Dr. D. V Thareja
Dr. D. V Thareja
Dr. D. V Thareja
Dr D.V.Thareja
Director,Technical
2
GENERAL
Planning of a Dam 3
Dam for :
-Water supply
-Hydro-power
-Storage of water
-Multipurpose
With the best of sites for dam construction getting exhausted, most
of the dams have to be built on complex foundations requiring
special treatments
Dam Foundation
(a) Faults
(b) Shear Zones (Karbi Langpi,Thoubal, Bansagar)
(c) Shear Seams (Horizontal or Vertical) (Rana Pratap Project)
(d) Shattered/Highly jointed rocks
(e) Foundations with more than one type of rock with different
properties/characteristics
(f) Folds
(g) Buried Channels (Punatsangchu-I)
(h) Jointing Pattern of the rock mass.
(i) Caverns / cavities
(j) Springs etc.
Abutments
(a) Slope Stability (Tala)
(b) Buried Channels (Ranganadi)
14
POLAVARAM PROJECT
INDRA SAGAR POLAVARAM PROJECT - LAYOUT 15
Spillway
Main
Maindam
dam
Powerhouse
Powerhouse
16
17
MAIN CHALLENGES 18
Project scope entails very large quantities
Temporary diversion for 80,000 cumecs
Spillway with 48 very large size gates, 16 m x 23 m
Excavation quantities in the spillway itself (including the
approach and spill channels) are more than 50 MCM of common
excavation and more than 20 MCM of rock excavation
Quantities in dams are: Excavation >1 MCM; Fill >12 MCM
Planning the works in such a manner that material handling and
schedule are optimized
OTHER CHALLENGES 19
PERIBONKA PROJECT
PERIBONKA – AERIAL VIEW 23
PERIBONKA – CONSTRUCTION OF CUT-OFF 24
PERIBONKA PROJECT – 120 m DEEP CUTOFF
25
ICOLD
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS (ICOLD) 27
LARGE DAMS
More than 15m high
Between 10-15m high if :
- Crest length more than 500m or
- Reservoir capacity more than 1mm3 or
- Flood discharge more than 2000m3/sec
SMALL DAMS
Other than above
GLOBAL SCENARIO 28
LARGE DAMS
EMBANKMENT
DAMS
83%
17%
OTHER
DAMS
INDIA 29
LARGE DAMSEMBANKMENT
DAMS
95%
5%
OTHER DAMS
GLOBAL SCENARIO
DISTRIBUTION OF DAMS - HEIGHTWISE 30
35000
28546
30000
25000
NUMBER OF DAMS
20000
15000
10000
6031
5000 1247
321 64 26
0
15-30 30-60 60-100 100-150 150-200 >200
HEIGHT IN METRES
Others 15 %
23 %
10 %
12 %
Uneven Inadequate
Settlement Spillway
Poor Construction
33
SPILLWAY
TYPES OF SPILLWAYS
34
OGEE
CHUTE
SIDE CHANNEL/LABYRINTH
SHAFT/MORNING GLORY
SPILLWAYS SIPHON
OVERFALL
TUNNEL
SADDLE
FUSE PLUG
SLUICE
FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF 35
SPILLWAY TYPE
Foundation conditions
Topography
Diversion works
Structural adequacy
INDIA 36
DISCHARGE PER METRE WATERWAY
300
202 200
200
Cumecs/m
159
114 108
100
0
Sardar Sri Sailam Ichari Nagarjuna Bhakra
Sarovar Sagar
CHUTE SPILLWAY 37
PLAN
SECTION
CHUTE SPILLWAY 38
DESIGN
HEAD
RIVER BED
At bottom generally a reverse curve turns the f low into the energy
dissipator
A CL OF SPILLWAY
A
TOP OF
CONTROL DAM
STRUCTURE
PLAN
CREST
GROUT HOLE
SECTION AA
SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY 42
Flow over the crest falls into a trough opposite the weir, turns at an
angle and then continues into the discharge channel
GROUND LINE
GOOSE NECK
MWL
PLUG
DIVERSION TUNNEL
TUNNEL SPILLWAY 44
Tunnel may be horizontal or inclined and may run full or partly full
BRIDGE
POOL LEVEL
FILL DAM
TUNNEL
DIVERSION TUNNEL
PLUG
SHAFT/MORNING GLORY SPILLWAY 46
POND LEVEL
INLET
FLOW
SIPHON SPILLWAY 48
Can be used to have full capacity discharges at relatively low heads
FRL
GATE TRUNION
GIRDER
SLUICE SPILLWAY 50
Being with a low level crest , entry of silt into intakes is reduced
INERMEDIATE 10 TO 60 12 TO 30
Factors affecting
• Nature of foundations.
* * Solid * Slotted
TRAJECTORY BUCKET 62
Adopted When
Tail water depth lower than sequent depth
2 91 5m
8m
1 72
RD 3456
5m
2 91 5m
RD-22879
1 59
20
83
RD 9286
1m
m
RD 21284
1 65
m
50
16
18
75
2 21 4m
RD 17983
2 52 5m
RD 13244
m
TALA DAM - DPR STAGE – U/S ELEVATION 66
TALA HE PROJECT - BHUTAN 67
EL.1366.00
MWL/FRL.1363.00 0.2m FORMED DRAIN
EL.1356.50
INSPECTION GALLERY 0.3m VENTILATION PIPE
(2x2.5m) EL.1346.00
EL.1339.014 TRUNION EL.1333.00
EL.1340.50
EL.1336.00
EL.1333.15 EL.1334.00
EL.1331.00
TRAINING WALL
m
EL.1320.00
39
R=
INSPECTION GALLERY
(2x2.5m) EL.1306.50
RADIAL GATE EL.1300.23 (LIP)
EL.1295.00
(BUCKET INVERT)
FOUNDATION GALLERY
(2x2.5m) EL.VARIES
EL.1275.50
CONSTRUCTION ADIT
HRT INLET ADIT
CONSTRUCTION ADIT 6 m D-Shaped
7m. D-Shaped
CONSTRUCTION ADIT
CONSTRUCTION ADIT (BOTTOM)
(TOP) 6 m D-Shaped SILT FLUSHING TUNNEL
6m. D-Shaped
GATE CHAMBER ADIT 3.95m D-Shaped
6 m D-Shaped
DAM AXIS
N25°E
General Layout
THREE GORGES PROJECT 77
Spillway Dam
Cross Section
RESERVOIR OPERATION SIMULATION AT THREE 78
GORGES
The operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir consists in keeping
the reservoir full during the dry season (EL. 175 m, from
November to April) and to bring it to the minimum operating level
(135 m) in the rainy season (June to September), in order to have
the reservoir ready to store and route the incoming floods.
THREE GORGES-SEDIMENT DEPOSITION PROFILE
79
SANMENXIA DAM, CHINA - THE NEW OPENING UP
BEING CREATED FOR SEDIMENT FLUSHING
80
The dam was modified by opening up several conduits under the dam to
allow for sediment flushing during the flood peak.
SILT FLUSHING THROUGH SANMANXIA DAM
81
82
TALA CONSTRUCTION
83
84
85
86
87
BAGLIHAR HE PROJECT
POINT OF DIFFERENCE 88
Chute Spillway -
3 Bays of 12.0m X 19.0m at El 821.0m
Discharging Capacity = 6000 cumec
Auxillary Spillway -
1 Bay of 6.0m X 3.0m at El 837.0m
Discharging Capacity = 53 cumec
90
BAGLIHAR HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT
UPSTREAM ELEVATION OF DAM 91
PAKISTAN’S POSITION 92
Design flood can be passed through free surface gated spillway,
hence orifice spillway is not required.
Discharging capacity of sluice spillways is excessive even if
designed for sediment management
Management of Sediment can be done through conventional means
such as sediment excluders, sluices, and desanders.
Sediment management must be limited to protection of power
intakes and not pondage.
Systems for sediment management must be compliant with the
Treaty provisions which stipulate – Sediment management outlets
to be of smallest size at highest elevation
Sluice spillway is ineffective in protecting the power intakes
PAKISTAN’S POSITION (Contd..) 93
To effectively control reservoir sedimentatio
require water to be lowered down beyond the Treaty provisions
Technology advancement cannot be the basis for design
Alternate design proposed by Pakistan is more effective in sediment
management
94
95
96
97
98
SITE CONDITIONS 99
Narrow Gorge with fragile Himalayan geological set up
River taking a right turn just downstream of the dam toe
High flood discharge (PMF 16500 cumec)
High annual Sediment Load (4-119MT). There could be short
duration very high sediment concentration flows with ppm varying
between 100-200 thousand, generated by land slides etc.
High quantum of floating debris
BAGLIHAR HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT (450 MW)
GEOLOGICAL SECTION AT DAM AXIS 100
TECHNOLOGY AVAILABLE AT SPILLWAY DESIGN
STAGE 101
Advances in technology (gate anchorages, gate seals, concrete, etc)
have enabled sound and economical designs wherein spillways can
be reliably utilized for sediment management in addition to passing
floods.
The reservoir itself functions as a desilting basin and desilting
chambers can be dispensed with in projects having long gorge based
reservoirs, such as Baglihar resulting in not only a substantial savings
but evolving a sound design.
Today gate anchorages can be designed for a thrust of 6000t and the
spillway crest could be lower than El. 808.0m which would enable
much better sediment environment at the intake.
Technology Available at Spillway Design Stage 102
(Contd..)
To utilize spillway effectively for sediment management in the vicinity
of intakes and maintaining pondage, the following design features
need to be incorporated
• The crest elevation of the spillways should be at the
lowest
level possible with current technology.
• The intakes should be placed close to the spillway with
intake
axis at right angles to the spillway axis. The intake face
shall
be in line with the inner surface of the first sluice.
• The spillway crest elevation should be at a level so as to
enable a sediment bed profile below the Intake Invert.
ELEVATION OF SLUICE SPILLWAY CREST 103
The crest level of the sluice spillway was taken at highest possible
El 808.0m.
This level, which is 10.0m below the power intake sill of El
818.0m, was decided on the basis of empirical approaches and
experiences of existing projects about the minimum level
difference needed between spillway crest and intake for
minimizing sediment entry into the Intake.
Ideally there should have been a buffer zone between the gate top
elevation and Intake invert to contain the turbulence effect
generated by the high velocity sluice spillway flows, the
technology available then did not permit further lowering of the
spillway crest.
SLUICE SPILLWAY ARRANGEMENT – IF IT WERE
104
TO BE DESIGNED NOW
G
ON
.L
KM
2
.4
-2
NH
27
.15M
Ø10
NNEL
U
A CE T
DR
HEA
NH-2
2
SATL
UJ R
IVER
TOP OF DAM
1A 1B 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11
6
R.D. (-)188.40
R.D. (-)182.10
R.D. (-)167.10
R.D. (-)163.60
R.D. (-)152.10
R.D. (-)148.60
R.D. (-)170.40
R.D. (-)173.40
EL. 590.00
C.J
7 8 9 10 12
EL. 578.00
11 EL. 579.00 EL. 580.00
SL
.1 .1
N
1.0 1.0
1000
EL. 580.00
EL. 570.00
15000 3000
( SCALE 1:100 )
MYNTDU H.E. PROJECT, MEGHALAYA 114
580
590
570
CONCRETE APRON
DOWNSTREAM TOE OF DAM
5 80
5
4 14 15
5 90
10 11 12 13
6 7 9
600
8
610
14000 14000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000
128000
R.D (-)223.60
R.D (-)95.60
R.D (-)188.40
R.D (-)173.40
R.D (-)170.40
R.D (-)167.10
R.D (-)163.60
R.D (-)148.60
MYNTDU H.E. PROJECT, MEGHALAYA 115
DAM OF AXIS
PIER TRAINING WALL
EL.575.00 (T.P.) 1
3000
ORIGIN OF TOP ENTRANCE OF SLUICE
EL. 570.00 DETAIL ENTRANCE PROFILE
2000
( NOT TO SCALE)
EL. 568.00 EL.567.91
3934
CONSTRUCTION SLUICE OF SIZE 3000X3000 1
EL. 565.00
FOUNDATION GALLERY 1
0.5 (2000x2500)
3167
1
15000
FRESH ROCK LEVEL EL. 560.50 CONCRETE APRON
EL.559.00 1000 C.J.
(MIN.)
1
0.25 1000
3000
1 1
ACCEPTABLE FOUNDATION GRADE
8910 0.25 0.25
1000
SANKOSH M. P. PROJECT
SANKOSH M. P. PROJECT : LAYOUT 117
SANKOSH M. P. PROJECT (4000MW) 118
3
TYPICAL SPILLWAY TUNNEL 126
127
DIVERSION FLOOD
ROLE IN TYPE OF DAM
128
The designer can assure the safety of dam by designing for all
combinations of loads including those whose simultaneous
occurrence is highly improbable & by using unduly large safety
factors.
This may lead to overly conservative & uneconomical designs
To avoid this we need design standards & criteria so that forces,
their combinations & safety factors should be such that dam is safe
yet economical
HYDROSTATIC FORCE BECAUSE OF
141
RESERVOIR LOAD ON U/S & TAILWATER LOAD
ON D/S
Reservoir & tail water loads depend upon the water level in the
reservoir & in the stream d/s of the dam
Not all dams will be subjected to silt pressure, it is for the designer
to refer hydrologic data to decide allowance for silt pressures
Laboratory tests indicate pore pressures act over 100% area of any
section through the concrete
Location of line of drain at a distance from u/s face of 5% of max.
Reservoir depth at the dam is desireable
A lateral spacing of twice the above distance will reduce the
average pore pressure at the line of drains to tail water pressure
plus 1/3 of differential between the tail water & head water
pressures
Uplift pressures are assumed to be unaffected by eq acceleration
because of their transitory nature
EARTHQUAKE FORCES 148
Earthquake causes random motion of ground & this motion causes
the structure to vibrate. Thus two steps are necessary to obtain
loadings on a gravity dam :
i) To estimate magnitude and locations of EQ to which the dam
may be subjected & determine the resulting rock motion at the
dam site (we need : Mag. of EQ; depth of focus, distance from
epicentre; foundation strata)
ii) To determine the response of the dam to the ground vibration
which is a function of :
- nature of foundation strata
- material, size & mode of construction of structure
- duration & intensity of ground motion
EARTHQUAKE FORCES (Contd..) 149
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
Lifts 0.75 to 2.5 m
Provided to facilitate construction
Permit metal embedments
Allow for subsequent placement for second stage
GALLERIES & ADITS 154
OPENING WITHIN THE DAM
To have access
May run longitudinally or transversely
Either horizontally or on slope
PURPOSE
Drainage way
space for drilling and grouting
Access to observe health of dam
for operation of gates/outlets
carry control cables/power cables
FOUNDATION GALLERY & INSPECTION
GALLERY 155
FOUNDATION GALLERY
Provided when dam height > 10 m
Min.Size 1.5 x 2.25 m but 2.0 x 2.5 m provided to accommodate
drilling equip.
Min. 2.0 m cover of conc. Above foundation
3.0 m away from u/s face or 5% of head
INSPECTION GALLERY
Provided above the foundation gallery
kept 7 m below overflow crest
Spacing between galleries 20 to 30 m
1.5 x 2.25 m size
156
157
INSTRUMENTATION GALLERY SUMP WELL &
PUMP CHAMBER 158
INSTRUMENTATION GALLERY
Generally perpendicular to dam axis
1.5 x 2.25 m size
SUMP WELL
Provided in the deepest location
No. & Size depends on amount of seepage water
PUMP CHAMBER
Provided above the sump well to pump the water out of the dam
SUMP WELL & PUMP CHAMBER 159
ELEVATOR TOWER & VENTILATION
SHAFT/PIPES 160
ELEVATOR TOWER
Provide in nof blocks
3 m x 3 m is the normal size
Provides access to various galleries
If necessary stair well is also provided around lift well
VENTILATION SHAFT/PIPES
1m ø ventilation shaft when no adits
Otherwise 300 mm ø ventilation pipe
Provided one in each/alternate block
ELEVATOR SHAFT
161
FORMED DRAINS 162
NATHPA SPILLWAY
170
171
BUNKKHA DAM
PLAN & SECTION
172
173
SPILLWAY
SIZE AND DISCHARGE
174
GAMBHIR PROJECT
175
PROBLEM 176
SUBANSIRI
SPILLWAY
181
OVERFLOW BLOCK
SUBANSIRI BASIN PROJECT 182
SUBANSIRI BASIN PROJECT
DESIGN OF
EMBANKMENT DAMS
ADVANTAGES OF EMBANKMENT DAMS
OVER CONCRETE DAMS 184
Usually economical.
HOMOGENEOUS V/S ZONED EARTH DAM 185
Homogeneous
Suitable where single type of material is available.
Convenient for construction.
Zoned
Suitable where different types of soils are available.
Composed of impervious core , transition zone and pervious or
semi-pervious shell.
Provides greater stability during rapid drawdown.
More suitable for large heights.
SUITABILITY OF MATERIAL FOR CORE AND
186
SHELL
CORE
Impervious in nature.
Low plasticity.
Good shear strength.
BIS Code recommends GC , CL , CI soils.
SHELL
Semi pervious or pervious in nature.
Very good shear strength.
BIS Code recommends SW , GW , GM soils.
BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 187
Safety against overtopping
Stability
Safety against internal erosion
Safety against piping through foundation
SAFETY AGAINST OVERTOPPING 188
CORE WALL
U/S ELEVATION
2 .5 :1
BERM
ROAD
BERM
FLOW
3 :1
PLAN
JUNCTION OF EMBANKMENT DAM WITH
GRAVITY DAM (MODERN TREND) 198
EARTH DAM NON-OVER FLOW SPILLWAY
U/S ELEVATION
2 .5 :1
BERM
2.25 :1
ROAD
BERM
FLOW
3 :1
PLAN
199
FOUNDATION
PROBLEM
EMPIRICAL APPROACHES - USBR APPROACH 200
USBR during the construction of Shasta Dam undertook extensive studies
for strengthening the weak rock seams in the dam foundation.