Study of "P-Delta" Analysis For R.C. Structure
Study of "P-Delta" Analysis For R.C. Structure
Study of "P-Delta" Analysis For R.C. Structure
e-ISSN: 2455-5703
I. INTRODUCTION
A. General
Generally, the analysis of buildings is done by using linear elastic methods, which is first order structural analysis. In a first order
analysis displacements and internal force are evaluated in relation to the geometric undeformed structure. It does not consider
buckling and material yielding. In the case of first order elastic analysis, the deformations and internal forces are proportional to
the applied loads. However, in some cases, the deflection of the structure can have a geometric second order effect on the behaviour
of the structure, which is not evaluated by the linear first order analysis. This type of geometric non-linearity can be analysed by
performing through iterative processes which is only practicable by using computer programs. It is generally known as second
order analysis. In this type of analysis, the deformations and internal forces are not proportional to the applied loads.
B. Nonlinearity
Nonlinearity caused by large deformations is referred to as Geometric Nonlinearity. Linear stress-strain equations are assumed to
hold in this category. Problems involving geometric nonlinearity arise from finite changes in geometry. This category encompasses
large strains and large displacements. There are four sources of nonlinear behaviour in case of structural analysis. The
corresponding nonlinear effects are identified by the term geometric, material, force boundary conditions and displacement
boundary conditions. Non linearity can also arise when the stress-strain relationship of the material is non-linear in the elastic or
in the plastic range, this is called Material Nonlinearity.
C. Second Order Effect
Second-order effects are generally explained by considering the additional displacements, forces, and moments which generated
from the use of actions on a deflecting structure. These are known as second-order effects. In certain situations, a first-order analysis
may be used to estimate the effects of a second-order analysis by procedure, which is suitable for elastic frame analysis by
computer. Second order effects introduce additional deflections, moments and forces beyond those calculated by first-order
analysis. So it should be considered in the design. Main second-order effects are listed below:
Geometric non-linearity, P- and P- Effects
Column Axial Shortening (Bowing Effect)
Panel-zone Effect
Differential Settlement of Foundation
Non-uniform Temperature Effects
Out-of-straightness and Out-of-plumpness Effects
Residual Stresses & Other Imperfections
Column or Beam Yielding
Redistribution Effect
Semi-rigid behavior of connections rather than a fully rigid / ideally hinged condition
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The issue occurs mainly in the element that is subjected to both bending and axial compression known as Beam-Column.
Also, Geometric non-linearity of P- and P- effects can be significant for the members having initial imperfections. That is why
the design of a member by considering only the axial compression is prohibited by the design specifications.
Fig. 1: P- EFFECT
Fig. 2: P- EFFECT
C. COMBINE EFFECT OF P - -
Since both of these contribute to the deformation of the frame as shown in figure 3, it is important to consider their combined
effect. These secondary effects cause the member to deform more and induce additional stresses in the member and there are also
reductions of their strength and stiffness. This reduction in strength and stiffness results weakening or destabilizing effect on the
structure.
Fig. 3: P - - Effect
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In a well-proportioned structure conforming to code-specified drift limits, these effects will generally result in an increase
over the first-order effects by 10 25%, often less for braced frame or shear wall buildings. P-delta effects can be reduced and
controlled by using heavier members and/or stiffer frames.
Ground Floor: 4 m
Typical Floor: 3.5 m
Typical Floor: 1.2 kN/m
Roof: 2 kN/m
Typical Floor: 3 kN/m
Roof: 1.5 kN/m
0.30 m X 0.60 m
0.55 m X 1.15 m
0.125 m
Zone III Moderate (Zone factor: 0.16)
T=2.15 & R=5
II
1
5% (Damping factor: 1)
M25 & Fe415
Fig. 5: 3D-VIEW
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The significance of the building responses like displacement, column moment, story stiffness & Mode shape are studied in detail.
IV. RESULTS
A. Displacement
Displacement of the joint at top storey in mm with and without P-delta effect:
Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Load Case/
Load Combination
EQ X+
EQ XEQ Y+
EQ Y1.2 (D.L.+L.L+EQ Y-)
0.9 D.L.+1.5 EQ Y-
% Difference
123.2
113.1
129.2
164.5
197.4
246.7
141.2
129.9
152.6
192.2
230.7
288.3
14.61%
14.85%
18.11%
16.84%
16.87%
16.86%
B. Moment
Moment of the column under load case (EQ Y-) at different levels is shown in the table:
Sr. No.
Storey 25
Storey 20
Storey 15
Storey 10
Storey 05
At Base
% Difference
6.95%
11.20%
11.62%
17.31%
23.19%
12.95%
FREQUENCIES (cyc/sec)
Without P-Delta With P-Delta
0.188
0.172
0.203
0.188
0.229
0.215
0.601
0.568
0.621
0.588
0.705
0.673
V. CONCLUDING REMARK
In this study of G + 24 story structure, is analyzed with static linear and static non-liner analysis, here Geometric non linearity is
considered by accounting, p-delta effect it is shown from displacement comparison that there is about 12% to 20% variation in the
result. Similarly, the bending moment for the load combination (EQ Y-) shows 5% to 20% variation, value of modal period, in the
different mode shapes are also variable. It is advisable to account such effect in tall structures.
REFERENCES
[1] Chung B.T., Dynamic Behaviour of Multi-storey Buildings Engineering Report, University of Auckland, No. 492, 1991.
[2] CSI Analysis Reference Manual for SAP2000, ETABS, SAFE, CSI Bridge.
[3] Dinar Yousuf, Karim Samiul, Barua Ayan, Uddin Ashraf, P-Delta Effect in Reinforced Concrete structures of Rigid Joint,
ISOR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Vol. 10, December 2013.
[4] Dubey S. K., Sangamnerkar Prakash, Soni Deepak, Dynamic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Framed Buildings under Non
Linear Analysis, International Journal of Engineering Development and Research (IJEDR), Vol. 2.
[5] E. L. Wilson and A. Habibullah, "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Multi-Story Buildings Including P-Delta Effects, 1987.
[6] Konapure C. G., Dhanshetti P. V., Effect of P-Delta Action on Multi-Storey Buildings, International Journal of Engineering
Research & Technology (IJERT), Vol. 4, January 2015.
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