Fieldwork No. 2 Laying of A Simple Curve Using The Tape Alone

MAPÚA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Muralla St. Intramuros, Manila

School of Civil, Environmental and Geological Engineering
FIELDWORK NO. 2
LAYING OF A SIMPLE CURVE USING THE TAPE
ALONE
COURSE AND SECTION:CE121F/B7
SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: D.C. STUDENT NUMBER:
GROUP NO:1
DATE OF FIELDWORK: October 27, 2016
DATE OF SUBMISSION: November 04, 2016
SUBMITTED TO:
GRADE
PROFESSOR: ENGR. IRA BALMORIS
Final data sheet
A. LAYING OF A SIMPLE CURVE BY USING THE TAPE ALONE

(INCREMENTAL CHORD AND TANGENT OFFSET METHOD)
DATA SUPPLIED:
I= 125 R= 25m
Station of the PC: 3 + 011 (Preferable not on a full station mark)
Adopt Full chord length of 5m (Preferable in between 2m-5m)
STATION CHORD CENTRAL OFFSET DISTANCE

OCCUPIED OBSERVED ANGLE X Y
PC A 4 9.47 3.99 0.32
A B 5 11.47 4.92 0.89
B C 5 11.47 4.9 0.99
C D 5 11.47 4.9 0.99
D E 5 11.47 4.9 0.99
E F 5 11.47 4.9 0.99
F G 5 11.47 4.9 0.99
G H 5 11.47 4.9 0.99
H I 5 11.47 4.9 0.99
I J 5 11.47 4.9 0.99
J K 5 11.47 4.9 0.79
K PT 0.54 1.24 0.536 0.06
COMPUTED LENGTH OF CHORD: 44.35

ACTUAL LENGTH OF THE CHORD: 44.5
COMPUTATIONS
FULL STATION (A)= 3 + 015 Lc= IR

C1= Full station - Sta. PC = (125)(25)(𝜋/180)
= 3+015 – 3+011 = 54.54m
= 3015 – 3011= 4m Sta. PC= sta. PC + Lc
C2= Sta. PT – last full sta. = 3011 + 54.54
= 3+065.54 – 3065 = 3 + 065.54
= 0.54
d1= 2arcsin(C1/2R)
= 2arcsin(4/2(25))= 9.18
d2= 2arcsin(0.54/2(25))= 1.24
X1= C1[cos(d1/2)]
= (4)[cos(9.18/2)]= 3.99m
Y1= C1[sin(d1/2)] D°= 2θ
= (4)[sin(9,18/2)] θ= arcsin((sin90)(2.5)/25)
= 0.32m = 5.74
X2= C[cos((d1+D)/2)] D°= 11.47° -- 11°28
= (5)[cos((9.18+11.47)/2)] X3= C(cosθ)
= 4.92m = 5cos(11.47)
Y2= C[sin((d1+D)/2)] = 0.995
= (5)[sin((9.18+11.47)/2)] last offset
= 0.89m X= C2(cos((D+d2)/2)
= (0.54)[cos((11.47 + 1.24)/2)]
= 0.536
Y= C2(sin((D+d2)/2)
= (0.54)[sin((11.47 + 1.24)/2)]
= 0.06m
Research & Discussion
A simple curve consists of a circular arc tangent to two straight sections of a

route. Though spiral transitions are commonly used at the ends of circular arcs on
modern highways and railroads, a thorough knowledge of the simple curve, its
basic geometry, calculation and method of staking is necessary to understand more
complex curve problems.
There is no universally accepted notation. The intersection of tangent V is

called the vertex, or point of intersection, abbreviated P.I. The deflection angle
between tangents is denoted by I: it is equal to the central angle of the curve. For a
survey progressing in the direction indicated, the tangent up to the P.I. is the
forward tangent. The beginning of the circular arc at A is known as T.C. a(tangent
to curve); the end at B, the C.T. (curve to tangent). In a simple curve the T.C. and
the C.T. are equidistant from the P.I. The T.C. is sometimes designated as the P.C.
(point of curve) or B.C. (beginning of curve). Corresponding terms for the C.T. are
P.T.(point of tangent) and E.C. (end of curve).
Certain lines on the curve layout are very useful in calculations and
fieldwork. The distance from the P.I. to the T.C. , known as tangent distance, T;
the distance from the P.I. to the midpoint K of the curve, called the external
distance, E; and the radius of the circular arc, designated by R. Also shown are the
long chord, LC, which is the distance between the T.C. and the C.T.; and the
middle ordinate, M, the distance from the midpoint C of the long chord o the
midpoint K of the curve.
Occasions arise on location where the use of offsets from the semi-tangents
to intermediate points on a circular curve is mandatory. The accuracy of points set
by offsets is dependent upon the method used in setting them, and the practice of
placing curve points by lining in stakes by eye and turning of right- angles by hand
methods is unsatisfactory. Even though tangent offsets are used, the field notes for
the curve should be completed showing the deflections in the normal manner.
The method of tangent offsets requires that distance (x) be established along
the semi-tangent, measured from the P.C and offsets(y) perpendicular to that
tangent be measured out to the points required on the curve. The tangent offset
method can be used advantageously many times when an obstruction prevents
placement of a point on a circular curve by deflection method.
Conclusion
Based on the results of laying of a simple curve by using the tape alone, I
learned that by using only the tape, a simple curve was laid. This fieldwork applied
the incremental chord and tangent offset method in which computed offset
distances and central angles were used to determine incremental chords. The tape
was used to put over the marked points of the curve likewise to measure each
offset distances at each station occupied. When offset distances x and y were
determined, actual measurements of the sub-chords at each station were also
determined.
In this fieldwork our group encountered errors, first is human error where we
have computed for the wrong values which leads to wrong data used in the
fieldwork. Other is the sagging of the tape while measuring distance and making
sure that the tape is perpendicular to the points. In order to reduce the error and
improve our field work, I recommend that when using the tape make sure that it is
not sag so the measurements will be more accurate and make sure that it is
perpendicular when getting the stations. I also recommend computing early for the
data to check if it is wrong or not. So that we can adjust immediately. And when
you’ve solved for the correct data early, you can start and finish the fieldwork
early. Always use the equipment carefully and check them if they have no defects.
Application of simple curves is highways, railroads, pipelines, and power lines.
An example is the Pan-Philippine Highway which connects Luzon, Samar, Leyte
and Mindanao. The highway is designed based on the safety of everyone who will
pass there.

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MAPÚA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Muralla St. Intramuros, Manila

COURSE AND SECTION:CE121F/B7

NAME: D.C. STUDENT NUMBER:

DATE OF FIELDWORK: October 27, 2016

DATE OF SUBMISSION: November 04, 2016

A. LAYING OF A SIMPLE CURVE BY USING THE TAPE ALONE

STATION CHORD CENTRAL OFFSET DISTANCE

COMPUTED LENGTH OF CHORD: 44.35

FULL STATION (A)= 3 + 015 Lc= IR

A simple curve consists of a circular arc tangent to two straight sections of a

There is no universally accepted notation. The intersection of tangent V is

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