing,
    equipment used, plotting and accuracy
    Outline
    Introduction
    Units of angle measurement
    Kinds of horizontal angles
    Bearing & Azimuths
    Computation
    Applications

    Introduction
    Angles measured in surveying
    horizontal and vertical depending on
    which plane they are measured.
    Useful for locating points and
    determining directions of lines.
    Horizontal angles* to determine
    bearings and azimuth.
    Bearings & Azimuth = Directions
    Introduction
    Can be measured directly using
    compass, theodolite, total station and
    sextant.
    Measured indirectly using tape method
    & geometric formulae.
    3 basic requirements to determine an
    angle:
    Reference / Starting line
    Direction of turning
    Angular distance (value of the angle)
    Basic requirements to
    determine an angle
    Angular
    measurement
    Direction of turning (+)
    Target
    North /
    Reference Line
    Units of angle measurement
    Sexagesimal System: Degrees, Min,
    Sec
    Centesimal System: Grad
    European
    Radians
    rad = 180 degrees
    1 rad = 360/2 = 57.30


    Types of horizontal angles
    Clockwise angles
    Deflection angles
    Bearings / Azimuths

    Direction of a line
    In surveying, the direction of a line is
    described by the horizontal angle that
    it makes with a reference line.

    This reference line is called a
    MERIDIAN or North Point.
    Meridian or North Point
    Three types of meridians
    Astronomic (or true) N-S reference
    line through the Earths geographic
    poles.
    Magnetic direction taken by a magnetic
    needle at observers position.
    Assumed arbitrary direction taken for
    convenience.
    The North Pole

    True North Vs Magnetic North
    1000 miles
    40
    35
    Magnetic Declineation
    Grid
    North
    TRUE
    (Astronomic)
    North
    Magnetic North

    Magnetic Declineation

    Azimuth Declineation in topo
    maps
    True North Vs Magnetic North
    Today, the magnetic north pole is located approximately
    1000 miles south of the astronomic North Pole in the
    Canadian artic near Bathurst Island.
    The compass needle lines up with magnetic north. In
    most places this means that the needles points slightly
    east or west of astronomic north, depending on the
    locality.
    The angle between astronomic north and magnetic north
    is referred to as the magnetic declination, which is 40
    minute deflected.

    Magnetic North - Shifted
    The shifting is caused by liquid
    iron at the Earths core, which
    is perpetually in motion. That
    motion creates electric currents
    in the core, which in turn,
    creates magnetic fields. The
    motion of the Earths core
    changes over time and
    therefore, the planets magnetic
    fields change as well.
    Blue lines show Earth's
    northern magnetic field and
    the magnetic north pole.
    Bearings
    Two types:

    Quadrant bearing (QB)

    Whole-circle bearing (WCB) or Azimuth
    Quadrant Bearings
    A method of describing the direction of a
    line.
    The QB of a line is defined as the smallest
    angle which that line makes with the
    reference meridian.
    A QB cannot be greater than 90.
    - QB are measured in relation to the north
    or south end of the meridian NE, NW,
    SE or SW.
    Quadrant Bearing
    N
    E
    S
    W
    NW
    SW
    NE
    SE
    Y
    X
    Notes:
    ie// x y : N 48 0000 E
    Quadrant Bearings (QB)
    Quadrant Bearings
    The reference meridian may be astronomic,
    magnetic or assumed.
    Its convenient to say: N90E is due East
    S90W is due West
    Until the last few decades American
    surveyors favoured the use of QB.
    With the advent of computers and
    calculators, surveyors and engineers
    generally use WCB / azimuth instead of QB.
    WCB Bearing / Azimuths
    0
    90
    180
    270
    Y
    X
    Notes:
    ie// x y : 48 0000
    CLOCK WI SE ROTATI ON !!
    Forward and Reverse WCB / Azimuth
    Forward bearing XY = 48
    0000
    Reverse bearing XY or bearing
    YX = 48 0000 + 180


    Every line consists two direction.

    WCB / Azimuths
    Orientation is synonymous with
    bearing from the surveyors point of
    view.

    Equipment
    Compass
    Compass is always
    showing the magnetic
    poles. It is a wonderful
    direction finder. The
    earths magnetic field
    and the use of the
    compass have been
    known to navigators
    and surveyors for many
    centuries
    The compass was the
    only means by which
    the surveyor could
    measure angles and
    directions.

    Magnetic compass
    For surveyors, however, the magnetic
    compass is not a true workmate.
    It is not accurate enough, and is exposed
    to disturbing effects. E.g. under the
    influence of iron objects
    It may point to a direction which deviates
    from the north to a high extent.

    Equipment
    - Transit / Theodolite - Total
    Station
    Advanced equipment -
    Gyrotheodolite


    - Theodolite +
    gyroscope
    - Determine the true
    bearing
    -Typically used in
    mining surveying
    and engineering
    underground.
    Applications
    Details maps or plans to describe a
    particular site or area.
    Setting-out of infrastructure.
    Navigation.
    Positioning of points or targets.
    Many other important applications in
    civil engineering and land surveying.
    House
    Shed
    Path
    Tree
    Trees
    Angle-angle intersection
    Example application - mapping
    Example Application - Setting
    out
    e.g. determining the location of a new construction on a site
    Application - Mapping
    House
    Shed
    Path
    Tree
    Trees
    Orientation /
    Direction?
    Establishing orientation
    Approximate orientation can be
    established using a magnetic
    compass
    A Certificate of Title showing the
    bearings of site boundaries could also
    be used
    A professional surveyor could be
    engaged to undertake a cadastral
    (title) survey
    Certificate of Title
    Government Road
    90 00 00
    100.045 m
    100.045 m
    270 00 00
    1
    8
    0


    0
    0


    0
    0


    0
    0


    0
    0


    6
    7
    .
    2
    5
    3

    m

    6
    7
    .
    2
    5
    3

    m

    30.257 m
    Producing a plan
    Choose a standard scale
    Establish orientation
    North up the page
    Arbitrary
    Plot detail using protractor, compass,
    scale ruler
    Sharp, clean lines; neat, regular lettering
    Or use a CAD or drawing package
    Summary
    Do not confuse bearings and
    azimuths
    WCB = azimuth
    For surveyors and engineers, WCB is
    of our concern.
    Understanding the concept of angle
    and direction measurement is vital
    for civil engineers.
    Exercise
    Compute Q.Bearings given the Azimuth
    End of lecture

    You might also like