NAME:

TUTORIAL GROUP:

Objectives:At the end of the lesson, students

1.0 NUMBER
SYSTEM
1.1 Real Numbers

Symb
ol

P
N
W
Z
Q

Table 1 : The Set of Real Numbers

Name
Example
Prime
numbers
Natural
numbers
Whole
numbers
Integers

Rational
numbers

Irrational
numbers

Real numbers

Relationship of Number Sets

2, 3, 5, 7,

Q
Z

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
3,

W
P
N N

1. P N W Z Q R
2. Q Q ' R

0.3 0.333...

2,

QQ

From the diagram, we can see that

3 9
,
4 10
3.64, 0.333, 5.2727

, e,

7.156324 ,

2 , 7.156324,

3
4

Even
numbers
Odd numbers

must be able..
i.
To define natural numbers, whole
numbers, integers, prime numbers,
rational numbers and irrational
numbers.
ii.
To represent the relationship of
number sets in a real numbers.
iii.
To represent open, closed and half
open interval and their representations
on the number line.
iv.
To simplify union, intersection of two
or more intervals with the aid of
number line.

0.33..,
, -8, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4,
6, 8,
, -7, -5, -3, -1, 1, 3,
5,
3

Example 1:
1) For the set of 5,3,1,0,3,8 , identify the set
of
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)

Natural numbers
Whole numbers
Prime numbers
Even numbers
Negative integers
Odd numbers

2
S 9, 7 , , ,0,4,5.125125
3

,
2) Given
Identify the set of
a) Natural numbers
b) Whole numbers
c) Integers
d) Rational numbers
e) Irrational numbers
f) Real numbers
6

The Number Line

NOTE:
SYMBOL

DESCRIPTION
a is equal to b
ab
a is less than b
ab
a is greater than b
ab
a is greater than or
ab
equal to b
a is greater than or
ab
equal to b
Open brackets(a,f) is used to indicate an
interval from a to c, but exclusive of a and f.
Closed brackets [a,f ] is used to indicate an
interval from a to f, including a and f.
Curly brackets {2,4,6,8} is the set of even
numbers from 2 to 8.
Example 2:
1) List the number described
a) The whole numbers less than 4
b) The integers between 3 and 9
c) The integers greater than -3
2) Represent the following interval on real
number line and state the type of the
interval.
a) [-1,4]
7
b) { x : 2< x <5}
c) [2, )
d)

x : x 0, x

Example 3:
Solve the following using the number line
0,5 4, 7
a)
,5 1,9
b)
,0 0,
c)
4, 2 0, 4 2, 2
d)

Intersection and Union

A B x x isin A and x is in B
Intersection:

Union :

1, 2,3 2,3, 4,5 2,3

A B x x isin A or x is in B

1, 2,3 2,3, 4,5 1, 2,3, 4,5

e) ( 3,4) (0,1)
f)

(2,3) (2,4)

g) ( ,1) (1, )

h) (0.5,3) [ 2,4)
10

Remember, the toughest part in studying is to get started. As long as you are
determined and push yourself to pick up the book, half the battle is already
won. With willpower and determination, getting study motivation shouldnt be
a problem anymore!

1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS

Objectives:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

To represent a complex number in

Cartesian form.
To understand the equality of two
complex numbers.
To understand the conjugate of a
complex numbers.
To perform algebraic operations on
complex numbers.
To express a complex number in polar
form.

A complex number is an expression of the

and i 1
R is a subset of complex numbers
Cartesian form of a complex number:

form x iy where a and b are real number

z x iy
Re

=x, Im(z) =y

Examples of complex numbers

a) z 2 3i
z 7 2i
b)
11
c) z 6 i
12

Cycle of i

Equality of two Complex Numbers

a c and b d
a bi c di

i 1
0

i1
i2
i3

Example 5:
Find the value of a and b if
a) z1 z 2 for z1 3 2i and z 2 a bi .
b) a b (a b)i 6 4i

Example 4:Express the following in term ofi

a)

b)

100

9
c) 16

c) a 2b (a b)i 9

13
14

Complex Conjugate of a Complex

Number

A complex conjugates is a pair of

complex numbers, both having the same real
part, but with imaginary parts of equal
magnitude and opposite signs.
Complex
Number (z)

Algebraic Operations on Complex

Numbers
1) Addition

a bi (c di ) a c b d i

2) Subtraction

a bi (c di ) a c b d i

3) Multiplication

Conjugate ( z )

a bi (c di) ac adi bci bdi 2

3i
5 3i

ac (ad bc)i bd
( ac bd ) ( ad bc)i

7
10i

4) Division
15

Example 6:

1)Given z 2 3i and w 7 6i ,find in the form

x yi

a)
b)
c)
d)

zw
w z

16
3) Solve each of the following equations for the
complex number z .
a) 4 5i z (1 i )

b) (1 2i ) z 2 5i

1
z in the form a bi
4)If z 1 2i , express
5) Express the following in the form of a bi
a) ( 2 5i )
z

zw
wz

2) Simplify the expression:

1
a) i
2i

a bi a bi c di

c di c di c di

3
b) 1 i

4 7i
c) 5i 2

b) (1 2i )(3 4i )
4
c) 1 2i

d)

18

3i 2
17

Argand Diagram
Complex number z a bi can be represented
in a plane (called Argand Diagram) as a point
P(a, b).
x-coordinate
real part,a
y-coordinate
imaginary part,b
Im(z)

2
2
Modulus z = length OP r | z | a b where

r 0.

Argument
Argument of z = arg (z) =
where

P(a,b)
|z|

Modulus

tan 1

must be in

radian, four
decimal

Re(z

19 20
Example 7:
To find arg (z), , we first find the acute angle,
Represent the following complex numbers on
(called reference angle).
an Argand diagram and find its modulus and
II Quadrant
IQuadrant
argument.
a)

III Quadrant

( )

IV Quadrant

which the point lies will determine the arg(z),

Polar Form of a Complex Number

Polar Form

z r (cos i sin )

r cos

Re(z) =

Im(z) = yIm(z) = r sin

d)
e)

z 1 i
z 4(1 i 3)

Example 9:
1) Write the following complex numbers in
polar forms.
a) z 2 2i b)
c) z 1 3i d)

Example :
Find polar form of z 1 i
Step 1: Find the modulus, r

e)

r (1) 2 (1) 2 2
Step 2: Find then
1
0.7854rad
1
Step 3: Write the polar form
z 2 (cos 0.7854 i sin 0.7854)

z 5 3 5i

c)

representing the complex number.The quadrant in

Re(z) = x

z 2 4i

b) z 4 4 3i

When finding the argument of a complex number,

it is important to draw an Argand diagram

Cartesian
Form
z x iy

b)

Example 8:
Find the modulus and argument for complex
numbers
a) z 5 2i

z 2 4i

g)

2) If
2
3

2i
7 4i

3i
4 3i f) (5 5i )(i 5 )

(2 3i ) z 4 i
z

tan 1

z 3i

h)

3
3
i
4
4

1 4i
,
3 2i

a) find zin the formx+iy. Hence, find its

conjugate.
b) then, express the conjugate in the polar

22

form.
24

The pessimist sees difficulty in every opportunity. The optimist sees the opportunity in
every difficulty.
~ Winston Churchill ~
1.3 Indices, Surds and Logarithms
Objectives:

Indices

We can write 2 2 2 2 2 as 25

i. To state the rules of indices

ii. To explain the meaning of a surd and its
conjugate, and to carry out algebraic
operations on surds
iii. To state the laws of logarithms
iv. To change the base of logarithms

Power of

Base

25

index

5
26

Rules of indices
1 amx an = a(m+n)
2

a
n
m n
= a =a
= a mxn=

(am ) n
a mn
(ab) n= anbn

3
4
5

6
a- m
7

1
m

an

n
b

m
n

2
3
a) x

(a 7 ) 2
a

b

1
3

27

m
)
=
= a
= 1 provided a
n

a b + c b = (a c) b
3
a b c b = (a c) b
a a a

a b ab

a b =
7

a
b

e)

a
b

b)

a y
3
2

1
3

1
2

c) (0.04)

3
2

28

45 b) 24

7 2 7 d) 3 27

12x 3 y 5 z 2

f)

b) 8 2 (5 6

( a b ) a b = a 2 b2

3
2

11
1
15

27

g) 75 2 48 5 12
2) Multiply:
a) 3 6 5 7

a, b 0

x 2 b 1

e)

a) 9

c)6

3) Without using calculator, evaluate:

a)

=
a, 0 , b
0
8 ( a b ) 2 a b 2 ab
=
9

a 2 b 3
1 2
x y

Example 11:
1) Simplify:

a a 2 a

(c)

d)

SURDS: Rules of Surds

1

54 x
2x

b)

(3 x 5 ) 2

2
3

a0
17 0
0
*Rules 1,2 and 3 are applicable when the bases
are the same.
27
9

18 x 2 y 5
3x 4 y

35 36
34
a)

1
n m

1
4
b) 2 x

2) Simplify:

a 4

(a

(ab) 2

1
m
a
=

Example 10:
1) Write the following expressions in index
form:

a a
a2 a3
3

Remember!!!

ab a b

2)

c) (2 3 4 2 )(6 3 2 2 )
d) (5 2 7 )(5 2 7 )
29

30

Example 12:
Rationalize the following surds

Rationalising the denominator

If
Denominator
Contains
the Factor

Multiply by
conjugate

To obtain
denominator
that free from
surds

5
(a) 3

(b) 2 3
2 3
(d) 5 3

1
(c) 7 2

3 1

1 2

3 2

(e) 1 2

5 3

1 3

g)

3 2

1 2 (f) 3 2

3 2

3 2

In rationalizing the denominator of a quotient,

be sure to multiply both the numerator and the
denominator by the same expression.
31
Logarithms

3 2

3 2

32

log a y x y a x

Definition of Common
Logarithms
log x log10 x

Definition of Natural
Logarithms
ln x log e x

for all x 0

for all x 0

34

Example 13:
Change these expressions to logarithms.
a)

9 32

1
4 3
b) 64

c)

1
1

2 5 32

33

Properties of Logarithms

Example 14:
1) Expand these expressions by applying laws of

Logarithms
with base a

Common
logarithms

Natural
logarithms

1) loga(1) = 0
2) logaa = 1
3) logaax = x

log 1 = 0
log 10 = 1
log 10x = x

ln 1 = 0
ln e = 1
ln ex = x

10log(x ) x

e ln( x ) x

4)

a loga ( x ) x

5) if

log a m log a n, then m n

logarithms.

a) ln 4xb) log 10x

c)

ln

e3
7 d) ln x

2)Given log 2 = 0.301 and log 6 = 0.778 find log 12.

3) Given log y 2 log 5 , find the value of y.
4) Given log x 343 3 ,find the values of

x.

5) Write the following as single logarithms:

(a)log 8 log 6 + log 9
(b)2 ln (x + 7)
ln x
35 6) Find the following expression to four decimal
places.
(a)

log 3 5

(b)

log 5 10

7) Change to logarithmic form for the

expression e7= p

36

Yourtimeis limited, so eitheryou run the day, or the day runs you
Jim Rohn