CS2207-Digital Lab

Ex No:4 CODE CONVERTORS

Aim:

To Design and Simulate Binary to Gray ,Gray to Binary , BCD to Excess 3, Excess 3 to
BCD code converters.

Procedure:

 To understand different codes

 To design various Code converters using logic gates
 To simulate various code converters
 To understand the importance of code converters in real life applications

Theory

Binary Codes

A symbolic representation of data/ information is called code. The base or radix of the
binary number is 2. Hence, it has two independent symbols. The symbols used are 0 and 1. A
binary digit is called as a bit. A binary number consists of sequence of bits, each of which is
either a 0 or 1. Each bit carries a weight based on its position relative to the binary point. The
weight of each bit position is one power of 2 greater than the weight of the position to its
immediate right. e. g. of binary number is 100011 which is equivalent to decimal number 35.

BCD Codes

Numeric codes represent numeric information i.e. only numbers as a series of 0’s and 1’s.
Numeric codes used to represent decimal digits are called Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) codes.
A BCD code is one, in which the digits of a decimal number are encoded-one at a time into
group of four binary digits. There are a large number of BCD codes in order to represent decimal
digits0, 1, 2 …9, it is necessary to use a sequence of at least four binary digits. Such a sequence
of binary digits which represents a decimal digit is called code word.

Gray Codes

It is a non-weighted code; therefore, it is not a suitable for arithmetic operations. It is a

cyclic code because successive code words in this code differ in one bit position only i.e. it is a
unit distance code.

Applications of Gray Code:

 In instrumentation and data acquisition systems, where linear or angular displacement is

measured.
 In shaft encoders, input-output devices, A/D converters and the other peripheral
equipment.

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Excess-3 code

It is a non-weighted code. It is also a self-complementing BCD code used in decimal

arithmetic units. The Excess-3 code for the decimal number is performed in the same manner as
BCD except that decimal number 3 is added to the each decimal unit before encoding it to
binary.

Code Converters

The availability of a large variety of codes for the same discrete elements of information
results in the use of different codes by different digital systems. It is some time necessary to use
the output of one system as the input to the other. The conversion circuit must be inserted
between the two systems if each uses different codes for the same information. Thus a code
converter is a circuit that makes the two systems compatible even though each uses the different
code.

Binary to Gray code

Truth Table:

Binary Gray
No
D C B A G3 G2 G1 G0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
5 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
6 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
7 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0
8 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
9 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
10 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
11 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
12 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
13 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
14 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
15 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0

Table 1: Binary to Gray Converter

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Equations:

Diagram:

Logic diagram for Binary to Gray Convertor is given below:

Gray to Binary code:

Truth Table:

Gray Binary
No
G3 G2 G1 G0 D C B A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
8 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

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9 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
10 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
11 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
12 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
13 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
14 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
15 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

Table 2: Gray to Binary Converter

Equations:

Diagram:

BCD to Excess-3 :

To convert from binary code A to binary code B, the input lines must supply the bit
combination of elements as specified by code A and the output lines must generate the

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corresponding bit combination of code B. A combinational circuit performs this transformation

by means of logic gates. As we want to design 4-bit code, we must use four input variables and
four output variables. Designate the four input binary variables by the symbols A,B,C,D, and the
four output variables by w, x, y, and z. The truth table relating the input and output variables is
as shown. A two-level logic diagram may be obtained directly from the Boolean expressions
derived by the maps. The expressions obtained may be manipulated for the purpose of using
common gates for two or more outputs. This manipulation illustrates flexibility obtained with
multiple-output systems when implemented with three or more levels of gates.

Truth table:
Decimal BCD Excess-3
Digit B3 B2 B1 B0 E3 E2 E1 E0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0
5 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
6 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
7 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
8 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
9 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1

Table 3: BCD to Excess-3 Converter

Equations:

z=D

y = CD+C’D’=CD(C+D)’

x = B’C+B’D+BC’D’= B’(C+D) +BC’D’

x = B’(C+D) +B(C+D)’

w= A+BC+BD=A+B(C+D)

Diagram:

Logic Diagram for BCD to Excess-3 Code Converter

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Excess-3 to BCD :

The truth table relating the input and output variables is as shown.

Decimal Excess-3 BCD

Digit E3 E2 E1 E0 B3 B2 B1 B0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
2 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
4 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
5 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
6 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
7 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1
8 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
9 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1

Table4: Excess-3 to BCD Converter

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Equations

Diagram:

Logic Diagram for Excess-3 to BCD Code Converter

Result:

Thus the implementation of various code convertors were designed and outputs were
noted.

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