A New Protection Scheme For DC Microgrid Using
A New Protection Scheme For DC Microgrid Using
A New Protection Scheme For DC Microgrid Using
I. I NTRODUCTION
A low or medium voltage electrical network, consisting of
distributed resources, especially renewable sources of energy,
storage devices, and loads, is known as a Microgrid [1]. The
electrical network can be AC, DC, or mixed, and may or may
not be connected to the main grid. DC distribution network has
advantage of high efciency [2], easy paralleling of sources
on DC bus [3], and more power transfer capacity [4].
One of the main challenge in adopting the DC distribution
system is the lack of effective solution to the fault protection.
Protection system includes protective devices such as fuses,
circuit breakers, load break switches, and relays. DC microgrid
may consist of Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) in the
network, which demand high speed protection and isolation
from the faulted network. Because of the presence of large
DC capacitors and low impedance offered by the DC cable, a
fault in the DC system may result into high transient currents
and voltages. The protection system should have the so-called,
4S property viz, selectivity, sensitivity, security and speed [5].
It should also provide redundancy and dependability at the
minimal cost.
A protection scheme based on handshake signal method
for Multi Terminal DC (MTDC) system is reported in [6].
In this scheme, as the fault is detected, all the VSCs are
disconnected from the AC side, and the capacitors on the DC
side support the load for short duration. As the system deenergises, the load is dropped during the fault, which is not a
desired situation.
Reference [7] studied the application of different system
parameters such as, over current, under voltage, di/dt, dv/dt
A
Meghwani
(e-mail:[email protected]),
S.C.
Srivastava
(email:[email protected]) and S.Chakrabarti (e-mail:[email protected]), are with
the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology
Kanpur, 208016.
Non deterministic generation: Sources with a non predictive generation, includes solar Photo Voltaic (PV)
connected through a DC-DC converter, and wind turbine using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
(PMSG) connected through a VSC. Both the converters
F
1
PD
0.4
1
i (t) (pu)
PD
5.2
F
4
5.1
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
3.1
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
Time (secs)
4.5
5.5
0
0.5
1
0.5
PD 3
DC DC
3.2
0
0.5
1
i34
F
3
i45
Cable
Battery
0.6
45
Cable
PD
4.2
0.5
1
1
1.2
1
1
Grid
(pu)
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
Batt
(pu)
0.2
0.2
1
PWind (pu)
TABLE I
R ATING OF DC M ICROGRID C OMPONENTS
DC Grid Voltage
1200 V
Base Power
2 MW
Battery DC-DC Converter
0.5 MW
Battery
300V, 1.3kAh, Nickel Cadmium
PV Converter
0.5 MW
Solar Panel
Vmp = 54.7, Imp =5.58 at STC
1 MW
Grid VSC
Wind Turbine
2 MW, PMSG
Cable Resistance
10 m per Km
Cable Inductance
100 H per Km
Filter Capacitor, C
25 mF
Load
Constant impedance load 2 MW
(pu)
PV
Wind
VSC
Voltage (pu)
51
i (t) (pu)
PD 4
Wind
Turbine
0.4
0.2
1
4.1
PD
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
1
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1
1.5
PLoad (pu)
1.5
23
Cable
F
2
PD
PD
0.2
34
PD 5
Load
Grid
2.2
i23
i51
PD
Grid
VSC
0.5
F
5
Cable
PD 2
12
i12
PD
1.1
2.1
i (t) (pu)
Solar Panel
PD
Cable
i (t) (pu)
PD
1.2
i (t) (pu)
PD
1
DC-DC
1
0.5
0
1
Time (s)
Fig. 3. Power delivered by sources with load and wind speed variations.
vC (0)/L + iL (0)s
1
s2 + R
L s + LC
(1)
where iL (0) and vC (0) are the current through the inductor
and voltage across the capacitor respectively, just before occur-
r
VSC
vC
r
iL
RF
Fault
(a)
L
iL
vC
RF
Fault
(b)
p1 , p2 =
2L
2L
LC
F5
1
PD
1.1
F1
PD
1.2
PD
2.1
TS
TP
(3)
(4)
vC (0)
di
|=
iL (0)(p1 + p2 )
(5)
dt
L
For RF = 0, R is equal to the equivalent cable resistance
upto fault point denoted by r. In this case (R/2L)2 is less
than 1/LC and hence, p1 and p2 will be complex conjugate
and only real part contribute to fault current. Therefore, the
contribution of the second term, compared to the rst in above
equation, to di/dt magnitude will be negligible, and only the
rst term may be considered. Therefore (5) reduces to the
following equation.
|
vC (0)
i
|=
(6)
t
L
As L changes with the length of line considered, the magnitude of di/dt, found by using (6) depends on the location of
the fault. This characteristics of di/dt during fault is utilized
to design the protection system.
For time t, immediately after the fault, at kth sampling
period, i is written as follows.
|
vC (0)
t
L
Time to Trip
i =
(2)
(7)
'i
'is
'i p
'i
iS secondary
protection
Threshold (Amp)
600
1028
1500
1420
766
-200
-600
-700
-300
-100
i45(t) (pu)
TABLE III
P ICKUP T HRESHOLD S ETTINGS FOR P Dx.1
P Dx.1
P D1.1
P D2.1
P D3.1
P D4.1
P D5.1
Fault
location
from
P Dx.1 (m)
1000
500
200
300
1000
i34(t) (pu)
23
iP Primary
Protection
Threshold (Amp)
iS Pickup
threshold setting
(Amp)
150
250
600
800
300
i51(t) (pu)
P D1.2
P D2.2
P D3.2
P D4.2
P D5.2
Fault
location
from
P Dx.2 (m)
1000
500
200
300
1000
Voltage (pu)
P Dx.2
i (t) (pu)
12
i (t) (pu)
TABLE II
P ICKUP T HRESHOLD S ETTINGS FOR P Dx.2
20
10
0
10
1.995
10
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
Time (secs)
2.015
2.02
0
10
20
1.995
5
0
5
10
1.995
5
0
5
1.995
4
2
0
2
1.995
1
0.5
0
0.5
1.995
Fig. 6. Line currents and bus voltage response for fault F1 occurred at t = 2s.
B. Backup Protection
In case P D1.2 fails, P D1.1 acts as a backup by comparing
i with iS . And if P D2.1 fails, P D2.2 acts as backup. All
secondary zones of protection activate at denite time delay of
TS and pickup only when the computed difference is greater
than the threshold.
P Dx.2 settings should be such that it provide trip under
forward directional current derivative as primary and negative
threshold setting for secondary, with time discrimination. Non
directional characteristic of P Dx.2 is shown in Fig. 5.
Similarly, P Dx.1 should operate on follow-me instruction
for primary zone of protection and positive pickup threshold
setting for secondary resembles the characteristics of directional relay. P Dx which is connected between the source
and the bus, activate with the backup protection only, and in
coordination with P Dx.1 .
i12(t) (pu)
0.5
0
i34(t) (pu)
i23(t) (pu)
0.5
1.995
1
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
0
1
1.995
1
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
0.5
0
i45(t) (pu)
0.5
1.995
1
0.5
i51(t) (pu)
0
1.995
0
0.5
Voltage (pu)
1
1.995
1
0.5
1.995
VII. C ONCLUSION
The design of an effective protection system solution for a
DC microgrid has been proposed in this paper. The natural
characteristics of the fault current derivative, in the DC networks has been analyzed, and used to develop the protection
algorithm. Thresholds, which depend on the fault location,
have been calculated for all the line sections considering the
equivalent circuit upto the fault point and, compared with the
actual values. A protection solution for loop type DC microgrid system is demonstrated, which is easy to be extended
to other congurations. The scheme is fast in detecting and
isolating the faulty section through primary protection. It is
able to provide the backup protection successfully under the
failure of the primary protective relays. The proposed scheme
is veried and tested on the MATLAB/Simulink simulations.
Time (secs)
Fig. 7. Line currents after fault F1 is cleared by P D1.2 and P D2.1 act as
primary protection at TP = 200 s.
i12(t) (pu)
4
2
i34(t) (pu)
i23(t) (pu)
0
1.995
1
2.01
2.015
2.02
R EFERENCES
1
1.995
1
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
2.015
2.02
2.005
2.01
Time (secs)
2.015
2.02
0.5
0
i45(t) (pu)
i51(t) (pu)
2.005
0.5
1.995
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.995
1
0.5
0
0.5
1.995
Voltage (pu)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
0.9
0.8
0.7
1.995