Example 5-1

Refrigerant-134a at 200 kPa, 40% quality, flows through a 1.1-cm inside diameter, d,
tube with a velocity of 50 m/s. Find the mass flow rate of the refrigerant-134a.

At P = 200 kPa, x = 0.4 we determine the specific volume from

v v f xv fg
0.0007533 0.4(0.0999 0.0007533)
m3
0.0404
kg

Vave A Vave d 2
m
v v 4
50 m / s (0.011 m) 2

0.0404 m3 / kg 4
kg
0.117
s

1
Example 5-2

Air at 100 kPa, 50oC, flows through a pipe with a volume flow rate of 40 m3/min. Find
the mass flow rate through the pipe, in kg/s.

Assume air to be an ideal gas, so

RT kJ (50 273) K m3 kPa

v 0.287
P kg K 100kPa kJ
m3
0.9270
kg

V 40m3 / min 1 min

m
v 0.9270m3 / kg 60s
kg
0.719
s

2
Example 5-3 Geometry Effects on Fluid Flow

An incompressible liquid flows through the pipe shown in the figure. The velocity at
location 2 is

m V
m
Inlets
in m
Outlets
out
1
Incompressible 2
V1 V2 Liquid 2D D

V1 V2

A1V1 A2V2
A1 D12 / 4
V2 V1 V1
A2 D2 / 4
2

2
D1 2 D 2
V2 V1 V1
D2 D

V2 4V1
3
Answer: D
Example 5-4

Steam at 0.4 MPa, 300oC, enters an adiabatic nozzle with a low velocity and leaves
at 0.2 MPa with a quality of 90%. Find the exit velocity, in m/s.

Control Volume: The nozzle

Property Relation: Steam tables

Process: Assume adiabatic, steady-flow

Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:

For one entrance, one exit, the conservation of mass becomes

m in m
out
1 m
m 2 m

4
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass crosses the control surface, but no
work or heat transfer crosses the control surface. Neglecting the potential energies,
we have

Neglecting the inlet kinetic energy, the exit velocity is

V2 2(h1 h2 )
Now, we need to find the enthalpies from the steam tables.
Superheated Saturated Mix.
kJ
T1 300o C h1 3067.1 P2 0.2 MPa h2
kg
P1 0.4 MPa x2 0.90

At 0.2 MPa hf = 504.7 kJ/kg and hfg = 2201.6 kJ/kg.

5
 h2 = h f + x2 h fg
kJ
= 504.7 + (0.90)(2201.6) = 2486.1
kg

kJ 1000 m 2 / s 2
V2 2(3067.1 2486.1)
kg kJ / kg
m
1078.0
s

6
Example 5-5
High pressure air at 1300 K flows into an aircraft gas turbine and undergoes a
steady-state, steady-flow, adiabatic process to the turbine exit at 660 K.
Calculate the work done per unit mass of air flowing through the turbine when
(a) Temperature-dependent data are used.
(b) Cp,ave at the average temperature is used.
(c) Cp at 300 K is used.
Control Volume: The turbine.

Property Relation: Assume air is an ideal gas and use ideal gas relations.

Process: Steady-state, steady-flow, adiabatic process

Conservation Principles:
m in m out
Conservation of mass:
m 1 m 2 m

Conservation of energy:

7
According to the sketched control volume, mass and work cross the control surface.
Neglecting kinetic and potential energies and noting the process is adiabatic, we
have
0 m 1h1 Wout m 2 h2
W m (h h )
out 1 2

The work done by the air per unit mass flow is

Wout
wout h1 h2
m
Notice that the work done by a fluid flowing through a turbine is equal to the enthalpy
decrease of the fluid.

(a) Using the air tables, Table A-17

at T1 = 1300 K, h1 = 1395.97 kJ/kg
at T2 = 660 K, h2 = 670.47 kJ/kg
wout h1 h2
kJ
(1395.97 670.47)
kg
kJ
7255
. 8
kg
(b) Using Table A-2(c) at Tave = 980 K, Cp, ave = 1.138 kJ/kgK
wout h1 h2 C p , ave (T1 T2 )
kJ
1138
. (1300 660) K
kg K
kJ
728.3
kg
(c) Using Table A-2(a) at T = 300 K, Cp = 1.005 kJ/kg K
wout h1 h2 C p (T1 T2 )
kJ
1005
. (1300 660) K
kg K
kJ
643.2
kg

9
Example 5-6

Nitrogen gas is compressed in a steady-state, steady-flow, adiabatic process from

0.1 MPa, 25oC. During the compression process the temperature becomes 125oC. If
the mass flow rate is 0.2 kg/s, determine the work done on the nitrogen, in kW.

Control Volume: The compressor (see the compressor sketched above)

Property Relation: Assume nitrogen is an ideal gas and use ideal gas relations

Process: Adiabatic, steady-flow

Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:
m in m out
m 1 m 2 m
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass and work cross the control surface.
Neglecting kinetic and potential energies and noting the process is adiabatic, we 10
have for one entrance and one exit
 0 m 1 (h1 0 0) ( Win ) m 2 (h2 0 0)
W m (h h )
in 2 1

The work done on the nitrogen is related to the enthalpy rise of the nitrogen as it
flows through the compressor. The work done on the nitrogen per unit mass flow is
Win
win h2 h1

m
Assuming constant specific heats at 300 K from Table A-2(a), we write the work as
win C p (T2 T1 )
kJ
1039
. (125 25) K
kg K
kJ
103.9
kg

11
Example 5-7

One way to determine the quality of saturated steam is to throttle the steam to a low
enough pressure that it exists as a superheated vapor. Saturated steam at 0.4 MPa
is throttled to 0.1 MPa, 100oC. Determine the quality of the steam at 0.4 MPa.
Throttling orifice

1 2
Control
Surface

Control Volume: The throttle

Property Relation: The steam tables

Process: Steady-state, steady-flow, no work, no heat transfer, neglect kinetic and

potential energies, one entrance, one exit

Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:
m in m out
m 1 m 2 m
12
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass crosses the control surface.
Neglecting kinetic and potential energies and noting the process is adiabatic with no
work, we have for one entrance and one exit

0 m 1 (h1 0 0) 0 m 2 (h2 0 0)
m 1h1 m 2 h2
h1 h2

T2 100o C kJ
2
h 2675.8
P2 0.1 MPa kg

13
Therefore,
kJ
h1 h2 2675.8
kg
h f x1h fg @ P 0.4 MPa
1

h1 h f
x1
h fg
2675.8 604.66

2133.4
0.971

14
Example 5-8

Steam at 0.2 MPa, 300oC, enters a mixing chamber and is mixed with cold water at
20oC, 0.2 MPa, to produce 20 kg/s of saturated liquid water at 0.2 MPa. What are the
required steam and cold water flow rates?
Steam 1
Mixing
Saturated water 3
chamber
Cold water 2 Control
surface

Control Volume: The mixing chamber

Property Relation: Steam tables

Process: Assume steady-flow, adiabatic mixing, with no work

Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:
m in m out
m 1 m 2 m 3
m 2 m 3 m 1
15
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass crosses the control surface.
Neglecting kinetic and potential energies and noting the process is adiabatic with no
work, we have for two entrances and one exit
m 1h1 m 2 h2 m 3h3
m 1h1 (m 3 m 1 )h2 m 3h3
m 1 (h1 h2 ) m 3 (h3 h2 )
(h h )
m 1 m 3 3 2
(h1 h2 )
Now, we use the steam tables to find the enthalpies:
T1 300o C kJ
h1 3072.1
P1 0.2 MPa kg

16
T2 20o C kJ
2
h h 83.91
P2 0.2 MPa f @ 20o C
kg

(h3 h2 )
m 1 m 3
(h1 h2 )
kg (504.7 83.91)kJ / kg
20
s (3072.1 83.91)kJ / kg
kg
2.82
s
m 2 m 3 m 1
kg
(20 2.82)
s
kg
17.18
s
17
Example 5-9

Air is heated in a heat exchanger by hot water. The water enters the heat exchanger
at 45oC and experiences a 20oC drop in temperature. As the air passes through the
heat exchanger, its temperature is increased by 25oC. Determine the ratio of mass
flow rate of the air to mass flow rate of the water.
1
Air inlet

1 Control
Water inlet surface

2
Water exit
2
Air exit

Control Volume: The heat exchanger

Property Relation: Air: ideal gas relations

Water: steam tables or incompressible liquid results

Process: Assume adiabatic, steady-flow

18
Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:
0(steady)
in m
m out m
system ( kg / s)

For two entrances, two exits, the conservation of mass becomes

in m
m out
air ,1 m
m w,1 m
air , 2 m
w, 2
For two fluid streams that exchange energy but do not mix, it is better to conserve the
mass for the fluid streams separately.
m air ,1 m air , 2 m
air
m w ,1 m w, 2 m
w
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, mass crosses the control surface, but no
work or heat transfer crosses the control surface. Neglecting the kinetic and potential
energies, we have for steady-flow

19
 0(steady)
E in E out E system ( kW )


Rate of net energy transfer Rate change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc., energies

E in E out
m air ,1hair ,1 m w ,1hw ,1 m air , 2 hair , 2 m w , 2 hw , 2
m air (hair ,1 hair , 2 ) m w (hw , 2 hw ,1 )
m air (hw, 2 hw,1 )

m w (hair ,1 hair , 2 )
We assume that the air has constant specific heats at 300 K, Table A-2(a) (we don't
know the actual temperatures, just the temperature difference). Because we know the
initial and final temperatures for the water, we can use either the incompressible fluid
result or the steam tables for its properties.

Using the incompressible fluid approach for the water, Table A-3,
Cp, w = 4.18 kJ/kgK.

20
 m air C p , w (Tw, 2 Tw,1 )

m w C p , air (Tair ,1 Tair , 2 )
kJ
4.18 20 K
kg w K

kJ
1.005 25 K
kg air K
kg air / s
3.33
kg w / s
A second solution to this problem is obtained by determining the heat transfer rate
from the hot water and noting that this is the heat transfer rate to the air. Considering
each fluid separately for steady-flow, one entrance, and one exit, and neglecting the
kinetic and potential energies, the first law, or conservation of energy, equations
become
Ein E out
air : m air ,1hair ,1 Q in , air m air ,2 hair ,2
water : m w,1hw,1 Q out , w m w,2 hw,2
Q in , air Q out , w 21
Example 5-10

In a simple steam power plant, steam leaves a boiler at 3 MPa, 600oC, and enters a
turbine at 2 MPa, 500oC. Determine the in-line heat transfer from the steam per
kilogram mass flowing in the pipe between the boiler and the turbine.

Q out
Steam to
turbine
1 2
Steam
Control
from
surface
boiler

Control Volume: Pipe section in which the heat loss occurs.

Property Relation: Steam tables

Process: Steady-flow
22
Conservation Principles:
Conservation of mass:
0(steady)
in m
m out m
system (kg / s)
For one entrance, one exit, the conservation of mass becomes
m in m out
m 1 m 2 m
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, heat transfer and mass cross the control
surface, but no work crosses the control surface. Neglecting the kinetic and potential
energies, we have for steady-flow
0(steady)
Ein E out E system (kW )

Rate of net energy transfer Rate change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc., energies

We determine the heat transfer rate per unit mass of flowing steam as
m 1h1 m 2 h 2 Q out
Q out m (h1 h2 )
Q out
qout h1 h2 23
m
We use the steam tables to determine the enthalpies at the two states as
T1 600o C kJ
1
h 3682.8
P1 3 MPa kg
T2 500o C kJ
h2 3468.3
P2 2 MPa kg
qout h1 h2
kJ
(3682.8 3468.3)
kg
kJ
214.5
kg
Example 5-11

Air at 100oC, 0.15 MPa, 40 m/s, flows through a converging duct with a mass flow
rate of 0.2 kg/s. The air leaves the duct at 0.1 MPa, 113.6 m/s. The exit-to-inlet duct
area ratio is 0.5. Find the required rate of heat transfer to the air when no work is
done by the air.

24
 Q in
Air exit
1 2
Air inlet
Control
surface

Control Volume: The converging duct

Property Relation: Assume air is an ideal gas and use ideal gas relations

Process: Steady-flow

Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass: 0(steady)

in m
m out m
system ( kg / s)
For one entrance, one exit, the conservation of mass becomes
m in m out
m 1 m 2 m

25
Conservation of energy:

According to the sketched control volume, heat transfer and mass cross the control
surface, but no work crosses the control surface. Here keep the kinetic energy and
still neglect the potential energies, we have for steady-state, steady-flow process
0(steady)
Ein E out E system (kW )

Rate of net energy transfer Rate change in internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential, etc., energies

, and
In the first law equation, the following are known: P1, T1 (and h1), V1 , V2 , m
A2/A1. The unknowns are Q in, and h2 (or T2). We use the first law and the
conservation of mass equation to solve for the two unknowns.

26
 m 1 m 2 (kg / s)
1 1
V1 A1 V2 A2
v1 v2
P1 P2
V1 A1 V2 A2
RT1 RT2
Solving for T2

Assuming Cp = constant, h2 - h1 = Cp(T2 - T1)

27
Looks like we made the wrong assumption for the direction of the heat transfer. The
heat is really leaving the flow duct. (What type of device is this anyway?)
Q Q 2.87 kW
out in

Example 5-12

Consider an evacuated, insulated, rigid tank connected through a closed valve to a

high-pressure line. The valve is opened and the tank is filled with the fluid in the line.
If the fluid is an ideal gas, determine the final temperature in the tank when the tank
pressure equals that of the line.

Control Volume: The tank

Property Relation: Ideal gas relations

Process: Assume uniform-state, uniform-flow 28

Conservation Principles:

Conservation of mass:
m m
i e (m2 m1 ) CV
Or, for one entrance, no exit, and initial mass of zero, this becomes
mi (m2 ) CV
Conservation of energy:

For an insulated tank Q is zero and for a rigid tank with no shaft work W is zero. For
a one-inlet mass stream and no-exit mass stream and neglecting changes in kinetic
and potential energies, the uniform-state, uniform-flow conservation of energy
reduces to

or
mi hi (m2 u2 ) CV
hi u2
ui Pv
i i u2

u2 ui Pv
i i
29
Cv (T2 Ti ) Pv
i i
 Cv (T2 Ti ) RTi
Cv R Cp
T2 Ti Ti
Cv Cv
kTi
If the fluid is air, k = 1.4 and the absolute temperature in the tank at the final state is
40 percent higher than the fluid absolute temperature in the supply line. The internal
energy in the full tank differs from the internal energy of the supply line by the amount
of flow work done to push the fluid from the line into the tank.

30